Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-10-11T22:42:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroTupaPandavaAum_TESE.pdf: 7374843 bytes, checksum: da0bd8befae6b9c55d40316b4a0ba58d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-17T23:38:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroTupaPandavaAum_TESE.pdf: 7374843 bytes, checksum: da0bd8befae6b9c55d40316b4a0ba58d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T23:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroTupaPandavaAum_TESE.pdf: 7374843 bytes, checksum: da0bd8befae6b9c55d40316b4a0ba58d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Um dos desafios na acidifica??o de po?os em forma??es carbon?ticas ? o controle da rea??o de dissolu??o do carbonato de c?lcio. Devido a elevada taxa de rea??o entre o ?cido clor?drico (HCl) e a forma??o, o HCl ? todo consumido na regi?o da forma??o pr?xima ao po?o de maneira que as zonas mais profundas n?o s?o alcan?adas e as regi?es de dano podem n?o ser ultrapassadas. Diversos sistemas foram desenvolvidos para retardar a rea??o de dissolu??o, incluindo a utiliza??o de ?cidos org?nicos, sistemas viscosos e emulsionados. Contudo, poucos estudos reportam a utiliza??o de sistemas microemulsionados como sistemas retardados. Neste trabalho foram estudados sistemas microemulsionados ?cidos do tipo ?leo em ?gua para aplica??o em acidifica??o de carbonatos e limpeza de po?o. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas principais, sendo elas: a obten??o e caracteriza??o dos sistemas; e a avalia??o da efici?ncia realizando experimentos de inje??o em plugues de rocha carbon?tica. Para formula??o dos sistemas microemulsionados, dois ?cidos foram utilizados: o ?cido clor?drico (HCl); e o ?cido etilenodiamino tetra-ac?tico (EDTA). O tensoativo utilizado foi o ALK L90 (n?o i?nico), o sec-butanol como co-tensoativo e o xileno como componente org?nico. Foram obtidos sistemas microemulsionados ?cidos com HCl e com EDTA. Os resultados mostraram que a adi??o de ?cidos em determinadas condi??es promove a transi??o de fases dos sistemas de microemuls?o. Os ensaios de inje??o mostraram que os sistemas microemulsionados ?cidos propostos foram eficientes em estimular os plugues de forma??o carbon?tica, alcan?ando incrementos na permeabilidade entre 10-30%, sem apresentar dissolu??o na face e formando wormholes. / One of the challenges in acidification of wells in carbonate formations is controlling the dissolution reaction of calcium carbonate. Due to the high rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the rock formation, the HCl is all consumed close to the wellbore region. In this way, the deeper areas are not reached and the damage regions may not be exceeded. Several systems have been developed to retard the dissolution reaction, including the use of organic acids, viscous emulsion systems, and the use of chelating agents. However, few studies have reported the use of microemulsion systems as retarded acid systems. In this work, oil in water acid microemulsions are studied for use in carbonate acidizing. The work was divided into two main stages. The first stage was the obtaining and the characterizing of the systems and the second one was the efficiency evaluation by performing injection experiments in carbonate cores. Two microemulsion systems were obtained, one using the hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the second using the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a chelating agent. The surfactant used was the ALK-L90 (non-ionic), sec-butanol was used as a co-surfactant, and xylene as the organic component. The results showed that the addition of the HCl or chelating agent promotes the transition of the phase of microemulsion system. Wettability studies showed that the microemulsion systems obtained have a greater power of interaction with the carbonate than the aqueous solutions and also the microemulsion systems without addition of HCl or EDTA. The coreflood experiments showed that the microemulsion systems obtained were effective in stimulating the carbonate cores, achieving increases in permeability up to 86% without showing core face dissolution. The HCl and EDTA corrosiveness in microemulsion media was 80% less than in the aqueous solution. The microemulsion systems obtained can be a promising candidate to use as alternative fluids to carbonate stimulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalSuylan.pdf: 2164456 bytes, checksum: 5719700a3971e805d7b73101e7c13cef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Bentonite clays may be defined as a clay consisting predominantly of the smectite group clay minerals, particularly montmorillonite. There is naturally organophilic bentonite clays, these can be modified by specific treatments with surfactants (ionic or nonionic), passing to its hydrophobic nature hidofílica. Organophilic clays are widely used in drilling fluids non-aqueous, these fluids are mixtures of different components used in a well bore. One of the basic characteristics of drilling fluids is to minimize physical and chemical changes of the formations to be drilled. Recent studies have demonstrated the influence of clay, and presence of a dispersant surfactant rheology of the fluids. In this study we verified the influence of clay and surfactant in the production of organoclays using a route alcoholic and was therefore analyzed the rheology of non-aqueous fluids. Therefore, we performed the characterization of samples of clays; through thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray Diffraction, Differential Thermal Analysis and Particle Size Analysis for the organoclays were characterized by XRD and X-ray fluorescence were eventually produced in non-aqueous fluids according to Petrobras to perform normalization of rheological tests. The results indicated that the influence of the ratio clay / surfactant and the route alcoholic on the rheology of non-aqueous drilling fluids. / Argilas bentoníticas podem ser definidas como sendo uma argila constituída essencialmente de argilominerais do grupo das esmectitas, especialmente a montmorilonita. Não sendo as argilas bentoníticas naturalmente organofílicas, estas podem ser modificadas através de tratamentos específicos com tensoativos(iônicos ou não-iônicos), passando sua natureza de hidofílica para hidrofóbica. As argilas organofilicas são amplamente utilizadas em fluidos de perfuração não-aquosos, estes fluidos são misturas de diferentes componentes utilizados em uma perfuração de poço, ao acréscimo de aditivos aos fluidos é com intuito de otimizar suas propriedades como por exemplo: suportar a parede do maciço, limpeza do poço, evitar a invasão do filtrado e os danos na formação e o controle da pressão e teor de cascalhos em suspensão. Uma das características básicas dos fluidos de perfuração é minimizar alterações físicas e químicas das formações a serem perfuradas. Estudos recentes demonstraram a influência do tipo de argila, tensoativo e presença de defloculante na reologia dos fluidos. Neste trabalho verificamos a influência do teor de argila e tensoativo na produção de argilas organofilicas, utilizando uma rota alcoólica e conseqüentemente foi analisado a reologia dos fluidos não aquoso. Os resultados evidenciaram que existe influência da razão argila/tensoativo na reologia dos fluidos de perfuração não aquosa.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErikaaAS.pdf: 744693 bytes, checksum: 969bbaf028a15425563a34bdced20b1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-21 / The formation of paraffin deposits is common in the petroleum industry during production, transport and treatment stages. It happens due to modifications in the thermodynamic variables that alter the solubility of alkanes fractions present in petroleum. The deposition of paraffin can provoke significant and growing petroleum losses, arriving to block the flow, hindering to the production. This process is associated with the phases equilibrium L-S and the stages and nucleation, growth and agglomeration the crystals. That process is function of petroleum intrinsic characteristics and temperature and pressure variations, during production. Several preventive and corrective methods are used to control the paraffin crystallization, such as: use of chemical inhibitors, hot solvents injection, use of termochemistry reactions, and mechanical removal. But for offshore exploration this expensive problem needs more investigation. Many studies have been carried through Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) of paraffin; therefore the formed crystals are responsible for the modification of the reologics properties of the oil, causing a lot off operational problems. From the determination of the WAT of a system it is possible to affirm if oil presents or not trend to the formation of organic deposits, making possible to foresee and to prevent problems of wax crystallization. The solvent n-paraffin has been widely used as fluid of perforation, raising the production costs when it is used in the removal paraffin deposits, needing an operational substitute. This study aims to determine the WAT of paraffin and the interference off additives in its reduction, being developed system paraffin/solvent/surfactant that propitiates the wax solubilization. Crystallization temperatures in varied paraffin concentrations and different solvents were established in the first stage of the experiments. In the second stage, using the methodology of variation of the photoelectric signal had been determined the temperature of crystallization of the systems and evaluated the interferences of additives to reduction of the WAT. The experimental results are expressed in function of the variations of the photoelectric signals during controlled cooling, innovating and validating this new methodology to determine WAT, relatively simple with relation the other applied that involve specific equipments and of high cost. Through the curves you differentiate of the results had been also identified to the critical stages of growth and agglomeration of the crystals that represent to the saturation of the system, indicating difficulties of flow due to the increase of the density / A forma??o de dep?sito paraf?nico ? comum na ind?stria do petr?leo durante as etapas de produ??o, movimenta??o e tratamento e ocorre em decorr?ncia de modifica??es nas vari?veis termodin?micas que alteram a solubilidade das fra??es de alcanos presentes no petr?leo. A cristaliza??o de parafinas pode provocar significativas e crescentes perdas de petr?leo, chegando a bloquear o fluxo, impedindo ? produ??o. Esse processo est? associado ao equil?brio de fases L-S e as etapas de nuclea??o, crescimento e aglomera??o dos cristais. Existem v?rios m?todos preventivos e corretivos para controlar a cristaliza??o de parafinas, dentre os quais se destacam: o uso de inibidores qu?micos, a inje??o de solventes aquecidos, o emprego de rea??es termoqu?micas e a remo??o mec?nica, por?m quanto ? explora??o offshore pouco se conhece, tornando-se indispens?vel investigar este custoso problema. Muitos estudos t?m sido realizados quanto ? temperatura de in?cio do aparecimento dos cristais (TIAC) da parafina, pois os cristais formados s?o respons?veis pela modifica??o das propriedades reol?gicas do petr?leo, causando diversos problemas operacionais. A partir da determina??o da TIAC de um sistema ? poss?vel afirmar se um petr?leo apresenta ou n?o tend?ncia ? forma??o de dep?sitos org?nicos, possibilitando prever e evitar problemas de cristaliza??o paraf?nica. O solvente n-parafina tem sido amplamente utilizado como fluido de perfura??o, elevando os custos de produ??o quando ? empregado na remo??o de dep?sitos paraf?nicos, necessitando de um substituto operacional. Este estudo visa determinar a TIAC da parafina e ? interfer?ncia de aditivos na sua redu??o, desenvolvendo um sistema parafina/solvente/tensoativo que propicie a solubiliza??o paraf?nica. Na primeira etapa dos experimentos, foram determinadas as temperaturas de cristaliza??o em concentra??es de parafina variadas e diferentes solventes. Na segunda etapa, utilizando a metodologia de varia??o do sinal fotoel?trico foi determinada a temperatura de cristaliza??o dos sistemas e avaliadas as interfer?ncias dos aditivos quanto ? redu??o da TIAC. Os resultados s?o expressos em fun??o das varia??es do sinal fotoel?trico, durante resfriamento controlado, inovando e validando esta metodologia de determina??o da TIAC, relativamente simples com rela??o ?s outras aplicadas que envolvem equipamentos espec?ficos e de alto custo. Atrav?s das curvas diferencias dos resultados tamb?m foram identificadas ?s etapas cr?ticas de crescimento e aglomera??o dos cristais que representam ? satura??o do sistema, indicando dificuldades de fluxo devido ao aumento da densidade

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ShirlleKSN.pdf: 1257251 bytes, checksum: 8e3d9e5d34873e918e7ada174b5ca7e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Petroleum can be associated or not with natural gas, but in both cases water is always present in its formation. The presence of water causes several problems, such as the difficulty of removing the petroleum from the reservoir rock and the formation of waterin-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The produced water causes environmental problems, which should be solved to reduce the effect of petroleum industry in the environment. The main objective of this work is to remove simultaneously from the produced water the dispersed petroleum and dissolved metals. The process is made possible through the use of anionic surfactants that with its hydrophilic heads interacts with ionized metals and with its lipophilic tails interacts with the oil. The studied metals were: calcium, magnesium, barium, and cadmium. The surfactants used in this research were derived from: soy oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and a soap obtained from a mixture of 5wt.% coconut oil and 95wt.% animal fat. It was used a sample of produced water from Terminal de S?o Sebasti?o, S?o Paulo. As the concentration of the studied metals in produced water presented values close to 300 mg/L, it was decided to use this concentration as reference for the development of this research. Molecular absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine petroleum and metals concentrations in the water sample, respectively. A constant pressure filtration system was used to promote the separation of solid and liquid phases. To represent the behavior of the studied systems it was developed an equilibrium model and a mathematical one. The obtained results showed that all used surfactants presented similar behavior with relation to metals extraction, being selected the surfactant derived from soy oil for this purpose. The values of the partition coefficients between the solid and liquid phases " D " for the studied metals varied from 0.2 to 1.1, while the coefficients for equilibrium model " K " varied from 0.0002 and 0.0009. The removal percentile for oil with all metals associated was near 100%, showing the efficiency of the process / O petr?leo pode estar associado ou n?o com o g?s natural, mas, em ambos os casos, a ?gua est? presente desde a sua forma??o. A presen?a da ?gua ocasiona diversos problemas, tais como a dificuldade de remover o petr?leo da rocha e a forma??o de emuls?es do tipo ?gua-em-?leo e ?leo-em-?gua. A ?gua de produ??o gera problemas ambientais, que devem ser solucionados para que o efeito da ind?stria do petr?leo no meio ambiente seja minimizado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo remover associadamente o petr?leo disperso e os metais dissolvidos na ?gua de produ??o. O processo ? viabilizado atrav?s da utiliza??o de tensoativos ani?nicos, que com suas partes hidrof?licas interagem com os metais ionizados e com suas partes lipof?licas interagem com o ?leo. Os metais estudados foram: o c?lcio, o magn?sio, o b?rio e o c?dmio. Os tensoativos utilizados na pesquisa foram derivados dos ?leos de soja, girassol, coco e um sab?o oriundo de uma mistura de 5% do ?leo de coco e 95% de gordura animal. Utilizou-se uma amostra de ?gua produzida proveniente do Terminal de S?o Sebasti?o, em S?o Paulo. Como a concentra??o dos metais estudados nesta ?gua apresentavam valores pr?ximos a 300 mg/L, decidiu-se fixar esta concentra??o como refer?ncia para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Para determinar as concentra??es dos metais e do petr?leo na ?gua foram utilizados os espectrofot?metros de absor??o at?mica e de absor??o molecular, respectivamente. Utilizou-se um sistema de filtra??o a press?o constante para promover a separa??o das fases s?lida e l?quida. Para representar o comportamento dos sistemas em estudo desenvolveu-se um modelo de equil?brio e outro matem?tico. Os resultados mostraram que todos os tensoativos desenvolvidos apresentavam comportamento similar com rela??o ? extra??o dos metais, sendo selecionado o tensoativo derivado do ?leo de soja para este prop?sito. Os valores dos coeficientes de parti??o dos metais entre as fases s?lida e l?quida D variaram de 0,2 a 1,1, enquanto que os dos coeficientes do modelo de equil?brio K ficaram entre 0,0002 e 0,0009. O percentual de remo??o conjugada do ?leo com todos os metais foi praticamente igual a 100 %, o que comprovou a efici?ncia do processo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SyllosSS_DISSERT.pdf: 3274284 bytes, checksum: efc9ef709dfd1e06b4170ed41eedf3fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / The generation of wastes in most industrial process is inevitable. In the petroleum industry, one of the greatest problems for the environment is the huge amount of produced water generated in the oil fields. This wastewater is a complex mixture and present great amounts. These effluents can be hazardous to the environmental without adequate treatment. This research is focused in the analysis of the efficiencies of the flotation and photo-oxidation processes to remove and decompose the organic compounds present in the produced water. A series of surfactants derivated from the laurilic alcohol was utilized in the flotation to promote the separation. The experiments have been performed with a synthetic wastewater, carefully prepared with xylene. The experimental data obtained using flotation presented a first order kinetic, identified by the quality of the linear data fitting. The best conditions were found at 0.029 g.L-1 for the surfactant EO 7, 0.05 g.L-1 for EO 8, 0.07 g.L-1 for EO 9, 0.045 g.L-1 for EO 10 and 0.08 g.L-1 for EO 23 with the following estimated kinetic constants: 0.1765, 0.1325, 0.1210, 0.1531 and 0.1699 min-1, respectively. For the series studied, the most suitable surfactant was the EO 7 due to the lower reagent onsumption, higher separation rate constant and higher removal efficiency of xylene in the aqueous phase (98%). Similarly to the flotation, the photo-Fenton process shows to be efficient for degradation of xylene and promoting the mineralization of the organic charge around 90% and 100% in 90 min / A gera??o de res?duos na maioria dos processos industriais ? quase que inevit?vel. Na ind?stria do petr?leo, um dos grandes vil?es para o meio ambiente ? o enorme volume de ?guas produzidas nos campos de petr?leo. Este efluente apresenta composi??o complexa e aliado ao grande volume envolvido pode-se tornar bastante danoso ao meio ambiente quando descartado de forma inadequada. Esta pesquisa est? centrada na an?lise das efici?ncias dos processos de flota??o em coluna e oxida??o avan?ada por processo foto-Fenton para remo??o/degrada??o de org?nicos presentes na ?gua produzida. Uma s?rie de tensoativos derivados de ?lcool laur?lico foi utilizada na flota??o para promover a melhoria da cin?tica e efici?ncia de separa??o. Os experimentos foram realizados com efluente sint?tico contendo xileno como poluente modelo. Os dados experimentais obtidos da flota??o apresentaram cin?tica de 1? ordem, identificada pela qualidade dos ajustes lineares. As melhores condi??es encontradas foram 0,029 g.L-1 para o EO 7, 0,05 g.L-1 para o EO 8, 0,07 g.L-1 para o EO 9, 0,045 g.L-1 para o EO 10 e 0,08 g.L-1 para o EO 23 com as seguintes constantes de velocidade iguais a 0,1765, 0,1325, 0,1210, 0,1531, 0,1699 min-1, respectivamente. Para a s?rie estudada, o tensoativo mais adequado foi o EO 7 devido o menor consumo de reagente, maior constante cin?tica de separa??o e maior efici?ncia de remo??o do xileno da fase aquosa (98%). De forma similar a flota??o, o processo foto-Fenton demonstrou ser eficiente para degrada??o do xileno alcan?ando efici?ncia de mineraliza??o da carga org?nica entre 90% e 100% em 90 min

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaniereDV_DISSERT.pdf: 2210959 bytes, checksum: 50b0d022488541db247d404d8e3dc596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / The treatment of oil produced water and its implications are continually under investigation and several questions are related to this subject. In the Northeast Region Brazil, the onshore reservoirs are, in its majority, mature oil fields with high production of water. As this oil produced water has high levels of oil, it cannot be directly discarded into the environment because it represents a risk for contamination of soil, water, and groundwater, or even may cause harm to living bodies. Currently, polyelectrolytes that promote the coalescence of the oil droplets are used to remove the dispersed oil phase, enhancing the effectiveness of the flotation process. The non-biodegradability and high cost of polyelectrolytes are limiting factors for its application. On this context, it is necessary to develop studies for the search of more environmentally friendly products to apply in the flotation process. In this work it is proposed the modeling of the flotation process, in a glass column, using surfactants derived from vegetal oils to replace the polyelectrolytes, as well as to obtain a model that represents the experimental data. In addition, it was made a comparative study between the models described in the literature and the one developed in this research. The obtained results showed that the developed model presented high correlation coefficients when fitting the experimental data (R2 > 0.98), thus proving its efficiency in modeling the experimental data. / O tratamento da ?gua produzida (AP) e suas implica??es s?o continuamente estudadas e v?rias perguntas s?o direcionadas a esta ?rea. No Nordeste do Brasil os reservat?rios em terra (ONSHORE) s?o, em sua maioria, po?os maduros, com alta produ??o de ?gua, e como esta ?gua possui altos teores de ?leo, n?o pode ser descartada simplesmente, pois s?o um risco para o ambiente pela contamina??o do solo, ?guas subterr?neas ou mesmo animais e plantas. Atualmente, s?o utilizados polieletr?litos que facilitam a coalesc?ncia das gotas de ?leo dispersas nesta ?gua para assim aumentar a efici?ncia do seu processo de tratamento que ? a flota??o. Estes polieletr?litos al?m de serem de alto custo n?o s?o biodegrad?veis o que limita sua aplica??o. Diante deste contexto, surge a necessidade de estudar produtos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente que viabilizem este tratamento. Este trabalho prop?s a modelagem do processo de flota??o em coluna utilizando tensoativos de origem vegetal em substitui??o aos polieletr?litos, bem como obter uma correla??o que represente os dados experimentais. Al?m disto, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre modelos apresentados na literatura e o desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo desenvolvido obteve coeficientes de correla??o R2, em rela??o aos dados experimentais, acima de 0,98, comprovando sua efici?ncia na modelagem dos dados experimentais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LedaMOL_TESE.pdf: 3658937 bytes, checksum: 6ad7dbe6b2ec8a6f89d9264905ef89b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / Innovative technologies using surfactant materials have applicability in several industrial fields, including petroleum and gas areas. This study seeks to investigate the use of a surfactant derived from coconut oil (SCO saponified coconut oil) in the recovery process of organic compounds that are present in oily effluents from petroleum industry. For this end, experiments were accomplished in a column of small dimension objectifying to verify the influence of the surfactant SCO in the efficiency of oil removal. This way, they were prepared emulsions with amount it fastens of oil (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), being determined the great concentrations of surfactant for each one of them. Some rehearsals were still accomplished with produced water of the industry of the petroleum to compare the result with the one of the emulsions. According to the experiments, it was verified that an increase of the surfactant concentration does not implicate in a greater oil removal. The separation process use gaseous bubbles formed when a gas stream pass a liquid column, when low surfactant concentrations are used, it occurs the coalescence of the dispersed oil droplets and their transport to the top of the column, forming a new continuous phase. Such surfactants lead to a gas-liquid interface saturation, depending on the used surfactant concentration, affecting the flotation process and influencing in the removal capacity of the oily dispersed phase. A porous plate filter, with pore size varying from 40 to 250 mm, was placed at the base of the column to allow a hydrodynamic stable operation. During the experimental procedures, the operating volume of phase liquid was held constant and the rate of air flow varied in each experiment. The resulting experimental of the study hydrodynamic demonstrated what the capturing of the oil was influenced by diameter of the bubbles and air flow. With the increase flow of 300 about to 900 cm3.min-1, occurred an increase in the removal of oil phase of 44% about to 66% and the removal kinetic of oil was defined as a reaction of 1? order / Tecnologias inovadoras que usam materiais tensoativos t?m aplicabilidade em v?rios campos industriais, dentre eles petr?leo e g?s natural. Este estudo busca investigar o uso de um tensoativo, derivado de ?leo de coco (OCS - ?leo de coco saponificado), no processo de recupera??o de compostos org?nicos presentes em efluentes oleosos da ind?stria de petr?leo. Para este fim, foram realizados experimentos em uma coluna de bancada objetivando verificar a influ?ncia do tensoativo OCS na efici?ncia de remo??o de ?leo. Desta forma, foram preparadas emuls?es com quantidades fixas de ?leo (50, 100, 200 e 400 ppm), determinandose a concentra??o ?tima de tensoativo para cada uma delas. Foram, tamb?m, realizados alguns ensaios com ?gua de produ??o da ind?stria de petr?leo, visando comparar o resultado com o das emuls?es. O processo de separa??o consiste no uso de bolhas gasosas formadas quando um fluxo de g?s passa em uma coluna l?quida, com concentra??es de tensoativo, ocorrendo a coalesc?ncia das gotas de ?leo dispersas e, consequentemente, o transporte delas ao topo da coluna, formando uma nova fase oleosa cont?nua. O processo fundamenta-se na satura??o de tensoativo na interface g?s-l?quido, dependendo da concentra??o de tensoativo usada, resultando na flota??o da fase ?leo dispersa. Um filtro de prato poroso, com tamanho de poro que varia de 40 a 250 μm, foi colocado ? base da coluna para permitir uma opera??o hidrodin?mica est?vel. Durante os procedimentos experimentais, o volume operacional da fase l?quida foi mantido constante e a taxa de fluxo de ar variada em cada experimento. Os resultados experimentais do estudo hidrodin?mico demonstraram que a captura do ?leo foi influenciada pelos di?metros das bolhas e vaz?es de ar. Com o aumento da vaz?o de 300 para 900 cm3.min-1, ocorreu um aumento de remo??o da fase ?leo de 44% para 66% e a cin?tica de remo??o do ?leo foi definida como uma rea??o de 1? ordem

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SyllosSS_TESE.pdf: 2557262 bytes, checksum: 77d0a0faa8e481b116f80dda9a4c8e96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / During production of oil and gas, there is also the production of an aqueous effluent called produced water. This byproduct has in its composition salts, organic compounds, gases and heavy metals. This research aimed to evaluate the integration of processes Induced Air Flotation (IAF) and photo-Fenton for reducing the Total Oils and Greases (TOG) present in produced water. Experiments were performed with synthetic wastewater prepared from the dispersion of crude oil in saline solution. The system was stirred for 25 min at 33,000 rpm and then allowed to stand for 50 min to allow free oil separation. The initial oil concentration in synthetic wastewater was 300 ppm and 35 ppm for the flotation and the photo-Fenton steps, respectively. These values of initial oil concentration were established based on average values of primary processing units in Potiguar Basin. The processes were studied individually and then the integration was performed considering the best experimental conditions found in each individual step. The separation by flotation showed high removal rate of oil with first-order kinetic behavior. The flotation kinetics was dependent on both the concentration and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant. The best result was obtained for the concentration of 4.06.10-3 mM (k = 0.7719 min-1) of surfactant EO 2, which represents 86% of reduction in TOG after 4 min. For series of surfactants evaluated, the separation efficiency was found to be improved by the use of surfactants with low HLB. Regarding the TOG reduction step by photo-Fenton, the largest oil removal reached was 84% after 45 min of reaction, using 0.44 mM and 10 mM of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The best experimental conditions encountered in the integrated process was 10 min of flotation followed by 45 min of photo-Fenton with overall TOG reduction of 99%, which represents 5 ppm of TOG in the treated effluent. The integration of processes flotation and photo-Fenton proved to be highly effective in reducing TOG of produced water in oilfields / Durante a produ??o de ?leo e g?s, ocorre tamb?m ? produ??o de uma corrente aquosa denominada ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo. Este subproduto apresenta em sua composi??o sais, compostos org?nicos, gases e metais pesados. Esta pesquisa buscou avaliar a integra??o dos processos de Flota??o por Ar Induzido (FAI) e foto-Fenton para a redu??o do Teor de ?leos e Graxas (TOG) presente em ?guas produzidas, visando recuperar ?leo presente na fase aquosa e mineralizar a carga org?nica remanescente. Os experimentos foram realizados com efluente sint?tico preparado a partir da dispers?o de petr?leo bruto em solu??o salina. O sistema foi agitado por 25 min a 33.000 rpm e depois deixado em repouso por 50 min para permitir a separa??o do ?leo livre. A concentra??o inicial de ?leo (TOG) no efluente sint?tico foi de 300 ppm e 35 ppm para as etapas de flota??o e de foto-Fenton, respectivamente. Estes valores iniciais de concentra??o de ?leo foram estabelecidos tomando com base a TOG m?dio do efluente nas unidades de processamento prim?rio da bacia Potiguar. Os processos foram estudados individualmente e, em seguida, realizada a integra??o considerando as melhores condi??es experimentais encontrada em cada etapa individualmente. A separa??o por flota??o apresentou elevada taxa de remo??o de ?leo com comportamento cin?tico de primeira ordem. A cin?tica de flota??o foi dependente tanto da concentra??o quanto do Balan?o Hidrof?lico-Lipof?lico (BHL) do tensoativo. O melhor resultado foi obtido para a concentra??o de 4,06.10-3 mM (k = 0,7719 min-1) do tensoativo EO 2, o que representa 86 % de redu??o do TOG ap?s 4 min de flota??o. Para a s?rie de tensoativos estudada, a efici?ncia de separa??o mostrou-se melhorada com o uso de tensoativo com menores BHL. Com respeito ? etapa de redu??o do TOG por foto-Fenton, a maior remo??o de ?leo alcan?ada foi de 84% ap?s 45 min de rea??o, utilizando 0,44 mM e 10 mM de ?ons ferrosos e per?xido de hidrog?nio, respectivamente. As melhores condi??es experimentais encontradas para os processos integrados foram 10 min de flota??o seguida de 45 min de foto-Fenton, com redu??o global de TOG de 99%, o que representa 5 ppm de TOG no efluente tratado. A integra??o dos processos flota??o e foto-Fenton mostrou ser altamente eficiente na redu??o de TOG em ?guas produzidas em campos de petr?leo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ShirlleKSN_TESE_PARCIAL.pdf: 1534638 bytes, checksum: ca047a7bd2b85b3f98d9d4d116c8a5d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The petroleum production is associated to the produced water, which has dispersed and dissolved materials that damage not only the environment, but also the petroleum processing units. This study aims at the treatment of produced water focusing mainly on the removal of metals and oil and using this treated water as raw material for the production of sodium carbonate. Initially, it was addressed the removal of the following divalent metals: calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, copper, iron, and cadmium. For this purpose, surfactants derived from vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, were used. The investigation showed that there is a stoichiometric relationship between the metals removed from the produced water and the surfactants used in the process of metals removal. It was also developed a model that correlates the hydrolysis constant of saponified coconut oil with the metal distribution between the resulting stages of the proposed process, flocs and aqueous phases, and relating the results with the pH of the medium. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.963. Next, the process of producing washing soda (prefiro soda ahs ou sodium carbonate) started. The resulting water from the various treatment approaches from petroleum production water was used. During this stage of the research, it was observed that the surfactant assisted in the produced water treatment, by removing some metals and the dispersed oil entirety. The yield of sodium carbonate production was approximately 80%, and its purity was around 95%. It was also assessed, in the production of sodium carbonate, the influence of the type of reactor, using a continuous reactor and a batch reactor. These tests showed that the process with continuous reactor was not as efficient as the batch process. In general, it can be concluded that the production of sodium carbonate from water of oil production is a feasible process, rendering an effluent that causes a great environmental impact a raw material with large scale industrial use / A produ??o do petr?leo ? associada ? ?gua produzida, que apresenta materiais dispersos e dissolvidos que prejudicam n?o s? o meio ambiente, mas tamb?m, as unidades de processamento de petr?leo. Este trabalho objetiva o tratamento da ?gua de produ??o enfocando, principalmente, a remo??o de ?leo e de metais e a utiliza??o desta ?gua tratada como mat?ria-prima para produ??o de barrilha. Inicialmente, verificou-se a remo??o dos seguintes metais bivalentes: c?lcio, magn?sio, b?rio, zinco, cobre, ferro e o c?dmio. Utilizou-se para este fim tensoativos derivados de ?leos vegetais, tais como: ?leo de coco, ?leo de soja e ?leo de girassol. Verificou-se que existe uma rela??o estequiom?trica entre os metais removidos da ?gua de produ??o e os tensoativos utilizados no processo. Tamb?m, desenvolveu-se um modelo que relaciona a constante de hidr?lise do ?leo de coco saponificado com a distribui??o do metal entre as fases resultantes do processo proposto, fases floco e aquosa, relacionando os resultados com o pH do meio. Obteve-se um coeficiente de correla??o na ordem de 0,963. Em seguida, iniciou-se o processo de obten??o da barrilha. Utilizou-se a ?gua resultante das diversas correntes de tratamento da ?gua produzida. Nesta etapa do trabalho, observou-se que o tensoativo auxiliava no tratamento da ?gua de produ??o, removendo parte dos metais e a totalidade do petr?leo disperso. O rendimento da produ??o da barrilha foi da ordem de 80% e sua pureza ficou em torno de 95%. Avaliou-se, ainda, no processo de produ??o da barrilha, a influ?ncia do tipo de reator, utilizando-se um reator cont?nuo e um reator em batelada. Estes ensaios mostraram que o processo cont?nuo n?o foi t?o eficiente quanto o processo em batelada. De forma geral, pode-se concluir que a produ??o de barrilha a partir da ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo ? um processo vi?vel, transformando um efluente que causa grande impacto ambiental em mat?ria-prima de larga utiliza??o industrial / 2020-01-01

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-01-23T14:27:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-01-25T11:49:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T11:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11 / M?todos de recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo s?o utilizados com o objetivo de aumentar a produtividade de reservat?rios nos quais, os m?todos convencionais s?o pouco eficientes, ou mesmo como alternativa inicial para produ??o. Dentre esses m?todos, existem os m?todos t?rmicos, misc?veis e qu?micos. A utiliza??o dos m?todos qu?micos de recupera??o avan?ada atua na altera??o de propriedades f?sico-qu?mica rocha/fluido, diminuindo a satura??o residual de ?leo e aumentando o deslocamento de ?leo no meio poroso. A inje??o de fluidos qu?micos, como solu??o de pol?mero, solu??o de tensoativo e microemuls?o, busca aumentar a viscosidade de fluido injetado, diminuir a tens?o interfacial e aumentar a miscibilidade entre o fluido injetado e o ?leo retido. Estudos nessa ?rea mostram que fluidos qu?micos s?o considerados uma alternativa eficaz na produ??o de petr?leo ap?s a utiliza??o de ?gua ou g?s como fluido de inje??o. Neste trabalho foi avaliado a utiliza??o de fluidos qu?micos (solu??o de tensoativo e microemuls?o) na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo (EOR) com a Ultramina NP200 como tensoativo. Os sistemas microemulsionados foram compostos por: Ultramina NP200; n-Butanol; querosene e ?gua de abastecimento local. Os sistemas microemulsionados (SM) foram caracterizados por medidas de di?metro de part?cula, tens?o superficial, tens?o interfacial e viscosidade. Nos testes de EOR, avaliou-se a influ?ncia da concentra??o de tensoativo injetado e a forma como a tens?o superficial, interfacial e a viscosidade influenciam na recupera??o de ?leo cru (29? API). A utiliza??o de solu??o de Ultramina NP200 conseguiu aumentar a capacidade de deslocamento de petr?leo em rela??o a inje??o de salmoura. Por?m, a solu??o de tensoativo, apesar da alta concentra??o (25% m/m), obteve fator de recupera??o inferior quando comparado a microemuls?o, mesmo quando a concentra??o de mat?ria ativa ? baixa (1,0% - m/m). O fator de recupera??o aumentou com o aumento da concentra??o de tensoativo na microemuls?o, por?m esse crescimento foi significativo para a inje??o de SM com at? 6% (m/m) de tensoativo. Observou-se tamb?m que ? poss?vel alcan?ar resultados satisfat?rios de recupera??o injetando menores quantidades microemuls?o, seguida de inje??o de salmoura. A utiliza??o do sistema microemulsionado com 6% tensoativo (SM4) com vaz?o de 0,5 mL/min, chegou a recupera??o do ?leo in place de 24,1% (%OOIPA) e recupera??o total de 77,2% (%OOIPT). Na avalia??o econ?mica, foi observado que a utiliza??o de pequenos volumes de microemuls?o, com maior concentra??o de tensoativo, pode resultar em um projeto mais vi?vel, mediante an?lise do pre?o do barril de petr?leo. No cen?rio atual (50 USD/bbl) ? poss?vel alcan?ar uma taxa interna de retorno (TIR) de 27% por inje??o e 0,5Vp de SM3 e 2,5Vp de salmoura. / Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are used to increase the productivity of reservoirs when water or gas injections are inefficient, or can be used as a initial alternative to production. EOR methods is classified in thermal, miscible and chemical. The use of chemical methods acts on the alteration of physicochemical rock / fluid properties, reducing the residual oil saturation and increasing the displacement of oil in the porous medium. Injection of chemical fluids, such as polymer solution, surfactant solution and microemulsion, seeks to increase the viscosity of injected fluid, decrease interfacial tension and increase miscibility between the injected fluid and the retained oil. Studies in this area show that chemical fluids are efficient alternative in the production of oil after the use of water or gas as an injection fluid. In this work the use of chemical fluids (surfactant and microemulsion solution) in the EOR with Ultramina NP200 as a surfactant was evaluated. Microemulsion systems are composed of: Ultramina NP200; n-Butanol; kerosene and local water supply. Microemulsion systems (SM) were characterized by measurements of droplet size, surface tension, interfacial tension and viscosity. In the EOR tests, the influence of the injected surfactant concentration and the way in which surface tension, interfacial and viscosity influence the recovery of crude oil (29? API) was evaluated. The use of Ultramina NP200 solution has been able to increase the capacity of displacement of petroleum in relation to the injection of brine. However, the surfactant solution, despite the high concentration (25% m / m), obtained a lower oil recovery when compared to the microemulsion, even when the active matter concentration is low (1.0% - m / m). The oil recovery increased with increasing surfactant concentration in the microemulsion, but this growth was significant for SM injection with up to 6% (m / m) of surfactant. It has also been observed that satisfactory results of %OOIPA can be achieved by injecting smaller amounts of microemulsion followed by injection of brine. The use of the microemulsified system with 6% surfactant (SM4) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL / min, reached the oil recovery in place of 24.1% (% OOIPA) and total recovery of 77.2% (% OOIPT). In the economic evaluation it was observed that the use of small volumes of microemulsion, with higher concentration of surfactant, can result in a more viable project, by analyzing the price of a barrel of oil.