Les infrastructures i capacitats d'un país en matèria de telecomunicacions han estat considerades habitualment com un factor de progrés social i econòmic. Les telecomunicacions constitueixen una de les eines més poderoses que tenim el conjunt dels ciutadans per relacionar nos, per accedir a la informació i, en definitiva, per arribar al coneixement.Una xarxa de telecomunicacions que vulgui arribar als ciutadans sempre s'ha construït sobre i tenint en compte un territori; dit d'una altra manera la configuració que presenta el territori es decisiva.Al llarg de la història, han estat diferents els sistemes de telecomunicacions fets servir. Molts han estat els factors que han determinat l'ocupació i el desenvolupament del territori. Aquests sistemes, amb la incorporació de la tecnologia, han anat evolucionant ràpidament durant els segles XIX, XX i XXI, des del telègraf òptic fins a l'actual transmissió de dades inalàmbrica.Aquests sistemes es poden dividir en dos: telecomunicacions unidireccionals i telecomunicacions bidireccionals. Es destacable la diferent interacció que tenen sobre el comportament humà i sobretot la diferent forma amb la que han anat ocupant el territori. Cada sistema demana la seva pròpia infraestructura de telecomunicació; cada sistema té els seus propis requeriments tecnològics que condicionen la forma en la implantació. Aquesta imatge que presenten acaba sent moltes vegades referent en el territori amb el que s'identifiquen.Amplia i complexa és la normativa legal que afecta el camp de les telecomunicacions i la seva integració en el medi. Molts són els àmbits que hi tenen competència: l'europeu, l'estatal, l'autonòmic i el local. No sempre és complementen per acabar tenint la normativa que és necessària.La problemàtica d'impacte ambiental en el paisatge i a la ciutat tenen diferents vessants i components. Com a criteris d'intervenció cal tenir present la realitat del país, els diferents operadors finals i d'infraestructures, les diferents tecnologies, i els seus requeriments i servituds que comporten implícits. Prèviament caldrà fer els següents anàlisis: de la percepció, de l'entorn proper, l'urbanístic, i el de la instal·lació. D'entre les mesures correctores que s'utilitzen es pot destacar: l'afirmació, la integració, l'ocultació, i la distracció. S'estudien i justifiquen diversos prototipus desenvolupats de formes d'implantació (casetes i torres), tan en medi rural com urbà, que intenten aplicar la normativa incipient i els criteris que s'estableixen pel que fa a integració i mimetització. S'aborden diferents propostes o línies de treball desenvolupades per poder adoptar en els diferents projectes a redactar i en les posteriors intervencions on actuar. Com a conclusió es referma que les intervencions en matèria d'infraestructures cal fer-les: des del coneixement de la tecnologia a la que serveixen, des de l'estudi de les particularitats mediambientals del territori on s'implanten, i amb l'aplicació de la normativa pendent de desenvolupar. També s'insisteix en la importància d'establir els papers que li corresponen a cadascun dels agents: els operadors finals i els operadors d'infraestructures. Finalment es resumeixen les actuacions que cal emprendre dins del camp mediambiental tot seguint un desplegament tecnològic racional.A la Tesi se li han afegit uns annexos corresponents a diferents treballs teòrics i pràctics realitzats per l'obtenció de diferents llicències i autoritzacions administratives, i efectuats en paral·lel i seguint els criteris utilitzats en la seva confecció. / A country's telecommunications capacity and infrastructure have often been considered an indicator of social and economic progress. Telecommunications constitute one of the most powerful tools we, as citizens, have to relate to each other, access information and, essentially, to gain knowledge.A communications network that reaches the people has always been built in relation to the territory covered or, put another way, the territory to be covered decides how the network will be constructed.Throughout history, different systems of telecommunication have been used. Many factors have decided the occupation and development of territory. During the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, with the incorporation of developing technology, the telecommunications systems used have developed very quickly from the optical telegraph to modern wireless data transmission. These telecommunications systems can be divided into two types: uni-directional and bidirectional. It is remarkable what different effects they have had on human behaviour and the different ways in which they have covered territory. Each system requires its own infrastructure and each has its own technological characteristics which determine how they are implemented. Thus, their appearance often depends on the territory in which they find themselves.The regulations which control the environmental impact of a telecommunications system are broad and complex. They fall under many competent regulatory authorities: European, national, regional autonomous and local government. These authorities do not always complement each other and often do not result in adequate or consistent standards.The problem of the environmental impact on both rural and urban landscape has many aspects and components. Any intervention criteria must take into account the realities of the country, the infrastructure and final operators, and the different technologies along with their implied requirements and dependencies. First, the following analyses are required: perception, the immediate environment, town or city planning, and installation. Among the corrective measures to be used, affirmation, integration, concealment and camouflage can be highlighted.Several different examples of already developed types of installation (buildings and towers) are studied in both rural and urban environments taking into account existing and expected regulations which are to be established for integration and camouflage. Different proposals or lines of work and later interventions are described which would bring these examples into line with present and future regulations.In conclusion, it is shown to be important that interventions in infrastructure implementation are important. They must be approached from several points of view: knowledge of the particular technology involved, the environmental characteristics of the territory in which they are installed, and possible future standards and regulations must be taken into account. It is also important to consider the role of both the infrastructure and the final operators. Finally the required environmental actions are listed from the standpoint of an unfolding technological picture.Attached to this thesis are different theoretical and practical works carried out to obtain the administrative authorisations and building permissions. These works were conducted in parallel to the thesis and following the criteria established.

Abstract Sharing is emerging as one of the megatrends influencing future business opportunities, and wireless communications is no exception to this development. Future mobile broadband networks will operate on different types of spectrum bands including shared spectrum, which calls for changes in the operation and management of the networks. The creation and capture of value by the different players in the mobile broadband ecosystem is expected to change due to regulation, technology, and business landscape related drivers that concern not only spectrum sharing, but also sharing of other resources such as infrastructure, technologies, or data. This thesis examines the key business and technology enablers needed to exploit spectrum sharing in mobile broadband networks, and presents the business model characteristics and strategic choices that spectrum sharing concepts support. Action research and integral scenarios methodologies were applied for strategic and business analysis utilizing the capacity and expertise of the policy, business and technology research communities. The thesis introduces a new approach to analyze the scalability of the spectrum sharing concepts and their business model elements utilizing sharing economy antecedent factors. The results indicate that all analyzed sharing concepts meet basic requirements to scale. The Licensed Shared Access (LSA) leverages existing assets and capabilities of the mobile network operator domain, the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) extends the business model dynamics from connectivity to content, context and commerce, and the hybrid usage of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band by Digital Terrestrial TV (DTT) and downlink Long Term Evolution (LTE) (HUHF) enables new collaborative opportunities between converging communication, Internet and media domains. The thesis validates the feasibility of spectrum sharing between mobile broadband networks and other types of incumbent spectrum users utilizing Finnish cognitive radio field trial environment (CORE), and expands the notion of spectrum sharing beyond the mobile broadband domain to be applied to other wireless systems including the media and broadcasting. The presented results can be used in developing the future mobile broadband systems enhanced with innovative spectrum sharing enabled business models to cope with the growing demand for capacity and new services by humans and machines. / Tiivistelmä Jakamistalous on yksi suurista tulevaisuuden liiketoimintamahdollisuuksiin vaikuttavista trendeistä, eikä langaton tietoliikenne ole tässä poikkeus. Tulevaisuuden laajakaistaiset matkapuhelinverkot tulevat hyödyntämään erityyppisiä radiotaajuuksia, kuten jaettuja taajuuskaistoja, mikä vaatii muutoksia verkkojen toimintoihin ja hallintaan. Eri toimijoiden arvonluonti- ja ansaintamahdollisuuksien odotetaan muuttuvan näissä liikkuvan laajakaistan ekosysteemeissä regulaation, teknologian ja liiketoimintaympäristön kehittyessä, ei vain taajuuksien jakamisessa, vaan myös kun kyseessä on muiden resurssien kuten infrastruktuurin, teknologioiden tai tiedon jakaminen. Väitöskirja tutkii teknologia- ja liiketoimintaedellytyksiä taajuusjakomenetelmille matkapuhelinverkoissa, sekä esittelee ja analysoi menetelmien mahdollistamia liiketoimintamalleja ja strategisia valintoja. Strategia- ja liiketoiminta-analyyseissä käytettiin toimintatutkimus- ja skenaariomenetelmiä poikkitieteellisissä tutkimusprojekteissa yhteistyössä reguloinnin, liiketoiminnan ja tekniikan tutkimusyhteisöjen kanssa. Tutkimus esittelee uuden lähestymistavan taajuusjakotekniikoiden liiketoimintamallien skaalautuvuuden analysointiin jakamistalouden määritelmiä hyödyntäen. Tulokset osoittavat, että kaikki tutkitut tekniikat täyttävät perusedellytykset skaalautuvuudelle; Licensed Shared Access (LSA) hyödyntäen matkapuhelinoperaattorin olemassa olevia resursseja ja kyvykkyyksiä, Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) laajentaen liiketoimintamalleja tietoliikenteestä sisältöön, kontekstiin ja kaupankäyntialustoihin, sekä digitaalitelevision ja langattoman LTE-tekniikan hybridikäyttö UHF-taajuuskaistalla (HUHF) mahdollistaen uusia liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia lähentyvien tietoliikenne-, Internet- ja mediaekosysteemien välillä. Väitöskirja tulokset vahvistivat taajuuden jakamisen soveltuvuuden liikkuvan laajakaistaverkon ja saman taajuusalueen eri teollisuudenalan haltijan välillä suomalaisessa CORE kenttätestausympäristössä, ja laajensivat taajuusjakotekniikan sovellettavuutta myös muihin langattomiin järjestelmiin sisältö- ja mediajakelussa. Esitettyjä tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää tulevaisuuden langattomien laajakaistaverkkojen kehitystyössä vastaamaan ihmisten ja koneiden kasvaviin tietoliikennepalveluiden ja -kapasiteetin tarpeisiin hyödyntäen tehokkaita taajuusjakotekniikoita ja niiden mahdollistamia innovatiivisia liiketoimintamalleja.