I detta examensarbete utförs en jämförelse av HSQ-balkar och VKR- pelare i hållfasthetsklass S355 respektive S460. I arbetet dimensioneras profiler anpassade efter studerade fiktiva konstruktioner och ställs emot varandra. Syftet är att optimera profilerna och effektivisera stålanvändningen. Förhoppningen är att en applicering av höghållfast stål i vanliga konstruktioner medför en reducerad stålmängd. Är minskningen tillräckligt stor bidrar denna i sin tur till en mindre miljöpåverkan samt kostnadseffektiva dimensioneringslösningar. Två olika byggnadsstommar utförda i stål med sträckgränsen 355 respektive 460 MPa undersöks. Huvudkonstruktionen studeras i delalternativ beroende på en variation av upplagsfall och stålklass vilket påverkar dimensioneringen av profilerna. Resultaten används för att göra en miljö- och kostnadsanalys. Rapporten visar blandade resultat. Det finns besparingar att göra men inte i alla avseenden. Miljöanalysen visar att koldioxidutsläppet minskar i de alternativ där stålmängden reducerats. En prisuppskattning av de framtagna profilerna visar att inga kostnadsbesparingar kan göras då alla balkar och pelare i den studerade konstruktionen byts ut till stål med en högre hållfasthetsklass. I de enskilda fall där materialbesparingen är över 10 % kan kostnadsbesparingar göras. / The thesis is a comparison of HSQ-beams and VKR-columns of strength grade S355 and S460. In this study, profiles designed for two different fictional construction frames are compared to each other. The aim is to optimize the profiles and streamline the steel use. Hopefully the usage of high-strength steel in ordinary structures results in a reduced amount of steel. If the decrease is sufficiently large it contributes to a reduced environmental impact and cost effective solutions. Two separate building frames made in both steel with yield strength of 355 and 460 MPa are examined. The main structure is studied in sub-options depending on a variety of support case and steel grade which affects the design of the profiles. The results are used to analyze their impact on costs and environment. The report shows mixed results. There are savings to be made but not in all respects. Environmental analysis shows that carbon dioxide emissions decrease in the options where the steel amount is reduced. A price estimation of the profiles show that no savings can be made when the entire studied structure is upgraded to a high strength steel. However, cost savings can be made in individual cases where the material savings is 10 % higher.

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I Sverige kan VKR (varmformade konstruktionsrör) vara 15-23 % dyrare än KKR (kallformade konstruktions­rör) av samma tvärsnittsstorlek. Trots detta lägre pris på KKR har det upp­skattats att i Svensk stål­byggnation används endast 5 % KKR, av det totala användandet av VKR och KKR. I detta examensarbete har det först undersökts vilka skillnader i egenskaper som finns mellan VKR och KKR. Därefter beräknas prisdifferensen mellan de två profiltyperna när de utsätts för en centrisk tryckkraft under likadana förhållanden. Målet är att ta reda på vilket som är det mest ekonomiskt lönsamma alternativet i valet mellan VKR och KKR. Tryckkraftskapaciteten med hänsyn till knäckning för alla profilstorlekar i Tibnor konstruktions­tabeller har beräknats för varje möjlig kombination av tio olika längder mellan 1 till 10 m, tio olika laster mellan 100 till 1000 kN och två olika upplagsförhållanden, ledad i båda ändarna eller fast inspänd i båda ändarna. De KKR‑ respektive VKR-profiler med lägst pris, som håller för lasten, har jämförts och prisdifferensen mellan dessa redovisas genom att ange hur många procent dyrare, eller billigare, VKR är i jämförelse med KKR. I 80 % av mätningarna vid ledad infästning i båda ändarna blev KKR det mest ekonomiskt lönsamma alternativet. Samma siffra blev 86 % för fast inspänd i båda ändarna. Den genomsnittliga pris­differensen hamnade på 10-11 % med ett spridningsmått på 8-12 %. Detta leder till slutsatsen att ett användande av enbart KKR kan resultera i be­sparingar på ca 10‑11 % i stålkostnader, jämfört med att enbart använda VKR. Utifrån pris­differensernas variation dras därefter slutsatsen att det inte finns några tendenser på att VKR eller KKR är mer lönsam än den andra inom något specifikt längd- eller lastintervall. Rekommendationen är att i första hand optimera och använda den profiltyp som är mest lönsam för rådande förhållanden. Om en optimering inte är möjlig blir istället rekommendationen att använda KKR. / In Sweden, hot formed rectangular hollow sections (HFRHS) can be 15-23 % more expensive than cold formed rectangular hollow sections (CFRHS) of the same section size. Although the price on CFRHS is lower, estimations reveals that   - from the total use of HFRHS and CFRHS in Swedish steel buildings - CFRHS is only utilized by less than 5 % compared to 95 % HFRHS. This study began by examining the differences between these two types of steel. The price difference between the two processed metal types was then calculated when both of them were subjected to a centric compressive force under the same conditions. The purpose was to compare prices and find out which one is the most economically feasible, offering a more profitable choice between HFRHS or CFRHS. The design buckling resistance of all the section sizes in Tibnor kon­­struktions­tabeller was calculated for every possible combination out of ten different lengths between 1 m and 10 m, ten different loadings between 100 kN and 1000 kN and two different support conditions being pinned at both ends and fixed at both ends. The sections sizes of CFRHS and HFRHS that withstood the loading and held the lowest prices were compared by calculating the price difference as per­centage increment or decrement between the two types of hollow sections. In 80 % of the cases, when pinned at both ends, CFRHS showed to be the most economically feasible alternative. When fixed at both ends the same number was 86 %. The average price difference was 10-11 %, showing an absolute deviation of approximately 8‑12 %. These findings conclude that using only CFRHS can result in savings of 10‑11 % from reduced costs of steel, compared to only using HFRHS. From the observed variation of the price differences another conclusion is drawn that there aren’t any tendencies showing HFRHS or CFRHS to be more economically feasible than the other in a specific interval of length or loading. The recommendation is to optimize and use the type of steel that is the most economically feasible under the current circumstances. If an optimization isn’t possible then the recommendation is to use CFRHS.

<p>This report is product of a degree project accomplishment at Linnaeus University in Växjö, Sweden. It is about designing a testing rig for impact loading of beams for laboratory use.</p><p>The specimens to be used were 1 meter long 8 standard profiles given in the project assignment. The first step in this project was to design and dimension a testing rig which is suitable for laboratory use. The height and the maximum mass were chosen according to laboratory use conditions and safety issues. The second step was designing the fixation for the test sample to the testing rig without any dislocation by the impact load. The third step was to measure the falling height of the mass onto the test sample and measure the deflection of the beam. In this case, the precision of falling height was not very important but measuring the deflection of the beam with the highest possible precision was most important. A measurement system is used considering this factor.</p><p>The project started with the idea of affecting the impact loads on the standard steel construction beams. The aim of this project is to design an impact loading testing rig which can be used for the purpose of laboratory experiments and compare the real results from the experiments with the theoretical results from the calculations.</p><p>In the project, Solid Works and AutoCAD software are often used both in the drawings and strength and stress analyses.</p>

This report is product of a degree project accomplishment at Linnaeus University in Växjö, Sweden. It is about designing a testing rig for impact loading of beams for laboratory use. The specimens to be used were 1 meter long 8 standard profiles given in the project assignment. The first step in this project was to design and dimension a testing rig which is suitable for laboratory use. The height and the maximum mass were chosen according to laboratory use conditions and safety issues. The second step was designing the fixation for the test sample to the testing rig without any dislocation by the impact load. The third step was to measure the falling height of the mass onto the test sample and measure the deflection of the beam. In this case, the precision of falling height was not very important but measuring the deflection of the beam with the highest possible precision was most important. A measurement system is used considering this factor. The project started with the idea of affecting the impact loads on the standard steel construction beams. The aim of this project is to design an impact loading testing rig which can be used for the purpose of laboratory experiments and compare the real results from the experiments with the theoretical results from the calculations. In the project, Solid Works and AutoCAD software are often used both in the drawings and strength and stress analyses.

This work has been done in collaboration with Northpower Stålhallar AB. The work is concentrating on column buckling, wind load and deflection of steel columns made of VKR profiles. VKR profiles are steel profiles that are hot-rolled structural pipes having a rectangular section. The analysis is made according to Eurokod 3 and with the finite element program Abaqus. A comparison has been made between these to see whether they differ in result or not regarding buckling curves and interaction formulas. In addition, the company wanted calculation templates in Excel. A proposal for a spreadsheet for different deflection limits are presented in Excel that the company can use, as well as a calculation template for wind loads where all municipalities in Sweden are included. The report contains theoretical background on how to design columns with respect to buckling, wind loading and deflection according to Eurokod 3.The work with Abaqus includes linear and non-linear analysis of column buckling. The analyses also include geometric imperfections, residual stresses, and plastic behavior of steel. The result showed a slight difference between Eurokod and Abaqus analyses but it was not a considerable deviation.