A potenciação longa duração (do inglês: long-term potentiation, ou LTP) na região de CA1 do hipocampo é considerada como um dos exemplos de plasticidade cerebral mais estudados, e provável base celular do aprendizado e da memória. Mecanismos morfofisiológicos em comum, entretanto, parecem ser compartilhados pela LTP e pela epilepsia experimental. Estes referem-se, basicamente, à necessidade de uma estimulação de alta freqüência, ao envolvimento de uma transmissão sináptica glutamatérgica, ao aumento do íon Ca2+ no meio intracelular, à expressão gênica, à síntese de proteínas, e à ativação de receptores metabotrópicos glutamatérgicos. Desse modo, alguns autores sugerem que a LTP tem um importante papel no desenvolvimento das crises epilépticas, havendo uma continuidade entre os fenômenos plásticos e patologia. O presente estudo buscou investigar, num modelo experimental de Epilepsia de Lobo Temporal (ELT) induzido pela pilocarpina (um agonista colinérgico muscarínico), em ratos, a existência de plasticidade neuronal em distintos tempos de epilepsia (30 dias, 60 dias e 90 dias), utilizando como medida a potenciação de longa duração (LTP) nas sinapses entre os axônios da via colateral de Schaffer e as células piramidais de CA1, em fatias hipocampais. Além disso, verificou-se a presença de brotamento neuronal (“sprouting”), um correlato de plasticidade cerebral estrutural concomitante à cronicidade da ELT, em um campo próximo de CA1, o giro denteado hipocampal. A análise da amplitude dos potenciais pós-sinápticos excitatórios (PEPS) de campo mostrou que somente a presença de epilepsia, nesse modelo, interferiu negativamente com a indução da LTP, o que foi atribuído a efeitos de excitotoxicidade, à condição permanente de epileptogênese, à perda neuronal progressiva, a anormalidades dendríticas do corpo neuronal e de axônios decorrentes da injeção de pilocarpina. As chances de ocorrência da LTP para os animais controles foi de 4 a 10 vezes maior do que a dos animais epilépticos. A inclinação do PEPS, uma medida correspondente à eficiência sináptica, demonstrou sofrer influência do tempo de epilepsia. Um decaimento nessa medida ocorreu no grupo de animais que permaneceu durante mais tempo com o quadro de crises recorrentes, ou seja, com 90 dias de ELT. Além disso, observou-se também um comprometimento desta nos animais controle de 90 dias, após o período de 60 minutos da estimulação. Assim, animais saudáveis com mais idade também não mantiveram uma eficiência sináptica aumentada e estável por mais de 30 minutos após a estimulação. Mecanismos moleculares tais com excitabilidade neuronal e aumento na eficiência da transmissão sináptica encontram-se mais preservadas em animais saudáveis e de menos idade. A presença de brotamento neuronal, por sua vez, foi identificada em quase 100% das amostras de tecido hipocampal de animais epilépticos, não sendo observado em nenhum animal controle, o que nos serviu como um indicador do comprometimento hipocampal associado a crises epilépticas recorrentes.

Submitted by Eduarda Figueiredo (eduarda.ffigueiredo@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-10T14:33:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação de Rafael.pdf: 6567723 bytes, checksum: 97d8e6bb0560b57ad1b5585b7babb628 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-10T14:33:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação de Rafael.pdf: 6567723 bytes, checksum: 97d8e6bb0560b57ad1b5585b7babb628 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Este trabalho objetivou desenvolver uma ferramenta computacional de previsão da maré astronômica que simula os dados em locais onde há falta de informações oficiais disponíveis, assim como preenche os espaços temporais entre os dados fornecidos pela Marinha do Brasil. Foi utilizado no desenvolvimento da ferramenta dois tipos de interpolação: uma temporal, que utiliza interpolações hermitianas cúbicas; e outra espacial, que utiliza uma interpolação ponderada com o inverso da distância. Também se realizou neste trabalho testes comparativos, sendo 11 para validação da simulação temporal e 4 para validação da simulação espacial, utilizando para isso dados obtidos através do software SisBaHiA® e dados medidos in loco. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as simulações realizadas geram dados muito próximos aos usados na comparação. Para as chamadas simulações temporais a diferença média encontrada foi de no máximo 0,05 m. Já com relação às simulações espaciais a diferença média foi de no máximo 0,14 m para os locais simulados.

Este é um estudo sobre regras temporais às quais residentes em instituições asilares são submetidos e os possíveis impactos que a homogeneização de horários e duração das atividades podem exercer sobre seus ritmos biológicos. A homogeneização dos tempos sociais pode causar dessincronização temporal interna, o que interfere nos processos corporais causando dessincronização temporal externa, isto é: desajustes entre eventos ambientais e fisiológicos, criando problemas nos ciclos de vigília/sono e humor, entre outros colaborando para o declínio do desempenho cognitivo. Em um ambiente asilar, preferências pessoais relacionadas à fixação de horários e duração das atividades em geral, não são consideradas. Entendo que pelo exercício do poder e pelo disciplinamento ao longo do curso de vida, os velhos que vivem em instituições tendem a naturalizar as normas estabelecidas; submissão essa que entendo ocorrer com as minorias em geral. Considero importante reconhecer as vontades dessas pessoas, atentando-se para suas identidades como pessoas e não apenas como corpos para serem cuidados, independentes dos sujeitos que os possuem. Localizo este trabalho no campo dos Estudos Culturais seguindo uma das suas tendências que é a do estudo etnográfico de populações envolvendo questões de gênero, raça e etnia, principalmente se tratando de uma minoria. Questões de corpo, solidão e indivíduo foram consideradas, juntamente com a cronobiologia, estudo dos ritmos biológicos, sendo o mais conhecido o ritmo circadiano. Participaram desta pesquisa 29 residentes, sendo 21 mulheres e 8 homens, com idades entre 75 e 99 anos de seis unidades de duas instituições para idosos, na zona leste e na zona sul do município de São Paulo-SP. A primeira técnica aplicada foi a observação selvagem, que consiste em observar situações, buscando ao máximo manter neutralidade em relação ao ambiente, o que já permitiu observar resistência aos horários de refeições, cochilos diurnos, mau humor, estado geral de apatia e tempo na cama superior a 13 horas. Instrumentos e técnicas: a) Questionário sociodemográfico (dados pessoais, satisfação geral com a vida e escala de depressão geriátrica); b) Diário de sono; c) Questionário de determinação de cronotipo matutinidade/vespertinidade); d) Entrevista gravada; e) Técnica etnográfica da observação participante; f) Análises estatísticas; g) Análise do discurso para as entrevistas gravadas e dados de observação. Resultados e conclusões: os residentes não têm críticas sobre a rotina e horários e não proporiam mudanças; a maioria apresentou tendência à distimia e à depressão maior; mesmo os residentes que têm preferências vespertinas dormem cedo; a maioria relatou não ter apetite; apenas 10% residem por escolha própria; a desorganização temporal nos idosos foi parcialmente comprovada. Em função dos discursos analisados concluiu-se que as regras temporais são um dos desafios, dada a identificação de inúmeros fatores que influenciam negativamente a vida em uma instituição asilar / This is a study of temporal rules that residents in nursing homes are subjected and the potential impacts on their biological rhythms that the homogenization of time and duration of the activities may cause. The homogenization of social time can lead to internal temporal desynchronization, which interferes with bodily processes causing external temporal desynchronization, this means imbalances between environmental and physiological events which may produce problems in their sleep/wake cycles, mood, among others, contributing to the decline of cognitive performance. Personal preferences of timing and duration of activities in nursing homes are not considered, in general. I understand that old people living in institutions tend to naturalize the established norms because of the exercise of power and discipline throughout their course of life, submission to the rules usually found in minorities. I consider important to recognize the choices of these people, attending to their identities as individuals and not just as bodies to be maintained, independent of the individuals who own them. This work is in the field of Cultural Studies following one of its trends that is the ethnographic study of populations involving gender, race and ethnicity, especially when dealing with a minority. Body issues, loneliness and the individual will be considered in the field of chronobiology - the study of biological rhythms, as the circadian rhythm, present in almost all biological phenomena. Participated in this study 29 residents, 21 women and 8 men, aged between 75 and 99 years from six units of two nursing homes in the east and in the south of São Paulo-SP. The first technique applied was the Wild Observation, which consists in the observation trying to maintain neutrality towards the environment, which allowed us to witness conflicts with meal times; daytime naps; bad mood; general state of apathy; longer than 13 hours in bed. Instruments and techniques were applied: a) Sociodemographic; b) Sleep Diary; c) Chronotype; d) Recorded interview; e) Participant Observation; f) Statistics Analysis; g) Discourse Analysis for the recorded interviews and observation data. The main results and conclusions include the absence of criticisms concerning daily routines without proposition of changes; signs of depression and dystimia were observed in the majority of the population studied, evening type individuals going to bed early, generalized loss of appetite, and a minority of 10% chose to live in the institution; temporal disorganization in the elderly was partially confirmed. According to the speech analyses it was concluded that the temporal rules are a challenge and there are several factors that negatively influencing life in a nursing home

This thesis attempted to further understanding of various aspects of the competitive state anxiety response. The specific questions that were addressed in the five studies reponed involve investigations into antecedents of competitive anxiety, temporal patterning, additional dimensions to the anxiety response and relationships with performance. Competitive anxiety was assessed in all of the studies by the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) which measures cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The first two studies employed a purely quantitative approach whilst the final three studies incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The first study investigated situational factors which predict the CSAI-2 components in the specific / population of middle-distance runners. Cognitive anxiety· was predicted by three factors, 'Perceived Readiness', 'Attitude Towards Previous Performance' and 'Position Goal', whilst self-confidence was predicted by 'Perceived Readiness' and 'External Environment'. None of the factors predicted somatic anxiety. These results suggested that cognitive anxiety and self-confidence share some common antecedents but that there are also factors unique to each. The second study examined the temporal patteming of the CSAI-2 components in the period leading up to competition as a function of gender. Gender has previously been shown to mediate patteming of responses so that antecedents were also examined in an attempt to explain such findings. Results showed that males and females reported differential temporal patteming for cognitive anxiety and self-confidence and that different antecedents predicted these variables. Significant predictors of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence were associated with personal goals and standards in females and interpersonal comparison and winning in males. The third and fourth studies investigated the importance of additional dimensions to the competitive state anxiety response in furthering understanding of the construct. These studies examined the frequency and direction dimensions of anxiety and findings suggested that the intensity alone approach currently employed is restrictive and that important information can be gained from considering these other dimensions. The fifth study focused on the dimensions of intensity and direction of anxiety and their specific relationship with sports performance. Findings revealed that a direction dimension was a better predictor of basketball performance than any of the intensity variables, further suggesting that future anxiety research should measure this dimension.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El presente estudio tiene como primer objetivo realizar un tratamiento lo más a fondo posible respecto de los contratos temporales, ya sean a plazo fijo o por obra o faena, intentando encontrar una definición lo más acertada posible y desentrañando cada uno de sus elementos. Ello debido al progresivo aumento que dicho tipo de contratación ha tenido en los últimos años, principalmente como consecuencia de la necesidad de las empresas de obtener una mano de obra lo más barata posible para poder competir de la mejor forma en el mercado actual, el cual se caracteriza por la gran apertura y globalización con que opera en Chile y el mundo entero.

Temporal monoreferentials in French (hier, aujourd'hui, demain, the names of the days and the names of the months), although used frequently, were never the subject of a comprehensive study before Curat (1999), resulting in imprecision and inconsistency in their classification. Defining their status is thus at the centre of this study, which shows that hier, aujourd'hui, demain and the names of the days are substantives, but unlike other substantives, they can, in themselves, refer to a «sole individual* and play the role of noun phrases without a determiner. Their usage without a determiner depends on their link to the nexus ego-hic-nunc (they are defined by the time of their enunciation) and the unicity of their referent. They do, however, require the presence of a determiner once detached from that nexus or when they refer to several referents (real or not). A more or less strong lexical predisposition for «nynegocentric» (i.e speaker referential) deicticity allows their lexeme to have a special link with the nexus ego-hic-nunc, and the nexus thus imposes the monoreferential constraint - hence the use without a determiner. In first place on the scale of nynegocentric deicticity are the terms which make up the enunciative framework (je, tu, ici, etc.). Hier, aujourd'hui and demain are placed second: they but rarely accept the presence of a determiner. Next are the names of the days, which may be used with or without a determiner, followed by the other substantives which require the presence of a determiner for reference purposes. One can thus conclude that hier, aujourd'hui, demain and the names of the days make up a subcategory of common nouns. The operation of the names of the months differs from that of the names of the days in terms of both syntax and reference (they seldom vary in number, refer to one individual, and function without a determiner most of the time, independently of any link with the nexus ego-hic-nunc); it more closely reflects that of proper nouns. They form a subcategory of proper nouns. The approach used, based primarily on the work of Kleiber and Curat, was grammatical, semantic and deictic. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

Temporal lobe epileptics often experience interictal (i.e., between-seizure) emotional disturbances such as fear and anxiety. Despite the problem that these disturbances present, little progress has been made in characterizing their nature and etiology because they are not amenable to experimental analysis in clinical populations. Accordingly, the general purpose of the experiments in this thesis was to demonstrate the potential of long-term amygdala kindling in rats as a model of the interictal hyperemotionality of temporal lobe epileptics. Seven experiments comprise this thesis. Experiments 1 and 2 established that longterm amygdala kindling (i.e., 100 stimulations) results in large and reliable increases in emotionality. In Experiment 1, the long-term amygdala-kindled rats displayed more resistance to capture from an open field and more open-arm activity on an elevated plus maze than did the sham-stimulated rats; in Experiment 2, the magnitude of this hyperemotionality was shown to be dependent on the number of amygdala stimulations that the rats received. Experiment 3 showed that kindling-induced hyperemotionality is enduring; the hyperemotionality present 1 day after the final stimulation did not decline significantly over the ensuing month although some amelioration of symptoms was observed. Experiment 4 established that kindling-induced hyperemotionality is not unique to amygdala stimulation. Although increases in emotionality were greatest in amygdalakindled rats, hippocampal-kindled, but not caudate-kindled, rats also displayed significant increases. Experiments 5 and 6 showed that kindling-induced hyperemotionality is fundamentally defensive in nature. In Experiment 5, amygdala-kindled rats displayed high levels of emotionality in an unfamiliar, but not in a familiar, situation; in Experiment 6, amygdala-kindled rats displayed more defensive, but less aggressive behaviour, in their interactions with other rats. Finally, Experiment 7 showed that 8-OH-DPAT binding to serotonin 5HT1A receptors is increased in the dentate gyrus of amygdala-kindled rats, but not in the amygdala, periaqueductal grey, perirhinal cortex, or CA1 or CA3 hippocampal subfields. Together, the results of these experiments establish the potential of long-term amygdala kindling as a useful animal model of interictal emotionality in temporal lobe epileptics. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

What economic factors prevent democratic breakdowns? Since the beginning of the 20th century, more than a hundred countries in the world have transformed their political regime types into democracies. However, not every transition to democracy continued without interruption. Even though some democracies continued without any breaks, some others relapsed into authoritarian regimes via military coups. The consensus in the literature is that wealthy countries are less likely to experience democratic breakdowns. I argue that wealth alone is not enough to increase the duration of democracies. Using quantitative cross-national survival analysis, I show that temporal and international context change the impact of wealth on democratic survival. In addition, I investigate whether democratic survival is more likely in countries where national income is evenly distributed.

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This is an architectural thesis exploring bamboo not just as a material, but asking what the temporal nature of the material could mean for design. While bamboo is often considered sustainable because of its considerable growth rate, few really embrace the nature of bamboo. To exhibit this concept this project follows the line from source to destination, and from germination to structure; not representing a fi nished object in single moment, but an idea that spans time. To do this, bamboo acts as a catalyst for a cultural center. It grows and matures and is harvested, it changes the space; and as it is used, degrades, and fi nally taken down, it changes the design. From seed to opera house and back again to the earth, the cycle breaths continuous life into the site. The project, located near 7th and H Street, NW, in Washington, DC is a dual program - both cultural center and public garden. The "bookends" or exterior buildings on the site are a balancing force to the ephemeral nature of the bamboo. The terracotta bearing walls buffer the peaceful inside from the outside. Their roles serve as stage to the street, gatehouse to the garden, and armature for the bamboo structures to be built upon. Their solidity holds in and allows the movement of time to ebb and flow with that of the bamboo grove. / Master of Architecture