Der Einfluss des 11-jährigen Sonnenfleckenzyklusses auf die mittlere Atmosphäre wurde mit COMMA-LIM (Cologne Model of the Middle Atmosphere – Leipzig Institute for Meteorology), einem 3-D mechanistischen Zirkulationsmodell, untersucht. Um dies zu erreichen, wurden in der Strahlungsflussberechnung die prozentual verschieden stark ausfallenden Änderungen des solaren Flusses, die aus früheren Untersuchungen zur Verfügung standen, in den relevanten Banden einbezogen. Zusätzlich wurden neue Ozondatensätze eingesetzt; der erste verbindet Daten von GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) mit der Berliner Ozonklimatologie, der zweite Datensatz wurde vom Chemie-Transport Modell SUNY-SPB (State University New York – St. Petersburg) erstellt. Die Temperaturdifferenzen zwischen einem solaren Maximum und einem solaren Minimum betragen in der Stratopause 1,5 bis 3 Kelvin. Oberhalb von 100 km steigt die Differenz steil an, hervorgerufen durch die starke Variation der Absorption durch molekularen Sauerstoff in der Thermosphäre. Die Veränderungen in der Temperaturverteilung verursachen ein Ansteigen des mittleren ostwärts gerichteten Zonalwindes in der Wintermesosphäre und ein Ansteigen des mittleren westwärts gerichteten Zonalwindes im Bereich der sommerlichen Mesosphäre der mittleren Breiten. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit der durch den solaren Zyklus bedingte Anstieg des Windes durch die Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen beeinflusst wird. / The influence of the 11-year solar cycle on the zonal mean circulation was investigated with COMMA-LIM (Cologne Model of the Middle Atmosphere – Leipzig Institute for Meteorology), a 3-D mechanistical model. The solar impact was simulated via changes in solar absorption taking into account percentage contributions for different bands which are obtained from measurements. Additionally, new data sets for ozone were used. One combins the Berlin ozone climatology with new ozone data from GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) and the other is produced by the chemical- transport model SUNY-SPB (State University New York – St. Petersburg) assimilating data from TOMS. Temperature differences between solar maximum and solar minimum conditions achieve up to 3 Kelvin in the stratosphere. Above 100 km the difference increases considerably, caused by the strong variation of absorption by molecular and atomic oxygen there. Changes in temperature distribution generate an increase of the mean westerly zonal wind in the winter mesosphere as well as an increase in the mean easterly zonal wind in the summer mesosphere in midlatitudes. It was investigated how strong the propagation of planetary waves is able to increase in the mean zonal wind during the solar cycle.

Für die Durchführung von Schallausbreitungsmessungen sind Angaben über das vertikale Profil der Temperatur und der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit erforderlich. Hierzu wurden Temperaturmeßfühler mit einfachem Strahlungsschutz entwickelt und zusammen mit Schalenanemometern an einem Meßmast befestigt. Ein Datenlogger speichert aller Minute die Meßwerte der Temperatur und der Windgeschwindigkeit aus 6 Meßhöhen. / For sound propagation measurements ofthe temperature and wind profiles are needed. Therefore thermometers were developed with simple radiation shield and mounted together with cupanemometers at a mast. A datalogger sampled minutely the values of temperature and windspeed in 6 levels.

Several measurement campaigns took place at the ALOMAR observatory at Andøya, Northern Norway during July-November 2001 to validate ionospheric electron density and dry temperature profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from radio occultation measurements of the low earth orbiter satellite CHAMP. For temperature sounding, three balloons are released around GPS satellite occultation events that occurred inbetween a distance of 200 km around Andøya. At altitudes of 7–20 km the CHAMP profile shows a positive mean deviation increasing with height by about 1.5-2 Kelvin/ 10 km overlayed with variations of ±1 K when compared to the radiosonde. Taking into account the previous and following radiosonde ascents the mean deviation seems to be of systematic nature due to the occultation principle or the retrieval algorithm and the variations are related to geographical variations of temperature and to the horizontal averaging by the radio occultation technique. During the period from mid July to mid August, four occultations for ionospheric soundings occurred. The values of the F2 layer calculated from the CHAMP derived electron density profiles are compared to the readings of the Alomar and Tromsø ionosondes for these times. Comparison shows that using the radio occultation technique electron densities of the maximum value layer are calculated inbetween the same order of magnitude as the ionosondes measurements, however, they overestimate it in the cases discussed here. / Zur Validierung von Elekronendichte- und Temperaturprofilen, abgeleitet aus Radiookkultationsmessungen von CHAMP wurden im Juli-November 2001 mehrere Messkampagnen am ALOMAR Institut auf Andøya, Nordnorwegen durchgeführt. Zur Temperatursondierung wurden drei aufeinanderfolgende Radiosonden um den Zeitpunkt von Okkultationsereignissen im Umkreis von weniger als 200 km gestartet. Das hier diskutierte Temperaturprofil von CHAMP zeigt im Höhenbereich 7-20 km eine mit der Höhe zunehmende positive Abweichung von ca. 1,5-2 K/10 km mit Variationen um ±1 K verglichen mit dem Temperaturprofil der zum Okkultationszeitpunkt fliegenden Radiosonde. Der Vergleich mit den vorhergehenden und nachfolgenden Sondierungen lässt darauf schließen, dass die mittlere Abweichung durch systematische Fehler des Okkultationsverfahrens oder den Retrieval-Algorithmus bedingt sind, die Variationen jedoch durch die örtliche Abweichung und die horizontale Mittelung des Messverfahrens. Während des Zeitraumes von Mitte Juli bis Mitte August ereigneten sich vier Okkultationen zur Sondierung der Ionosphäre. Von den abgeleiteten Elektronendichteprofilen werden jeweils die Werte der F2-Schicht mit den zur gleichen Zeit gemessenen Elektronendichten der Ionosonden auf Andøya und bei Tromsø verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass mit Hilfe der Radiookkultaktionstechnik die Elektronendichtewerte der F2-Schicht in der gleichen Größenordnung berechnet, in diesen konkreten Fällen jedoch überschätzt werden.

Meteor radar observations of mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) daily temperatures have been performed at Collm, Germany since August 2004. The data have been analyzed with respect to long-period oscillations at time scales of 2–30 days. The results reveal that oscillations with periods of up to 6 days are more frequently observed during summer, while those with longer periods have larger amplitudes during winter. The oscillations may be considered as the signature of planetary waves. The results are compared with analyses from radar wind measurements. Moreover, the temperature oscillations show considerable year-to-year variability. In particular, amplitudes of the quasi 5-day oscillation have increased during the last decade, and the quasi 10-day oscillations are larger if the equatorial stratospheric winds are eastward.

Die Verkleinerung der modernen Temperatursensoren ermöglicht die Volumenreduzierung der bisher angewandten Stevenson-Wetterhütten. Insbesondere bei automatischen Stationen finden wir wesentlich kleinere Strahlungsschutzeinrichtungen. Langjährige Beobachtungsreihen sind nicht mehr vergleichbar und müssen angepaßt werden. Es werden Einzelwertabweichungen für Temperaturen von mehr als 1 K genannt. Zur Lösung dieses Problems sind Vergleichsuntersuchungen und Anpassungsrechnungen erforderlich. / The minimisation of modern temperature sensors allows to reduce the volume ofthe up to now used Stevenson screens. Especially for automatic stations we found essential smaller radiationshields. Temperature observations of many years arc incomperable and had to be adapted. Errors of more as 1 K for single temperatures are mentioned. For the solution of this problem comparisons and adaptations are necessary.

This work has been written within the framework of the theme chemistry in preschool. The purpose of the study is to provide knowledge about preschool children's perceptions of temperature in water. The study is based on a phenomenographic perspective. The data was collected with eight qualitative semi-structured interviews in connection with an experiment in a repeated process. The selection groups consisted of eight preschool children at the age of four to five years old. The result shows that preschool children conception temperature as something they can experience through their senses. They conception temperature as something they can easily connect to everyday life phenomena. The preschool children perceive that there is an event at an abstract level in the water that they cannot experience with the vision, the event differs depending on the temperature. Some children's perceptions were developed when they did get to face the learning object several times. The description categories identified in the analysis are: "smelling", "feeling", "steam", "dots", "smoke", "movement", "everyday life phenomena", "atoms", "anthropomorphic language" "heavy water and fast atoms "and" independent reasoning ". The result of this study can be used as a contribution to the preschool's natural science activities. For a wider understanding of taking advantage of and following children's natural science thoughts and descriptions. For an influential natural science teaching in preschool.

The Mediterranean area reveals a strong vulnerability to future climate change due to a high exposure to projected impacts and a low capacity for adaptation highlighting the need for robust regional or local climate change projections, especially for extreme events strongly affecting the Mediterranean environment. The prevailing study investigates two major topics of the Mediterranean climate variability: the analysis of dynamical downscaling of present-day and future temperature and precipitation means and extremes from global to regional scale and the comprehensive investigation of temperature and rainfall extremes including the estimation of uncertainties and the comparison of different statistical methods for precipitation extremes. For these investigations, several observational datasets of CRU, E-OBS and original stations are used as well as ensemble simulations of the regional climate model REMO driven by the coupled global general circulation model ECHAM5/MPI-OM and applying future greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and land degradation scenarios. / Der Mittelmeerraum weist eine starke Vulnerabilität gegenüber dem zukünftigen Klimawandel auf, da für diese Region starke klimatische Auswirkungen vorhergesagt werden, aber nur eine geringe Anpassungsfähigkeit besteht. Daher werden präzise Vorhersagen des regionalen oder lokalen Klimawandels benötigt, v.a. für Extremereignisse, welche den Mittelmeer-Lebensraum stark beeinträchtigen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht zwei Hauptaspekte der Klimavariabilität im Mittelmeerraum: Zum Einen wird das dynamische Downscaling gegenwärtiger und zukünftiger Mittelwerte und Extremereignisse von Temperatur und Niederschlag von der globalen zur regionalen Skala analysiert. Zum Anderen wird eine umfassende Untersuchung von Temperatur- und Niederschlagsextremen samt Unsicherheitsabschätzung und Vergleich unterschiedlicher statistischer Methoden zur Bestimmung von Niederschlagsextremen durchgeführt. Für diese Untersuchungen stehen verschiedene Beobachtungsdaten von CRU, E-OBS und Messstationen sowie Ensemble-Simulationen des regionalen Klimamodells REMO zur Verfügung, das vom gekoppelten globalen “General Circulation Model” ECHAM5/MPI-OM angetrieben wird und zukünftige Treibhausgasemissions- und Landnutzungsänderungs-Szenarien verwendet.

<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att titta på och eventuellt upptäcka vissa samband mellan de vanligaste klimatparametrarna (lufttemperatur, sol, vind, luftfuktighet och lufttryck) och inomhusklimatet. Inomhusklimatet är i detta arbete det samma som luftens temperatur inomhus.</p><p>Även en sammanställning av två studier kring NordIQ’s styrning av värmesystemet och tappvarmvattnet görs.</p><p> </p><p>En stor del av arbetet har varit att sammanställa och studera insamlad data från bland annat en väderstation.</p><p>Under den här perioden (våren) är det solen och utomhustemperaturen som har störst påverkan på temperaturen inomhus.</p><p> </p><p>En stor del inom energisektorn idag handlar om att använda energin effektivare och minska på utsläppen. Förhoppningen är att detta arbete ska kunna hjälpa till i den riktningen. Att utnyttja gratisenergin och dra ner på t.ex. fjärrvärmen är ett sätt, att inte kyla bort övertemperaturer utan att istället dra ner på den köpta energin.</p><p> </p><p>Ett annat sätt att utnyttja energin på ett effektivare sätt är att öka avkylningen och minska på flödet i uppvärmningssystemet. Det är något som NordIQ säger sig göra med sin styrning av värme och tappvarmvatten.</p><p>Sammanställningen visar att det stämmer.</p> / <p>The purpose of this thesis is to study and contingently discover some linkage between the most common climate parameters (air temperature, sun, wind, air humidity and air pressure) and the indoor climate. The indoor climate in this thesis is the same as the air-temperature indoor.</p><p>Also a compilation of two studies about NordIQ´s controlling of the heating system and hot water is done.</p><p> </p><p>A major portion of the work has been to compile and study collected data from among other things a weather station.</p><p>During this period (spring) the sun and the outdoor temperature have the greatest impact on the indoor temperature.</p><p> </p><p>A major portion of the energy sector today is about how to use the energy in a more effective way and decrease the emissions. Hopefully this thesis will help in that direction. To use the free energy and reduce for example district heating is one way, not cooling the high indoor temperatures, rather reduce the bought energy.</p><p> </p><p>Another way to take advantage of the energy in a more efficient approach is to increase annealing and reduce the flow in the heating system. That´s something with the aim of NordIQ`s controlling of the heat and hot water.</p><p>The compilation shows that it´s true.</p>

Objectives: Patients with hyperhidrosis suffer from an extreme perspiration that cannot be aligned with natural or situ- ational standards. Endoscopic sympathectomy is a meaningful option for palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. A stan- dardized method of monitoring the immediate intraoperative success has not been established yet. The presented investigation shows one proposed sollution by monitoring skin surface temperature. The main aspect is to demonstrate a sig- nificant rise in temperature with utility for monitoring the immediate success of surgery. Methods: Twenty patients with primary hyperhidrosis were observed and treated in a standardized setting against a control group (n = 10). We obtained diverse data that permit determination of a point of time of measurement of surface temperature and definition of a degree of temperature variance. Results: After 5 minutes a significant change of 0.5 ̊ Celcius was noted on the palms; after 10 minutes on average 1.2 ̊ Celcius. Axillary temperature had significantly changed after 10 minutes with a mean temperature variation of 0.8 ̊ Celcius on the right side and 0.6 ̊ Celcius on the left side. Conclusions: Under consideration of appropriate time intervals of measurement and determined changes in surface temperature an early control of correct clip application in ETS is possible. In the palmar aspect an increase of 0.5 ̊ Celcius at an 5 minutes interval, and more than 1 ̊ Celcius at 10 minutes after placement of the clip as compared to basic values before application of the clip can be proposed.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att titta på och eventuellt upptäcka vissa samband mellan de vanligaste klimatparametrarna (lufttemperatur, sol, vind, luftfuktighet och lufttryck) och inomhusklimatet. Inomhusklimatet är i detta arbete det samma som luftens temperatur inomhus. Även en sammanställning av två studier kring NordIQ’s styrning av värmesystemet och tappvarmvattnet görs.   En stor del av arbetet har varit att sammanställa och studera insamlad data från bland annat en väderstation. Under den här perioden (våren) är det solen och utomhustemperaturen som har störst påverkan på temperaturen inomhus.   En stor del inom energisektorn idag handlar om att använda energin effektivare och minska på utsläppen. Förhoppningen är att detta arbete ska kunna hjälpa till i den riktningen. Att utnyttja gratisenergin och dra ner på t.ex. fjärrvärmen är ett sätt, att inte kyla bort övertemperaturer utan att istället dra ner på den köpta energin.   Ett annat sätt att utnyttja energin på ett effektivare sätt är att öka avkylningen och minska på flödet i uppvärmningssystemet. Det är något som NordIQ säger sig göra med sin styrning av värme och tappvarmvatten. Sammanställningen visar att det stämmer. / The purpose of this thesis is to study and contingently discover some linkage between the most common climate parameters (air temperature, sun, wind, air humidity and air pressure) and the indoor climate. The indoor climate in this thesis is the same as the air-temperature indoor. Also a compilation of two studies about NordIQ´s controlling of the heating system and hot water is done.   A major portion of the work has been to compile and study collected data from among other things a weather station. During this period (spring) the sun and the outdoor temperature have the greatest impact on the indoor temperature.   A major portion of the energy sector today is about how to use the energy in a more effective way and decrease the emissions. Hopefully this thesis will help in that direction. To use the free energy and reduce for example district heating is one way, not cooling the high indoor temperatures, rather reduce the bought energy.   Another way to take advantage of the energy in a more efficient approach is to increase annealing and reduce the flow in the heating system. That´s something with the aim of NordIQ`s controlling of the heat and hot water. The compilation shows that it´s true.