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Three studies in the machine assisted proof of recursion implementation are described. The verification system used is Edinburgh LCF (Logic for Computable Functions). Proofs are generated, in LCF, in a goal-oriented fashion by the application of strategies reflecting informal proof plans. LCF is introduced in Chapter 1. We present three case studies in which proof strategies are developed and (except in the third) tested in LCF. Chapter 2 contains an account of the machine generated proofs of three program transformations (from recursive to iterative function schemata). Two of the examples are taken from Manna and Waldinger. In each case, the recursion is implemented by the introduction of a new data type, e.g., a stack or counter. Some progress is made towards the development of a general strategy for producing the equivalence proofs of recursive and iterative function schemata by machine. Chapter 3 is concerned with the machine generated proof of the correctness of a compiling algorithm. The formulation, borrowed from Russell, includes a simple imperative language with a while and conditional construct, and a low level language of labelled statements, including jumps. We have, in LCF, formalised his denotational descriptions of the two languages and performed a proof of the preservation of the semantics under compilation. In Chapter 4, we express and informally prove the correctness of a compiling algorithm for a language containing declarations and calls of recursive procedures. We present a low level language whose semantics model a standard activation stack implementation. Certain theoretical difficulties (connected with recursively defined relations) are discussed, and a proposed proof in LCF is outlined. The emphasis in this work is less on proving original theorems, or even automatically finding proofs of known theorems, than on (i) exhibiting and analysing the underlying structure of proofs, and of machine proof attempts, and (ii) investigating the nature of the interaction (between a user and a computer system) required to generate proofs mechanically; that is, the transition from informal proof plans to behaviours which cause formal proofs to be performed.

This thesis focuses on design of small testing machine for measuring tensile strength of materials. Appropriate hardware for driving the motor with serial communication will be used. Main drive is a stepper motor with microstepping. Instructions for motor is provided by microcontroler which will be comunicating with aplication in computer. This aplication will have all user functions nessesary for using this device.

RECCO AB är ett företag som utvecklar räddningssystem för lavinolyckor. Systemet fungerar genom en RFID tag (reflektor) och en detektor. Detektorn känner av reflektorn som sitter på jackan, hjälmen, skon eller pjäxan upp till 200 meters avstånd eller 30 meter genom snön. Detektorn används av erfaren lavinräddningspersonal. RECCO ska implementera reflektorer i vandringsskor för att söka efter människor som är i skogen och uppe i bergen. Syftet med examensarbetet är att utveckla en skotestmaskin som ska kunna testa livslängden på reflektorn. Bakgrundsundersökningen genomfördes genom en informationssökning om biomekanik i ben och fot, olika benrörelser som kan påverka skon, olika typer av vandringsskor och olika skotestmaskiner som finns ute på marknaden idag. Genomförandet av projektet inleddes genom ett test för att undersöka hur stora krafterna är som påverkar reflektorn i skon. Testet genomfördes med en tryckkänslig sensor och en Arduino UNO. Den maximala kraften på reflektorn blev 7.1 N. Därefter gjordes en brainstorming som resulterades i sju olika koncept. Koncepten vägdes emot varandra med hjälp av en PUGH matris, som resulterade i att ett koncept valdes att gå vidare med. Analysen av konceptet genomfördes med Solidworks, Matlab och ADAMS. Med SolidWorks gjordes detaljerade ritningar och ett montage av modellen. Med Matlab gjordes beräkningar på lagerhus, glidlager, kulbussning och motor. ADAMS användes för att simulera rörelsen och för att verifiera Matlab-beräkningarna. Resultatet av slutprodukten blev lyckat. Maskinens rörelse och de påverkande krafterna på reflektorn efterliknar testet som genomfördes i början av projektet. Eventuella förbättringar som kan utföras är inköp av en starkare motor för att uppnå en mer konstant hastighet eller ett svänghjul för att minska påfrestningarna på motorn. För vidare arbete på slutprodukten kan RECCO programmera en strömbrytare som stänger av motorn vid uppnått antal cykler. / RECCO is a company that develops rescue system for avalanche accidents. The system works by a RFID tag (reflector) and a detector. The detector senses the reflector that is attached to jackets, helmets, shoes and ski boots up to 200 meters or 30 meters through the snow. The detector is used by experienced avalanche rescue groups. RECCO will implement reflectors in hiking shoes to search for people who are in the woods and in the mountains. The purpose of this master theses is to develop a shoe test machine to be able to test the service life of the reflector. The background study was performed by an information search about the biomechanics of the leg and foot, different leg movements that may affect the shoe, different types of hiking shoes and several shoe test machines available on the market today. The implementation of the project began with a test to examine how large the forces are on the reflector acting in the shoe. The test was conducted by a pressure sensitive sensor connected to an Arduino UNO. The maximum force on the reflector was 7.1 N. This was followed by a brainstorming session that resulting in seven different concepts. The concepts were then evaluated against each other using a PUGH matrix, which resulted in a concept for further development. The analysis was conducted using SolidWorks, Matlab, and ADAMS. Detailed drawings and assembly of the model were made using SolidWorks. The calculations were made on bearing housings, plain bearings, linear ball bearing and the motor using Matlab. ADAMS was used to simulate the movement and to verify the Matlab calculations. The result of the final concept was succeeded. The machine's movement and the influencing forces on the reflector mimic the performed test that was made at the beginning of the project. Improvements that can be done is to change to a more powerful motor to achieve a more constant speed or a flywheel to reduce the strain on the motor. For further work RECCO can program a switch that turns off the motor when the number of cycles are achieved.

Tire testing has been one of the important aspects of the tire industry because it helps identify the tire behavior which further helps in improving the design of tires. It also helps automotive manufacturers choose the best tire for their automobiles. Indoor tire testing helps in relating the data better because of greater repeatability of the testing setup as compared to outdoor testing. This study focusses on modifying a rolling resistance machine to make it capable of force and moment and cleat testing along with the standard rolling resistance test. Additionally, the design of a mechanical loading mechanism (used to apply normal force on the tire) in place of the previous one using dead weights is also discussed. This study also talks about the structural and vibrational finite element analysis of a tire testing machine. Since the machine was designed to conduct different tire tests, different structural requirements of the tire positioning mechanism pertaining to each test were taken into consideration, and the structure was analyzed for maximum forces and moments acting on the assembly. Cleat testing subjects the tire as well as the structure to an impulse force which calls for the vibrational analysis of the assembly to avoid the structure from resonating. The design was modified to get it easily manufactured and assembled. These design changes and the aspects taken into consideration have also been discussed. / Master of Science

<p>This report is product of a degree project accomplishment at Linnaeus University in Växjö, Sweden. It is about designing a testing rig for impact loading of beams for laboratory use.</p><p>The specimens to be used were 1 meter long 8 standard profiles given in the project assignment. The first step in this project was to design and dimension a testing rig which is suitable for laboratory use. The height and the maximum mass were chosen according to laboratory use conditions and safety issues. The second step was designing the fixation for the test sample to the testing rig without any dislocation by the impact load. The third step was to measure the falling height of the mass onto the test sample and measure the deflection of the beam. In this case, the precision of falling height was not very important but measuring the deflection of the beam with the highest possible precision was most important. A measurement system is used considering this factor.</p><p>The project started with the idea of affecting the impact loads on the standard steel construction beams. The aim of this project is to design an impact loading testing rig which can be used for the purpose of laboratory experiments and compare the real results from the experiments with the theoretical results from the calculations.</p><p>In the project, Solid Works and AutoCAD software are often used both in the drawings and strength and stress analyses.</p>

This report is product of a degree project accomplishment at Linnaeus University in Växjö, Sweden. It is about designing a testing rig for impact loading of beams for laboratory use. The specimens to be used were 1 meter long 8 standard profiles given in the project assignment. The first step in this project was to design and dimension a testing rig which is suitable for laboratory use. The height and the maximum mass were chosen according to laboratory use conditions and safety issues. The second step was designing the fixation for the test sample to the testing rig without any dislocation by the impact load. The third step was to measure the falling height of the mass onto the test sample and measure the deflection of the beam. In this case, the precision of falling height was not very important but measuring the deflection of the beam with the highest possible precision was most important. A measurement system is used considering this factor. The project started with the idea of affecting the impact loads on the standard steel construction beams. The aim of this project is to design an impact loading testing rig which can be used for the purpose of laboratory experiments and compare the real results from the experiments with the theoretical results from the calculations. In the project, Solid Works and AutoCAD software are often used both in the drawings and strength and stress analyses.

This work describes design and realization of testing device for dynamic tests of foot prosthesis, made by methods of Rapid prototyping. Primary objective of design is to imitate the load on prosthesis during human gait. This task is accomplished by swing motion of prosthesis inside the frame of device during the loading of heel and tiptoe. Loading components can be removed and changed so the device can be used for different measurement like walking on an inclined plane. The result of this work is fully functional device including control program with many options to control the test. The result of test is to decide whether the foot prosthesis withstands the set of cyclic loads. The area of development of prosthesis by additive methods is young for the time being. It stands out especially with different materials, design, structure of prosthesis and fast process of production. Therefore this device can be used for testing of fatigue life of prosthesis made by additive methods.

During the development process of a product, tests are typically conducted to ensure the quality of the features of the product before it is made available to the public. The scope of this project was to find a realistic and reliable way to test components in a Multi-Directional Impact Protection System (MIPS) in fully mounted helmets. The reason for this type of testing is to ensure that all components included in the Brain Protection System (BPS) hold up over time in daily use. Therefore, the goal with this project was to design and build a new test machine that could simulate the long-term effects of material fatigue on the MIPS BPS. The machine was able to shake a head with a helmet attached to it to simulate the lifecycle use of a helmet in a shorter time span. The motion of the machine was powered by a stepper motor who is connected to a rocker arm, that transfers a rotational motion to a linear motion, heaving a plate with the head attached to it. The motor is controlled by an Arduino which receives signals from a control panel that enables adjustments to the number of cycles that the machine runs. This report describes the main components, design and function of the machine. / Under produktutvecklingsprocesser genomförs tester för att säkerställa produktens olika kvaliteter innan den görs tillgänglig för allmänheten. Syftet med detta projekt var att hitta ett realistiskt och pålitligt sätt att testa komponenter i ett MIPS (Multi-Directional Impact Protection System) i fullt monterade hjälmar. Anledningen till denna typ av testning är att säkerställa att alla komponenter som ingår i Brain Protection System (BPS) håller över tid vid daglig användning. Målet var därför att skapa en ny testmaskin för att simulera de långsiktiga effekterna av förslitning på komponenterna i MIPS BPS. Maskinen kan skaka ett huvud med en hjälm fäst på för att simulera användningen under en hel livscykel hos en hjälm. Maskinen drivs av en stegmotor som är ansluten till en vipparm, vilken i sin tur överför rotationsrörelsen till en linjär rörelse som lyfter plattan med huvudet. Motorn styrs av en Arduino som tar emot signaler från kontrollpanelen vilket möjliggör justeringar av antalet cykler som maskinen kör. Denna rapport redogör för maskinens huvudsakliga komponenter, konstruktion och funktion.

Com a evolução da medicina e o consequente envelhecimento da população, o aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) se tornou uma doença cada vez mais presente, sobretudo em homens. A falta de conhecimento detalhado do comportamento mecânico do tecido aórtico abdominal é o principal gargalo no refinamento do critério para a recomendação de cirurgia corretiva, resultando, ainda hoje, no óbito decorrente da ruptura desses aneurismas. O entendimento do comportamento mecânico desse tecido permitirá o refinamento do critério atual, salvando mais vidas. Esse entendimento pode ser obtido através da Mecânica do Contínuo, utilizando dados experimentais de ensaios mecânicos para avaliar e descrever o comportamento do material. Para que isso ocorra, é necessário que o teste seja feito em dois eixos independentes. No presente trabalho, foram escolhidos os eixos longitudinal e circunferencial para a realização de testes mecânicos, levando em consideração aspectos de metodologias já utilizadas, seus pontos fortes e deficiências. São apresentados o projeto, a construção e e a calibração de um equipamento para ensaios biaxiais de tecidos biológicos tubulares, extraídos de cadáveres, e testados até a ruptura, com a possibilidade de realização de ensaios de pré-condicionamento. Tubos de látex foram utilizados na calibração do equipamento, de cuja utilização é esperada grande contribuição na ampliação do conhecimento da probabilidade de ruptura de AAAs e em uma melhor compreensão do comportamento do tecido da uretra peniana. / The evolution of Medicine has enabled humans to live longer. With that, the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has grown, especially among males. The lack of detailed knowledge on the mechanical behavior of the abdominal aortic tissue is the main bottleneck in the improvement of the criterion for recommending corrective surgery. Therefore, many patients still die from the rupture of those aneurysms. Better understanding of the tissues mechanical behavior will allow the refinement of todays criterion, thus saving more lives. This understanding can be obtained from Continuum Mechanics, using mechanical test experimental data to evaluate and describe the behavior of the material. The data has to come from tests performed in two independet axes. This Masters thesis presents the project, manufacturing and calibration of an apparatus for the test of cylindrical biological tissues in two directions, longitudinal and circumferential. Aspects of pre-existent tests and methods and their positive and negative sides were taken into account. The specimens will come from cadavers, and it will be possible to pre-condition them, as well as to test them to the rupture. Latex tubes were used in the calibration of the apparatus, whose utilization is expected to improve the knowledge on AAA rupture probability, as well as to improve the comprehension of the penile urethral tissues behavior.