Global ETD Search

31	Le cadre juridique français des opérations de crédit islamique Cekici, Ibrahim Zeyyad 18 December 2012 (has links) (PDF) Le développement de la finance islamique a attiré l'attention non seulement des banquiers et des juristes, mais également des pouvoirs publics français depuis quelques années. Cette finance, qui obéit à la loi islamique, fonctionne non pas sur la stipulation de l'intérêt, mais sur deux autres modes de rémunération des bailleurs de fonds : elle applique, d'une part, le principe du partage des profits et des pertes en fondant les transactions sur les contrats de société, et d'autre part, sur une marge bénéficiaire lorsque l'opération s'adosse à un contrat de vente et de location.Parmi les produits bancaires islamiques, les crédits islamiques sont les plus caractéristiques qui écartent la stipulation du ribâ (intérêt). La fixation de leur régime juridique français est tributaire de deux corpus juridiques, a priori, opposés. Bien qu'ils n'aient ni des fondements juridiques, ni des régimes juridiques clairs et précis en droit français, ce dernier arrive à les encadrer. Cet encadrement présente non seulement des points de convergence, mais également des points de divergence avec le droit musulman. La flexibilité de ces systèmes juridiques nous a conduit à définir tant un cadre juridique général pour définir les régimes français de la rémunération du dispensateur de crédit islamique, qu'un cadre juridique spécial pour régir la structuration des opérations adossées à des contrats de vente (comme la mourabaha, le tawarruq, le salam et l'istisna), de location (l'ijara et l'ijara muntahia biltamlik) et de société (comme la moudaraba, la mousharaka et la mousharaka dégressive). Droit français Droit musulman Finance islamique Crédit islamique Ijara Istisna Moudaraba Mourabaha Moushakara Tawarruq Salam Crédit adossé Crédit participatif Intérêt Ribâ TEG applicable aux crédits islamiques Régimes juridiques et fiscaux
32	Electrospray for pulmonary drug delivery Lajhar, Fathi January 2018 (has links) Drug administration through the pulmonary route is an ancient technique that evolved from inhaling the smoke of certain leaves as a medicine. The optimum droplet diameter for the pulmonary system deposition has been identified to be in the range from 2 to 3.5 μm, with potential deposition rates of up to 80% of this size range. Currently, the most used aerosol generator methods are the pressurized metered dose inhalers. However, they generally exhibit low deposition efficiency with less than 20 % of the spray reaching the target area of the lungs as most of the drug deposited in the upper airways. This is for the most part due to the droplet size polydispersity that is inherent in these systems. The droplets of the biggest diameter will deposit in the upper airways, and then the deposited medicine will be swallowed and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This can produce adverse medical side effects. Electrospray (ES) or electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) is a promising atomization process due to its ability to produce a spray with monodisperse droplet size. The current study will investigate the feasibility of using electrospray in a pulmonary drug delivery system. Assessments, selection and characterization of suitable biocompatible solvents that can be used as a lung obstruction relief drug were carried out. Tests to identify the electrospray setup necessary to produce droplet sizes in the appropriate range for deposition in the lungs were carried out. The study found that both stable and pulsating cone jet modes can produce the required droplet size and the pulsating mode can produce at least four times higher flow than stable cone jet mode. A low-cost image analysis technique developed for this work gave satisfactory results that could be compared to droplet size scaling laws from the literature. However, it proved to be relatively time consuming and further automation of this technique would make it more suitable for large-scale studies. The image analysis results show a correlation between the cone length, cone angle and the applied voltage. The droplet scaling laws discrepancies such as the solution flow rate exponent and the constant that is used by some scaling laws may be attributed to the droplet evaporation time which is quite short for the water/ ethanol solutions. The emitter diameter and the conductivity effect on the I(Q) power law and the sensitivity of the onset voltage (Vonset) to the liquid flow rate (Q), were demonstrated for solutions of triethylene-glycol (TEG), and for an ethanol-water mixture solution.
33	Le cadre juridique français des opérations de crédit islamique / The French legal framework of islamic credit operation Cekici, Ibrahim-Zeyyad 18 December 2012 (has links) Le développement de la finance islamique a attiré l’attention non seulement des banquiers et des juristes, mais également des pouvoirs publics français depuis quelques années. Cette finance, qui obéit à la loi islamique, fonctionne non pas sur la stipulation de l’intérêt, mais sur deux autres modes de rémunération des bailleurs de fonds : elle applique, d’une part, le principe du partage des profits et des pertes en fondant les transactions sur les contrats de société, et d’autre part, sur une marge bénéficiaire lorsque l’opération s’adosse à un contrat de vente et de location.Parmi les produits bancaires islamiques, les crédits islamiques sont les plus caractéristiques qui écartent la stipulation du ribâ (intérêt). La fixation de leur régime juridique français est tributaire de deux corpus juridiques, a priori, opposés. Bien qu’ils n’aient ni des fondements juridiques, ni des régimes juridiques clairs et précis en droit français, ce dernier arrive à les encadrer. Cet encadrement présente non seulement des points de convergence, mais également des points de divergence avec le droit musulman. La flexibilité de ces systèmes juridiques nous a conduit à définir tant un cadre juridique général pour définir les régimes français de la rémunération du dispensateur de crédit islamique, qu’un cadre juridique spécial pour régir la structuration des opérations adossées à des contrats de vente (comme la mourabaha, le tawarruq, le salam et l’istisna), de location (l’ijara et l’ijara muntahia biltamlik) et de société (comme la moudaraba, la mousharaka et la mousharaka dégressive). / The development of the Islamic finance drew the attention of the French public authorities, bankers and lawyers since a few years. This finance, which rules by the Islamic law, does not apply the interest, but two other methods of payment of the financiers: on the one hand, the principle of the profit and loss sharing, by backing the transactions on partnership contracts, and on the other hand, on profit margin when the operation backs on a sale and lease contracts.Among the Islamic banking products, the Islamic credits are the most characteristic. The French legal framework of those transactions depends, in fact, on two legal systems which are apparently in contradiction. Although they have neither legal sources, nor clear and precise legal regulation in French law, the latter could rule them. This framework presents not only some points of convergence, but also points of difference with the Islamic Law. Nevertheless, the flexibility of both Laws led us to define a general legal framework of the remuneration of the Islamic credit provider, and a special legal framework to rule the structuration of the operations backed to partnership (moudaraba, mousharaka et degressive mousharaka), sale (mourabaha, le tawarruq, le salam et l’istisna), and lease contract (ijara et ijara muntahia biltamlik). Droit français Droit musulman Finance islamique Crédit islamique Ijara Istisna Moudaraba Mourabaha Moushakara Tawarruq Salam Crédit adossé Crédit participatif Intérêt Ribâ TEG applicable aux crédits islamiques Régimes juridiques et fiscaux French law Islamic law Islamic Finance Islamic credit Ijara Istisna Moudaraba Mourabaha Moushakara Tawarruq Salam Asset backed credit Partnership credit Interest Ribâ Annual Percentage Rate Legal and tax systems 340
34	The star formation activity from the centers to the outskirts in intermediate redshift clusters / Sternentstehung in Galaxienhaufen mittlerer Rotverschiebung vom Zentrum bis zum Rand Verdugo Olivares, Miguel Anibal 27 March 2008 (has links) No description available. 520 Astronomie Mathematics and Computer Science Galaxienentwicklung Galaxienhaufen Galaxy evolution cluster of galaxies 39.10 39.22 39.30 39.41 TIF 000: Galaxienhaufen {Astronomie}
35	Präparation und Charakterisierung von Clathrat-I-Phasen im System Barium, Gold und Germanium Nguyen, Thi Hong Duong 02 February 2018 (has links) (PDF) Die vorliegende Untersuchung behandelt den Homogenitätsbereich, sowie die strukturellen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der Clathrat-I-Phasen im System Ba-Au-Ge. Im Zustandsdiagramm existieren zwei separate Phasenbereiche mit Clathrat-I-Phasen unterschiedlicher Symmetrie, welche durch Au-Gehalt und Leerstellenkonzentration bestimmt wird. Bei niederem Goldgehalt existiert die Clathrat-I-Phase mit einer 2 × 2 × 2 Überstruktur des Basistyps in der Raumgruppe Ia-3d. Der Existenzbereich dieser Phase reicht bei 800 °C bis zur Zusammensetzung Ba8Aux•3–0.563xGe43–0.437x mit x = 1.1. Nach einem schmalen Zweiphasenbereich im Bereich 1.1 < x < 1.6 folgt für höhere Au-Konzentrationen eine neue, tetragonale Clathrat-I-Variante mit Raumgruppe P42/mmc. Diese umfasst den gesamten Homogenitätsbereich von x = 1.6 - 5.4. Für höherer Au-Konzentrationen nähert sich die Symmetrie dem Pm-3n-Basistyp an. Der thermoelektrische ZT-Wert steigt jeweils mit der Temperatur und erreicht für die Proben im Bereich x ≈ 5.4 bei 670 K ein Maximum von ≈ 0.9. Die Aufskalierung der Präparation und Voraussetzungen für den Generatorbau werden untersucht. / The present study deals with the homogeneity range as well as the structural and physical properties of clathrate I phases in the Ba-Au-Ge system. The phase diagram comprises phases with the clathrate I type of structure in two separate regions. The symmetry of the respective crystal structures is governed by both, Au content and vacancy concentration. At low gold content, the clathrate I phase forms a 2 × 2 × 2 superstructure of the base type with space group Ia-3d. At 800 °C this phase exists for the general composition formula Ba8Aux•3–0.563xGe43–0.437x till x = 1.1. After a narrow two-phase range in the region 1.1 < x < 1.6, a new, tetragonal clathrate I variant with space group P42/mmc follows for higher Au concentrations x = 1.6 - 5.4. For higher Au concentrations the crystal symmetry gradually approximates the common Pm-3n type of structure. The thermoelectric ZT value increases with temperature reaching a maximum of ≈ 0.9 for the samples in the range x ≈ 5.4 at 670 K. The upscaling of the preparation and other requirements for generator construction are examined. Ba-Au-Ge Clathrat-I Clathrat-I TEG Thermoelektrische Generator Phasendiagramm Clathrat-I mit Raumgruppe Pm-3n Ia-3d. P42/mmc tetragonale Clathrat-I-Variante Clathrate I structure Clathrate I type Clathrate in Spacegroup Pm-3n Ia-3d P42/mmc tetragonal Clathrate I Ba-Au-Ge System Phasediagram ddc:540 rvk:VK 7157
36	The Dependence of the Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies on their Environment / Die Abhängigkeit der Entwicklung von Early-Type Galaxien von ihrer Umgebung Fritz, Alexander 17 May 2006 (has links) No description available. 520 Astronomie Mathematics and Computer Science Elliptische Galaxien Linsenförmige Galaxien Galaxienentwicklung Feldgalaxien Galaxienhaufen Elliptical Galaxies Lenticular Galaxies Galaxy Evolution Field Galaxies Galaxy Clusters 39.10 39.22 39.30 39.41 TIE 000: Sternsysteme Galaxien {Astronomie} TIE 750: Elliptische Nebel {Astronomie} TIF 000: Galaxienhaufen {Astronomie}
37	Präparation und Charakterisierung von Clathrat-I-Phasen im System Barium, Gold und Germanium Nguyen, Thi Hong Duong 16 January 2018 (has links) Die vorliegende Untersuchung behandelt den Homogenitätsbereich, sowie die strukturellen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der Clathrat-I-Phasen im System Ba-Au-Ge. Im Zustandsdiagramm existieren zwei separate Phasenbereiche mit Clathrat-I-Phasen unterschiedlicher Symmetrie, welche durch Au-Gehalt und Leerstellenkonzentration bestimmt wird. Bei niederem Goldgehalt existiert die Clathrat-I-Phase mit einer 2 × 2 × 2 Überstruktur des Basistyps in der Raumgruppe Ia-3d. Der Existenzbereich dieser Phase reicht bei 800 °C bis zur Zusammensetzung Ba8Aux•3–0.563xGe43–0.437x mit x = 1.1. Nach einem schmalen Zweiphasenbereich im Bereich 1.1 < x < 1.6 folgt für höhere Au-Konzentrationen eine neue, tetragonale Clathrat-I-Variante mit Raumgruppe P42/mmc. Diese umfasst den gesamten Homogenitätsbereich von x = 1.6 - 5.4. Für höherer Au-Konzentrationen nähert sich die Symmetrie dem Pm-3n-Basistyp an. Der thermoelektrische ZT-Wert steigt jeweils mit der Temperatur und erreicht für die Proben im Bereich x ≈ 5.4 bei 670 K ein Maximum von ≈ 0.9. Die Aufskalierung der Präparation und Voraussetzungen für den Generatorbau werden untersucht. / The present study deals with the homogeneity range as well as the structural and physical properties of clathrate I phases in the Ba-Au-Ge system. The phase diagram comprises phases with the clathrate I type of structure in two separate regions. The symmetry of the respective crystal structures is governed by both, Au content and vacancy concentration. At low gold content, the clathrate I phase forms a 2 × 2 × 2 superstructure of the base type with space group Ia-3d. At 800 °C this phase exists for the general composition formula Ba8Aux•3–0.563xGe43–0.437x till x = 1.1. After a narrow two-phase range in the region 1.1 < x < 1.6, a new, tetragonal clathrate I variant with space group P42/mmc follows for higher Au concentrations x = 1.6 - 5.4. For higher Au concentrations the crystal symmetry gradually approximates the common Pm-3n type of structure. The thermoelectric ZT value increases with temperature reaching a maximum of ≈ 0.9 for the samples in the range x ≈ 5.4 at 670 K. The upscaling of the preparation and other requirements for generator construction are examined. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/540 ddc:540
38	Analysis of a novel thermoelectric generator in the built environment Lozano, Adolfo 05 October 2011 (has links) This study centered on a novel thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated into the built environment. Designed by Watts Thermoelectric LLC, the TEG is essentially a novel assembly of thermoelectric modules whose required temperature differential is supplied by hot and cold streams of water flowing through the TEG. Per its recommended operating conditions, the TEG nominally generates 83 Watts of electrical power. In its default configuration in the built environment, solar-thermal energy serves as the TEG’s hot stream source and geothermal energy serves as its cold stream source. Two systems-level, thermodynamic analyses were performed, which were based on the TEG’s upcoming characterization testing, scheduled to occur later in 2011 in Detroit, Michigan. The first analysis considered the TEG coupled with a solar collector system. A numerical model of the coupled system was constructed in order to estimate the system’s annual energetic performance. It was determined numerically that over the course of a sample year, the solar collector system could deliver 39.73 megawatt-hours (MWh) of thermal energy to the TEG. The TEG converted that thermal energy into a net of 266.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity in that year. The second analysis focused on the TEG itself during operation with the purpose of providing a preliminary thermodynamic characterization of the TEG. Using experimental data, this analysis found the TEG’s operating efficiency to be 1.72%. Next, the annual emissions that would be avoided by implementing the zero-emission TEG were considered. The emission factor of Michigan’s electric grid, RFCM, was calculated to be 0.830 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) per MWh, and with the TEG’s annual energy output, it was concluded that 0.221 tons CO2e would be avoided each year with the TEG. It is important to note that the TEG can be linearly scaled up by including additional modules. Thus, these benefits can be multiplied through the incorporation of more TEG units. Finally, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the TEG integrated into the built environment with the solar-thermal hot source and passive ground-based cold source was considered. The LCOE of the system was estimated to be approximately $8,404/MWh, which is substantially greater than current generation technologies. Note that this calculation was based on one particular configuration with a particular and narrow set of assumptions, and is not intended to be a general conclusion about TEG systems overall. It was concluded that while solar-thermal energy systems can sustain the TEG, they are capital-intensive and therefore not economically suitable for the TEG given the assumptions of this analysis. In the end, because of the large costs associated with the solar-thermal system, waste heat recovery is proposed as a potentially more cost-effective provider of the TEG’s hot stream source. / text Thermoelectric generator TEG Novel thermoelectric generator Thermoelectrics Thermoelectric effect Thermoelectric modules Thermoelectric device Patent application Hot stream source Cold stream source EIA EERE Systems-level analysis Energy balance Control volume analysis Thermodynamic analysis Insolation data Insolation incident on a panel Incident insolation Extraterrestrial insolation NREL Ambient temperature data NOAA Renewable energy sources Energy generation technology Electricity generation technology Thermal energy Coupled system Emissions Greenhouse gas GHG Emissions analysis Zero-emission Emissions avoided Emission factor EF Reliability First Corporation RFC Built environment Integrated into the built environment Solar-thermal energy Solar collector system Photovoltaic thermal PVT panel Thermal storage tank Geothermal energy Geothermal heat pump GHP Ground source heat pump GSHP Numerical analysis Numerical model MATLAB Finite-difference Euler explicit Electric grid Annual energetic performance Annual electricity generation Operating efficiency System efficiency Thermodynamic characterization Economic analysis Levelized cost of energy LCOE Waste heat recovery Carbon dioxide equivalent CO2e Capital costs Installed costs Operating and maintenance costs

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