Descartes’ Compendium musicae and Lamy’s La Rhétorique ou l’art de parler, both published in English translation in London in the late seventeenth century, suggest approaches to period performance practice that support expressive intonation as a rhetorical device. Descartes’ unique perspective on musical pitch and intervals provides a methodology for understanding inflected intonation in performance. Closely aligned with Descartes’ epistemological perspective, Lamy’s treatise provides an understanding of expressive intention as essential to effective rhetorical delivery. These approaches are applied to musical examples from trio sonatas of Arcangelo Corelli, John Ravenscroft and Henry Purcell, demonstrating that expressive intonation using subtle pitch inflection can be explained as a rhetorical practice. These subtle pitch inflections, related as they are to both rhetorical delivery and intonation systems, are not reflected in notation but realized only as music is heard in time. It is in performance contexts that pitch inflection can be realized as an expressive device. A supplemental audio file contains five short examples demonstrating pitch deviation applied to selected intervals.

Orientador: Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa / Coorientador: Adriano Gomes Páscoa / Banca: João Alberto Negrão / Banca: Luciandra Macedo Toledo / Resumo: A bubalinocultura no Brasil passa por um crescente incremento na mecanização dos sistemas de produção, o que está promovendo, principalmente, a intensificação da produção leiteira. Tendo em vista essa intensificação, é importante ampliar o entendimento sobre o comportamento das búfalas leiteiras, a fim de embasar recomendações de boas práticas de manejo. Um dos aspectos comportamentais mais relevantes para a compreensão das diferenças individuais é o conceito de temperamento. Temperamento é um fenômeno complexo e envolve diversas características intrínsecas do individuo. Buscando entender relação entre dois indicadores comportamentais de temperamento, a fim de descrever as implicações destas características na produção e qualidade do leite, esta dissertação foi elaborada. O primeiro capítulo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de contextualizar o leitor sobre os temas gerais da dissertação. O segundo capítulo, estudo observacional, foi elaborado com o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre o grau de reatividade de búfalas na ordenha e as distâncias percorridas por esses animais, além de estudar como essas características indicadoras do temperamento afetam a produção e a qualidade do leite. Concluímos que há variação individual na reatividade das búfalas em sala de ordenha, e também para a consistência dessa característica. Para os animais com alto grau de consistência, a intensa reatividade na ordenha tem efeito deletério sobre a produção e qualidade do leite. Concluímos também que o deslocamento das búfalas não está associado a sua reatividade na ordenha e não tem efeito sobre a produtividade dos animais. Por fim, as implicações dessa pesquisa foram descritas no capitulo três / Abstract: The production of dairy buffaloes in Brazil is going through a moment of increased investments on the production mechanization systems, which is promoting, mostly, the intensification of milk production. Given this intensification, it is important to broaden the understanding of the behaviour of dairy buffaloes in order to base recommendations for the good practices of handling. One of the most relevant behavioral aspects for the understanding of individual differences is the concept of temperament. Temperament is a complex phenomenon that involves several intrinsic characteristics of the individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between two behavioral indicators of temperament and the implications of these characteristics on milk yield and milk quality. The first chapter was developed with the purpose of contextualizing the reader about the mainly subjects of the dissertation. The second chapter, regarding the observational study, was designed to evaluate the association between the reactivity levels of dairy buffaloes during milking and the distances traveled daily by these animals; besides we focus to evaluate the effects of these temperament indicators on the production and the quality of milk. We conclude that there is individual variation in the reactivity of buffaloes in the milking parlour, and also for the consistency of this characteristic. For animals with a high degree of consistency, the intense reactivity during milking has deleterious effects on the production and quality of milk. We also concluded that the distance traveled daily by the buffaloes is not associated with their reactivity during milking; and have no effect on the animals' productivity. Finally, the implications of this research have been described in chapter three / Mestre

A presente Tese teve por objetivo verificar a relação entre dor, temperamento e problemas de comportamento em crianças com queixa de dor de cabeça. Para a realização deste objetivo, foram desenvolvidos três objetivos específicos: 1) identificar a prevalência de dor em uma amostra de crianças cadastradas em Núcleos de Atenção Primária do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF); 2) comparar dois grupos de crianças diferenciados em relação à presença de queixa de dor de cabeça, quanto a temperamento e problemas de comportamento e 3) identificar o melhor modelo de predição de queixa de dor de cabeça em crianças na fase pré-escolar. A amostra foi composta de 75 crianças e suas mães, as quais pertenciam a famílias cadastradas em Núcleos de Atenção Primária do PSF. De forma a atender ao segundo objetivo, a amostra foi distribuída em dois grupos, de acordo com a presença de queixas de dor de cabeça das crianças, que foi referida pela mãe, por meio do Questionário sobre histórico de saúde, queixa de dor e desenvolvimento da criança, sendo 22 crianças com queixa de dor de cabeça (Grupo CD) e 53 crianças sem esta queixa (Grupo SD). A coleta de dados foi realizada em visitas domiciliares com entrevistas com as mães. Na primeira entrevista foram aplicados a SCID Não- Paciente- Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para DSM III-R, o Questionário da Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais, a Escala de Eventos Vitais, o Teste de Cefaléia e o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para adultos de Lipp. Na segunda entrevista foram aplicados o Inventário de Comportamentos para as idades 1 ½- 5 anos (CBCL for ages 1 ½- 5), o Questionário de Comportamento da Criança (CBQ) e o Questionário sobre histórico de saúde, queixa de dor e desenvolvimento da criança. Foi realizada a análise de comparação entre grupos de crianças distribuídas de acordo com a presença de queixa de dor de cabeça referida pela mãe. A fim de identificar o melhor modelo de predição de queixa de dor de cabeça das crianças na fase pré-escolar, referida pela mãe, utilizou-se da análise de regressão logística. De acordo com os resultados, na análise de comparação entre grupos independentes, em relação ao temperamento, as crianças com queixa de dor de cabeça apresentaram significativamente mais desconforto quando comparadas as crianças sem esta queixa. Em relação aos problemas de comportamento, as crianças com queixa de dor de cabeça apresentaram significativamente mais problemas totais de comportamento, de internalização e externalização, sendo que os problemas totais e internalizantes apresentaram níveis de classificação clínica, quando comparadas às crianças sem esta queixa. As crianças do grupo com queixa de dor de cabeça apresentaram mais comportamento agressivo no eixo externalizante e, reação emocional, queixas somáticas e retraimento no eixo internalizantes, em relação às crianças do grupo sem esta queixa. A fim de verificar as variáveis preditoras da presença de queixa de dor de cabeça das crianças pré-escolares, foi testado um modelo de predição, utilizando-se a análise de regressão logística, o qual identificou a presença de sintomas de enxaqueca materna foi a melhor preditora da presença de queixa de dor de cabeça em crianças pré-escolares. Os achados apontam que crianças pré-escolares com queixa de dor de cabeça são vulneráveis a apresentarem mais queixas de dor e problemas de comportamento com classificação clinica quando comparadas às crianças sem esta queixa. / The aim of the present study was to verify the relation between pain, temperament and behavior problems in children with headache complaints at preschool age. Three specifics objectives were carried out: 1) to identify the pain prevalence in the children registered in the Family Health Program of School Health Center; 2) to assess temperament and behavior problems in children with headache in comparison to children with no headache; 3) to identify the predictors for headache in preschool children. The sample was composed of 75 children from three to five years old and their mothers, registered in the Family Health Program of School Health Center. To attend the second objective, the sample was allocated into two groups, according of the presence of headache complaints in children, based in the mothers report. The Health History, the pain complaints and the developmental of children Questionnaire was used to investigate health history and headache complaints in children. The Group H including 22 children with headache complaints and Group NH, including 53 children without these complaints. The data collection was carried out by an expert researcher in two sessions with the mothers. In the first interview, the following instruments were used for data collection: the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - III - R / SCID Non Patient, the Brazilian Association of Market Research Institutes Questionnaire, the Life Events Scale, the Brazilian Headache Society Test, the Stress Symptom for Adults Lipps Inventory. And in the second interview, the following instruments were used: Childrens Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL) and Health history, pain complaints and development of children Questionnaire. Comparison between groups for independent samples was done. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify the variables that predicted the presence of headache complaints in preschool children. Spearman correlations coefficient were calculated. According to the results, in relation to temperament, there was statistical difference between groups in the Discomfort dimension of the temperament. Children with headache complaints presented higher discomfort mean score compared to the group with no headache. In relation to behavior problems, the results showed that children with headache complaints presented more total problems, Externalizing and Internalizing problems than children with no complaints. Moreover, most of the children with headache complaints had higher percentage of the clinical index for Total problems and Internalizing problems than group of the children with no headache. Children with headache complaints exhibited higher T-scores on Aggressive Behavior, Emotionally Reactive, Somatic Complaints and Withdrawn than children with no complaints. The prediction model analyzed through logistic regression revealed only the presence of headache symptoms in mothers as a predictor of presence of headache complaints in preschool children. In conclusion, these findings suggest that preschool children with headache complaints and with mothers with headache are vulnerable to exhibit more pain complaints and behavior problems with index clinical compared to the children with no headache.

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Parents play a critical role in their infants’ social and emotional development (Zeifman, 2003). High parental sensitivity contributes to greater infant attachment security (De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997), as well as better compliance later in life (van Berkel et al., 2015). Personality influences how parents respond to their infants, such that parents higher in neuroticism are more controlling and less stimulating (Clark, Kochanska, & Ready, 2000), and less responsive (Kochanska, Friesenborg, Lange, & Martel, 2004). However, previous studies have found mixed results with parent extraversion. Some studies found that high parental extraversion could lead to more parent responsiveness (Clark et al., 2000), whereas others have found that these parents are more controlling (Metsepelto & Pulkkinen, 2002). The three components of infant temperament (negative reactivity, orienting, and surgency) have been found to differentially predict parenting (Bridgett et al., 2009; Rothbart & Bates, 2006; Planalp, Braungart-Rieker, Lickenbrock, & Zentall, 2013). In addition, the majority of the research examining predictors of parental sensitivity has involved predominantly mother-infant dyads; father-infant dyads are examined less often. The current study aimed to longitudinally examine how parent personality and infant temperament contribute to parental sensitivity over time in 4 (n = 49), 6 (n = 41), and 8 month old (n = 35) infants in both mothers and fathers. Parent personality and infant temperament were assessed via questionnaires filled out by each parent. Parental sensitivity was observationally coded during a dyadic, parent-infant face-to-face play task. Regression analyses revealed differential predictors of parental sensitivity for mothers and fathers and showed partial support for the goodness of fit perspective between the parent’s personality and infant’s temperament.

Measures of temperament have been shown to influence physiological responses. Exit velocity (EV) has been identified as an objective, robust measure of temperament that can be used to predict subsequent performance of cattle. Additionally, previous studies from our lab indicate this measure of temperament may be related to production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine associated with cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Whereas research has investigated effects of EV upon immune responses, the overall goal of these studies was to examine this relationship under a variety of scenarios including human handling, transportation, and exposure to endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) for determination of its ability to influence CMI in cattle. In each of 5 experiments, calves were classified as either high or low EV animals, based upon measurements obtained prior to initiation of experimental periods. The hypothesis for these studies was that calves with high exit velocities would have lower systemic immune responses to applied treatments. Two experiments were designed to examine the relationship between exit velocity and lymphocyte IFN-γ production during and following a period of exposure to E+ seed and increased temperature humidity index conditions. Preliminary measures of this cytokine indicated a positive relationship with EV. During application of heat and E+ treatment application, no differences in IFN-γ production were detected between EV or endophyte treatment groups. However, in both experiments, after temperatures were returned to thermoneutral and E+ heifers were placed on the endophyte-free treatment, the positive relationship between exit velocity and total lymphocyte production of IFN-γ observed in baseline samples was reestablished. Similarly, during an experiment examining IFN-γ production by lymphocytes in steers during the 4 weeks following a 10h, 805 km transport study, average lymphocyte production of IFN-γ was higher and lymphocyte proportions producing IFN-γ lower in low EV steers, but total lymphocyte production of this cytokine did not differ between exit velocity treatments. In a grazing and finishing study, cattle were placed on E+ or novel endophyte pastures, with balanced representation of low and high EV treatments within each pasture. During the subsequent finishing period, blood samples for lymphocyte IFN-γ production were collected from a single high EV calf from each pasture group. Neither endophyte nor exit velocity was detected to be related with lymphocyte production of IFN-γ. In an experiment examining changes in cytokine gene expression changes during acclimation to human handling, IFN-γ, Il-6, IL-10, and IL-12 were observed to increase linearly over the experimental period in all calves, irrespective of exit velocity designation. In the same experiment, whole period pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α expression was higher for high EV calves, but interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was lower in this same treatment group. These studies, cumulatively, indicate EV may be related to systemic production of IFN-γ, but abrupt changes to an animal’s environment may serve to mask this relationship.

Research is lacking regarding the role of positive emotions expressed by parents during interparental conflict (IPC) on child functioning. This study examined the relationship between parents’ expressions of positive emotions (PE) during IPC and child functioning. Child functioning measures included children’s feelings of happiness during an IPC laboratory task between their parents, cognitions regarding IPC in the home, feelings of emotional security in the marital system, and psychological adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and depression). In addition, this study tested whether PE predicted these measures of child functioning above and beyond conflict resolution, and whether child temperamental surgency moderated the relationship between PE and child functioning. It was hypothesized that more PE would be related to more adaptive child functioning scores (Research Question 1), and that this relationship would occur above and beyond conflict resolution (Research Question 2). Furthermore, it was hypothesized that for children with high levels of temperamental surgency, more PE would be related to more adaptive child functioning scores compared to less PE (Research Question 3), mainly due to the proclivity for surgent individuals to experience and express positive emotions more strongly compared to less-surgent individuals. Participants included 98 parent dyads and their children between the ages of 9-11 years. The family triad came in to the laboratory and completed questionnaires and a problem discussion task in which parents discussed a conflict topic with their child present in the room. Trained coders coded parents’ expressions of happiness during the problem discussion task, as well as signs of conflict resolution. Children reported on their feelings of happiness immediately following the problem discussion, and on their perceptions of their parent’s IPCs and their feelings of depression. Mother’s reported on their children’s security in the marital system, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and surgency traits. These child functioning measures were regressed on mother PE and father PE separately to determine whether parents’ expressions of PE were related to child functioning. Child gender, family socioeconomic status, and an average of parents’ negative emotions (i.e., anger, sadness, and fear) during the problem discussion were included in the analyses as potential covariates. Results from Research Question 1 were such that mother PE was positively associated with children’s feelings of happiness during the problem discussion, and father PE was negatively associated with children's negative emotional reactivity (a component of children’s sense of emotional security in the marital system). Research Question 2 results showed that mother PE predicted child happiness above and beyond conflict resolution, and that father PE predicted children’s negative emotional reactivity above and beyond conflict resolution. Finally, Research Question 3 results showed that child temperamental surgency moderated the relationship between mother and father PE and children’s reports of conflict properties (i.e., children’s perceptions of their parents’ conflicts as more frequent, more intense, and less resolved). Decomposition of the interactions indicated that as father PE increased, children with surgency scores in the top 66th percentile reported increases in conflict properties. Alternatively, for children with surgency scores below the 25th percentile, increases in father PE was associated with decreases in reports of conflict properties. All other analyses were nonsignificant. This study provides an important first step in determining whether parents’ expressions of positive emotions during IPC are related to child functioning, and whether child temperament plays a role in this relationship.

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A large body of evidence has accumulated which indicates that infants of postpartum depressed mothers are at risk for negative sequelae including later psychopathology. However, methodological difficulties including discordant definitions of postpartum depression and the use of paradigms which used the mother-infant relationship to assess infant emotional expression and regulation have decreased the ability to reach a consensus regarding the nature and transmission of that risk. This study sought to address those methodological difficulties by employing an established paradigm designed to elicit emotionality in infants, the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB; Goldsmith & Rothbart, 1999). Participants were 30 women who met DSM-IV criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), 50 women who did not meet MDD criteria, and their 8-13 month old infants. The women were recruited from five counties within Iowa which contain both rural and urban centers. Consistent with state demographics the sample was predominantly Caucasian (76%). Mother-infant dyads were assessed approximately five months after the mother had completed a diagnostic interview. At that time six episodes from the Lab-TAB designed to elicit fear, anger, and positive affect were conducted. Emotional reactivity was coded used the AFFEX (Goldsmith & Rothbart, 1988) and composite scores were generated for each emotion. Infants of depressed mothers exhibited less intense pleasure to stimuli designed to elicit that emotion. There was also a slight, non-significant, trend for infants of depressed mothers to display more intense fear and to remain fearful longer. There was not a difference between the groups in anger expression. Emotional regulation was examined using a set of procedures set-forth by Buss and Goldsmith (1998) to determine effective regulation. These procedures involve calculating the change in affect from the coding epoch in which a "putative regulatory behavior" is displayed to the epoch immediately after the behavior. Change scores which involved no change in affect or a decrease in negative affect were considered effective regulation. Playing with clothing or an object and interacting with the stimulus were effective at regulating both fear and anger. In addition, averting gaze (disengaging with the task) was effective in regulating anger. Follow-up analysis revealed that infants of depressed mothers used gaze aversion more frequently than infants of nondepressed mothers. In addition, they were less likely to engage in social referencing (looking toward the mother) during episodes designed to elicit fear. The findings of this study are consistent with a growing body of evidence which documents the significance of considering low positive affect in examination of diagnosis and risk for depression and suggests that fear expression may be central to anxiety. Furthermore, results from the emotional regulation paradigms underscore the need for continued examination of the construct of "effective regulation." In addition, these results highlight disruptions in the mother-infant relationship which have implications for developing efficient regulatory mechanisms.