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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Environmental levels of thallium : influence of redox properties and anthropogenic sources

Karlsson, Ulrika January 2006 (has links)
Thallium is a highly toxic element that humans are exposed to mainly by consumption of drinking water and vegetables grown in soil with high thallium content but also through inhalation of particles in the air. Thallium is also present in fossil fuels, alloys, and in electronic utilities. The increasing use of the element and emissions from notably energy production has lead to a higher load on the surface of the Earth. This study aims at increasing the knowledge about the behaviour of thallium in aquatic environments. Focus has been on the redox chemistry of thallium in relation to its mobility, which is of great importance because Tl(I) and Tl(III) have very different properties in this respect. The relationship between Tl(I) and Tl(III) in surface waters from contaminated and uncontaminated environments was examined by ion chromatography connected on line to ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). It was found in controlled systems that even though Tl(III) is thermodynamically unstable under fresh water conditions Tl(I) was oxidised in the presence of light and iron(III). This was also confirmed in field studies. When lake water samples were exposed to light, Tl(I) was oxidised and thallium was lost from the solution. The most likely explanation for this was adsorption of thallium to particle surfaces. The concentration of thallium in Swedish lakes and soil were measured. In unpolluted lakes the concentration ranges between 4.5-12 ng/l, the sediment concentration was 0.07-1.46 mg/kg. The anthropogenic load was found to have increased since the end of the Second World War although concentrations above background were found since the early industrialisation. In contaminated areas the concentration in soil ranges from 0.64-88 mg/kg, high concentrations were found in systems with alum shale and in soil exposed to runoff from a lead and zinc enrichment plant. The mobilisation of thallium from solid phases in contaminated areas was dependent on pH and about 50% of the leachable content was mobilised already at pH 5-6. Once it had been released to water it was highly mobile. These conditions suggest that in a large part of the Swedish environment a high mobility of thallium can be expected.
102

Desenvolvimento de sondas cirúrgicas radioguiadas com semicondutores de TlBr e com cristais cintiladores de CsI(Tl)

COSTA, FABIO E. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
103

Síntese total da (+)-baquenolida A, oxidação de cis-octalinas e de 1,2-di-hidronaftalenos com tálio(III) e síntese de reagentes de Koser / Total Synthesis of (+)-Bakkenolide A, oxidation of cis-octalins and 1,2- dihydronaphthalenes with thallium(III) and synthesis of Kosers reagent

Vânia Maria Teixeira Carneiro 21 January 2011 (has links)
A primeira parte deste trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese da (+)-baquenolida A empregando uma reação de contração de anel como etapa chave. A molécula alvo foi alcançada diastereosseletivamente em 15 etapas e com rendimento global de 6,2% a partir da cetona de Wieland-Miescher opticamente ativa, que foi preparada por meio de uma reação de anelação de Robinson assimétrica. Estudos realizados para a otimização da etapa chave exibiram melhores resultados quando trinitrato de tálio (TTN) foi empregado como oxidante. Contudo, o reagente de iodo(III) (diacetóxi)iodobenzeno (DIB) também pôde ser empregado para realizar esta transformação na presença de ácido ou quantidade catalítica de TTN, mas com baixos rendimentos. Foi estudada a oxidação de cis-octalinas e derivados com TTN em acetonitrila. A reação de diversos derivados de cis-octalinas com tálio(III) levou a diferentes produtos, dependendo principalmente do padrão de substituição do substrato. Os resultados mais promissores foram a obtenção de cis-hidrindanos funcionalizados a partir dos substratos 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro- 4a-metilnaftaleno e 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-4a,7-dimetilnaftaleno. Considerando que o grupo metoxila é muito estável e mesmo assim a reação do substrato 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-1- metóxi-6,8a-dimetilnaftaleno com TTN levou ao produto de contração em baixo rendimento, concluímos que a presença de grupos funcionais contendo oxigênio na posição C-1 prejudica o rearranjo oxidativo para a formação do produto de contração. A utilização de acetonitrila como solvente nas reações de oxidação de 1,2-dihidronaftalenos mediadas por TTN proporcionou a obtenção de produtos de contração a partir de substratos contendo ligação dupla trissubstituída. Uma vez que produtos de contração são isolados nas reações de di-hidronaftalenos trissubstituídos com tálio(III) ou com iodo(III) em acetonitrila, mas são obtidos apenas produtos de adição nas reações em metanol ou trimetilortoformiato, podemos concluir que o sucesso da reação de contração depende essencialmente da natureza do solvente. Finalmente, este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos durante a preparação do reagente de Koser [hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno, HTIB] e derivados a partir de iodo molecular e arenos ou iodoarenos. O emprego de um procedimento \"one-pot\" em duas etapas foi uma boa alternativa para a preparação do HTIB a partir de benzeno, mas forneceu piores resultados que o procedimento em uma única etapa quando arenos contendo grupos doadores de elétrons foram utilizados como substratos. Não foi possível preparar derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de arenos contendo grupos retiradores de elétrons. De acordo com os resultados obtidos para a preparação de derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de iodoarenos, verificamos a promissora utilização de 1,1,1-trifluoroetanol (TFE) como co-solvente / The first part of this work aimed the synthesis of (+)-bakkenolide A employing a ring contraction reaction as key step. The target molecule was achieved, with high diastereoselectivity, in 15 steps and in 6.2% overall yield from the optically active Wieland-Miescher ketone, which was prepared by an asymmetric Robinson annulation. Studies to optimize the key step showed better results when thallium trinitrate (TTN) was used as oxidant. However, the iodine(III) reagent (diacetoxy)iodobenzene (DIB) could also be employed to promote this transformation in the presence of acid or catalytic amounts of TTN, but with low yields. We studied the oxidation of cis-octalins and derivatives with TTN in acetonitrile. The reaction of several cis-octalins derivatives with thallium(III) furnished different products, depending mainly on the substitution pattern of the substrate. The most promising results were the preparation of functionalized cis-hydrindanes from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4amethylnaphthalene and from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4a,7-dimethylnaphthalene. Since methoxy group is one of the more stable protecting groups for alcohols and still the reaction of the 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1-methoxy-6,8a-dimethylnaphthalene with TTN led to the ring contraction product in low yield, we conclude that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups at the C-1 affect the oxidative rearrangement. The use of acetonitrile as solvent in TTN-mediated oxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes furnished ring contraction products from substrates containing trisubstituted double bond. Since ring contraction products are isolated in the reactions of trisubstituted dihydronaphthalenes either with thallium(III) or with iodine(III) in acetonitrile, but only addition products are obtained from reactions in methanol or in trimethylorthoformate, we concluded that the success of the ring contraction reaction dependes on the nature of the solvent. Finally, this thesis presents the results obtained during the preparation of the Koser\'s reagent [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene, HTIB] and derivatives from molecular iodine and arenes or iodoarenos. The use of a one-pot two-step procedure was a good alternative for the preparation of HTIB from benzene, but gave worse results than the procedure in one-step when arenes containing electron donor groups were used as substrates. We could not prepare Koser\'s reagent derivatives from arenes containing electron-withdrawing groups. According to the results obtained for the preparation of Koser\'s reagent derivatives from iodoarenos, we could observe the promising use of 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol (TFE) as co-solvent.
104

Desenvolvimento de sondas cirúrgicas radioguiadas com semicondutores de TlBr e com cristais cintiladores de CsI(Tl)

COSTA, FABIO E. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / As cirurgias radioguiadas, utilizando sondas com detectores de radiação, têm sido destaque na área médica na última década. Esta técnica consiste na marcação de lesões com uma substância radioativa, que injetada no paciente, concentra-se no tumor e auxilia a sua localização durante o ato cirúrgico. Entre as cirurgias radioguiadas, a identificação e exame do linfonodo sentinela, tem revolucionado a conduta de neoplasias em estádio inicial, quando estas estão sendo disseminadas pela via linfática. As condições impostas por uma cirurgia e a proximidade entre alguns linfonodos, exige das sondas, reduzidos diâmetros e capacidade de identificação individual destes linfonodos marcados com um radiofármaco. O mercado internacional fornece sondas adequadas com cristais cintiladores e com semicondutores de telureto de cádmio, CdTe, mas que algumas vezes carecem de uma pronta assistência técnica no mercado brasileiro devido a todo o conjunto ser importado. Este trabalho desenvolveu sondas com tecnologia nacional, utilizando cristais cintiladores de iodeto de césio dopado com tálio, CsI(Tl) e, em substituição aos cristais semicondutores de CdTe, o cristal de brometo de tálio, TlBr que é um meio semicondutor detector em desenvolvimento mundialmente, com vantagens em relação ao CdTe. Ambos os cristais utilizados foram crescidos no IPEN. Toda a eletrônica necessária, e em especial, o pré-amplificador, que constituía também um fator limitante para desenvolvimento destes tipos de sonda no país, foram desenvolvidos com componentes encontrados no mercado nacional. Medidas sistemáticas de resolução espacial, seletividade espacial, sensibilidade máxima e qualidade da blindagem foram realizadas para as sondas desenvolvidas. Os resultados mostraram que dois modelos de sonda, uma com o cristal de CsI(Tl) e outra com o semicondutor de TlBr atenderam as qualidades sugeridas pela literatura internacional para sondas cirúrgicas radioguiadas. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
105

Síntese assimétrica do (+)- e do (-)-mutisiantol e obtenção de 1-tetralóis opticamente ativos / Asymmetric synthesis of (+)- and (-)-mutisianthol and preparation of optically active 1-tetralols

Graziela Gallego Bianco 11 April 2008 (has links)
Esta tese descreve a primeira síntese assimétrica do sesquiterpeno fenólico (+)-(1S, 3R)-mutisiantol, assim como de seu enantiômero não-natural. O (+)-mutisiantol foi obtido em 11 etapas a partir do 2-metil-anisol, em rendimento global de 14% e excesso enantiomérico de 90%. Estas sínteses permitiram determinar a configuração absoluta deste produto natural. A etapa-chave da síntese consistiu na hidrogenação assimétrica do 4,7-dimetil-6- metóxi-1,2-di-hidronaftaleno, utilizando-se catalisadores opticamente ativos de irídio, conhecidos como Ir-PHOX. Com esta reação foi possível obter tanto o (+)-(S)- quanto o ()- (R)-1,6-dimetil-7-metóxi-1,2,3,4-di-hidronafaleno em ótimos rendimentos e excessos enantioméricos. Uma outra etapa importante desta síntese foi a reação de contração de anel do 1,6- dimetil-7-metóxi-1,2-di-hidronaftaleno. Esta oxidação foi realizada através da reação do 1,2- di-hidronaftaleno com tálio(III) ou com iodo(III). Ambos oxidantes levaram exclusivamente ao trans-indano desejado em rendimentos que variaram de moderado a bom. Esta tese também descreve a preparação, em excelentes excessos enantioméricos, de uma série de 1-tetralóis opticamente ativos, através de dois tipos diferentes de biotransformações: a) a resolução cinética enzimática de 1-tetralóis mediada por CALB; e b) a biorredução de 1-tetralonas mediada por Daucus carota. / This thesis presents the first asymmetric synthesis of the phenolic sesquiterpene (+)- (1S, 3R)-mutisianthol, as well as its non-natural enantiomer. The (+)-mutisianthol was obtained in 11 steps from 2-methylanisole, with 14% overall yield and enantiomeric excess of 90%. This synthesis allowed to assign the absolute configuration of this natural product. The key-step was an asymmetric hydrogenation of 4,7-dimethyl-6-methoxy-1,2- dihydronaphthalene using optically active iridium catalysts, known as Ir-PHOX. This reaction led to the either (+)-(S) or ()-(R)-1,6-dimethyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-dihydronaphthalene in good yields and enantiomeric excess. Another important step of the route was the ring contraction reaction of the 1,6- dimethyl-7-methoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, which was performed using thallium(III) or iodine(III). Both oxidants led exclusively to the desired trans-indan in good to excellent yield. This thesis also describes the preparation of a series of optically active 1-tetralols in excellent enantiomeric excesses, using two different biotransformations: a) the kinetic enzymatic resolution of 1-tetralols mediated by CALB and b) the bioreduction of 1-tetralones mediated by Daucus carota.
106

Upptag av bly, kadmium, tallium, torium och uran i vete, råg, sallat och potatis - resultat från en litteraturstudie och ett dosförsök / Uptake of Lead, Cadmium, Thallium, Thorium and Uranium in Wheat, Rye, Lettuce and Potatoes - Results from a Literature Review and a Dose Study

Hallberg, Bengt January 2014 (has links)
Denna studie behandlar upptaget av de hälsovådliga metallerna bly, kadmium, tallium, torium och uran i några viktiga grödor som vete, råg, potatis och sallat som används för humankonsumtion. Syftet var att studera faktorer och mekanismer som kan påverka grödornas upptag av dessa metaller. Målsättningen var även att utröna hur stor påverkan dessa faktorer har på grödornas upptag av Pb, Cd, Tl, Th och U. En litteraturstudie visade att de domesticerade grödorna vete, potatis, råg och sallat tar upp Pb, Cd, Tl, Th och U. Upptaget är störst hos sallat och potatis, förhöjda koncentrationer i åkermarken medför därför en ökad risk för att hälsovådliga koncentrationer återfinns i grödan. En ökad metallkoncentration av dessa grundämnen i marklösning och odlingssubstrat ger oftast högre metallkoncentrationer i aktuell gröda. De högsta koncentrationerna återfinns oftast i rötterna. Oorganiskt fosfatgödsel kan innehålla Pb, Cd, Tl, Th och U beroende på typ av råvara. Studier visar att fosfatgödsels kadmiuminnehåll åtminstone ger en ökad kadmiumhalt i grödor som råg, vete, potatis och sallat. En ökad användning av fosfatgödsel tycks även ge högre halter av torium och uran i vete. Stallgödsel från nötkreatur kan minska upptaget av bly och kadmium och arbuskulär mykorrhizasvamp kan binda metaller som bly och kadmium till rotvävnader och på så vis minska upptaget i växtdelar som används för humankonsumtion. Vetes upptag av kadmium och uran studerades i en experimentell hydroponisk dosstudie. Resultaten från den experimentella studien indikerade att förhöjd kadmiumhalt och urankoncentration i näringslösning kan ha gett upphov till förhöjda halter i vete, vilket i sin tur kan ha påverkat plantans tillväxt. I uranprovserien fastställdes att perlit tog upp uran. Utifrån data från försöken beräknades fördelningskonstanten Kd för löst uran/uranhalt i perlit. I denna provserie visade beräkningar att roten genom en aktiv process tog upp uran från näringslösningen. Resultaten indikerar att det finns risker med att äta grödor som odlats i jordar med höga halter av Pb, Cd, Tl, Th eller U. Hälsovådliga koncentrationer kan nås utan att något synligt symtom på kontaminering eller förgiftning hos grödan. / This study deals with the uptake of noxious metals lead, cadmium, thallium, thorium and uranium in some important crops such as wheat, rye, potatoes, and lettuce that are used for human consumption. The aim was to study factors and mechanisms that influence crop uptake of these metals. Another objective was also to define the impact of these factors on crop uptake of Pb, Cd, Tl, Th and U.  According to a literature review domesticated crops such as wheat, potatoes, rye, and lettuce take up Pb, Cd, Tl, Th and U. Lettuce and potatoes are the crop with the highest uptake. Elevated metal concentrations in arable land therefore entails a greater risk for harmful concentrations found in potato and lettuce. Increased concentrations of these elements in soil solution and growing medium usually give higher metal concentrations in the current crop. The highest concentrations are found mostly in the roots. Phosphate fertilizers may contain Pb, Cd, Tl, Th and U depending on the type of raw material used for manufacturing. Studies show that the cadmium content in phosphate fertilizer can give an increased cadmium content in crops such as rye, wheat, potatoes and lettuce. An increased use of phosphate fertilizers also appears to give higher levels of thorium and uranium in wheat. Animal manure from cattle may reduce the uptake of lead and cadmium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can bind metals such as lead and cadmium to rot tissues and thus reduce the accumulation in plant parts used for human consumption. Wheat uptake of cadmium and uranium was studied in an experimental hydroponic dose study. The results of the experimental study indicated that elevated cadmium and uranium content in the nutrient solution increased the content of the element in the plant, which in turn may have affected the growth of the plant. The uranium sample series showed that perlite adsorbed uranium. Based on data from the trials the distribution constant Kd for dissolved uranium / uranium content in perlite was calculated. The results from the uranium sample series showed that the root through an active process took up uranium from the nutrient solution. The results indicate that there are risks associated with eating crops grown in soils with high levels of Pb, Cd, Tl, Th and U. Hazardous concentrations may be reached in the crops with no visible signs of contamination or poisoning.
107

Chemistry of a new trispyrazolylborate ligand with some group 1 group 2 ions

Yaman, Gülşah 07 January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
108

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN K+ AND Tl+ IN CHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS LARVAE

Belowitz, Ryan F. 10 1900 (has links)
<p>Tl<sup>+</sup> is thought to be toxic to cells due to ionic mimicry of K<sup>+</sup>. The aims of this study were two-fold. First, to identify whether K<sup>+</sup> and Tl<sup>+</sup> were interacting in isolated guts, whole animals and tissues in <em>Chironomus riparius, </em>and second, to determine the strategies of Tl<sup>+</sup> tolerance. <em>C. riparius. </em>were very tolerant towards Tl<sup>+ </sup>with a 48-hr LC<sub>50</sub> of 723 μmol l<sup>-1</sup>. The Scanning Ion-selective Technique (SIET) allowed us to identify the caecae, AMG and PMG as the major K<sup>+</sup>-transporting regions of isolated guts. Evidence for an interaction was based on the finding that Tl<sup>+</sup> was transported in the same directions at these segments (and others), and that 50 μmol l<sup>-1 </sup>Tl<sup>+</sup> decreased K<sup>+</sup> flux at the AMG and PMG. In addition, exposure to Tl<sup>+</sup> prior to flux measurements had significant effects on net K<sup>+</sup> transport by the gut. Measurements of Tl<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> concentrations in the whole animal, gut and hemolymph by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) indicated that Tl<sup>+</sup> uptake was saturable in the whole animal and gut, and non-saturable in the hemolymph. Together with the SIET measurements, the AAS data suggests that high levels of Tl<sup>+</sup> can perturb K<sup>+</sup> transport and homeostasis. The absorption of Tl<sup>+</sup> from the gut to hemolymph, measured by SIET, was confirmed by hemolymph measurements of Tl<sup>+</sup> using AAS. This indicated that Tl<sup>+</sup> gains access to the hemolymph and that sensitive tissues (such as the nervous system) are thus exposed. However, survival of <em>C. riparius</em> at these concentrations implies efficient mechanisms for detoxification of Tl<sup>+</sup>. This tolerance may involve sequestration in the gut, metal-binding proteins and increased secretion by the anal papillae and MTs. In addition, loss of K<sup>+</sup> from the muscle may prevent hypokalemia in the hemolymph and gut.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)
109

Síntese total diastereosseletiva da (±)-trans-triquentrina A / Diastereoselective total synthesis of (±)-trans-trikentrin A

Craveiro, Marcus Vinicius 11 March 2009 (has links)
Esta tese descreve uma nova abordagem para a síntese de ciclopenta[g]indóis baseada na reação de contração de anel mediada por trinitrato de tálio (TTN) de uma olefina tricíclica, que contém uma unidade indólica. Foi possível encontrar condições reacionais em que o sal de tálio(III) mostrou-se quimiosseletivo, reagindo com a ligação dupla do anel cicloexênico, sem oxidar a ligação C2-C3 do anel indólico. Utilizando-se a reação acima, pôde-se alcançar a primeira síntese diastereosseletiva da (±)-trans-triquentrina A, que é um alcalóide indólico isolado de uma esponja marinha, em 20 etapas e com rendimento global de 2%. A etapa chave foi uma reação de contração de anel mediada por TTN em CH3CN com redução in situ promovida por NaBH4. Nestas condições o anel trans-1,3-dimetilciclopentânico da molécula alvo foi alcançado com excelente diastereosseletividade. Tentativas de hidrogenação assimétrica do (E)-etil-3-(1-benzil-4-etil-1H-indol-7-il)-but-2- enoato utilizando-se catalisadores de irído foram realizadas, visando a síntese da (+)-trans-triquentrina A. / This thesis presents a new approach toward the synthesis of cyclopenta[g]indoles using a ring contraction reaction mediated by thallium trinitrate (TTN) of a tricyclic olefin, bearing an indol unit. We could find reactional conditions where the thallium(III) salt was chemoselective, reacting on the cyclohexenic double bond without formation of C2-C3 indolic oxidation byproducts. Using the reaction above, we could accomplish the first diastereoselective total synthesis of (±)-trans-trikentrin A, which is an indolic alkaloid isolated from a marine sponge, in 20 steps and 2% of global yield. The key-step was a ring contraction reaction mediated by TTN in CH3CN with in situ reduction promoted by NaBH4. Under this condition the trans-1,3- dimethylcyclopentane moiety of the target molecule was achieved with good diastereoselectivity. The asymmetric hydrogenation of (E)-ethyl-3-(1-benzyl-4-ethyl-1H-indole-7-yl)-but-2- enoate was attempted using iridium catalysts were performed, aiming the synthesis of (+)-trans-trikentrin A.
110

Reação de álcoois homoalílicos com tálio(III), iodo e iodo hipervalente, dicloração de cetonas e estudos visando à síntese total da caramboxina / Reaction of homoallylic alcohols with thallium(III), iodine and hypervalent iodine, dichlorination of ketones and studies aiming the total synthesis of caramboxin

Quintiliano, Samir Augusto Pino 23 February 2010 (has links)
Abordaram-se diversos aspectos da reação de contração de álcoois homoalílicos promovida por trinitrato de tálio (TTN). A configuração relativa do indano obtido como produto foi estabelecida graças a uma difratometria de raio-x de seu derivado sólido, possibilitando a elaboração de um mecanismo detalhado desta transformação. As reações de contração de anel de alquenóis secundários e terciários com TTN produzem indanos em 33-65%. Por outro lado, os 3-alquenóis terciários que possuem uma metila a mais em posição alílica conduzem a produtos oriundos de uma reação de fragmentação em 51-69%, com a perda de uma molécula de acetona. Álcoois homoalílicos primários, ao reagirem com iodo ou iodo hipervalente, sofrem uma reação de fragmentação, formando formaldeído, que sofre uma ciclização de Prins com o substrato, produzindo hexahidro- benzo-isocromenos em 26-48%. No caso da reação com iodo, parte do substrato sofre também uma ciclização 5-endo-trig seguida de aromatização, levando a um di-hidro-naftofurano em até 30% de rendimento. A ciclização de Prins de 3-alquenóis primário, secundário ou terciário com quantidades equimolares de aldeídos - aromáticos ou alifáticos - ou cetonas alifáticas catalisada por 5 mol% de iodo pode ser alcançada em rendimentos de 54-82%. Estas reações foram efetuadas em condições brandas e não anidras. Esta metodologia foi expandida para a preparação de uma hexa-hidro-benzo-isoquinolina à partir de uma tosilamida homoalílica, em 60% de rendimento. Um método simples e eficiente para a 2,2-dicloração de 1-tetralonas, da indanona e da benzosuberona foi desenvolvido utilizando-se água de cloro e metanol (5:1), à temperatura ambiente, em 61-90% de rendimento. A caramboxina é uma neurotoxina extraída da carambola. Sua síntese seria desejável para a confirmar sua estrutura e realizar novos ensaios biológicos. A rota sintética estudada possui, como etapa-chave, uma reação de Diels-Alder seguida de uma retro-Diels-Alder entre um éster clorotetrólico e um ciclo-hexadieno derivado da dimedona. No entanto, a síntese não pode ser concluída e um análogo ciclizado da caramboxina, uma isoquinolona, foi obtido em um rendimento global de 7%, em 10 etapas, à partir da dimedona. / Several aspects concerning the reaction of homoallylic alcohols and thallium trinitrate were addressed. The relative configuration of the indan obtained as product was established based on an x-ray diffration analysis of its solid derivative. With this information a more detailed mechanism was proposed. The ring contraction reactions of secondary and tertiary alkenols with TTN produced indans in 33-65% yield. Nevertheless, 3-alkenols bearing a methyl group on the allylic position lead to fragmentation products in 51- 69% yield, with the loss of a molecule of acetone. Treatment of primary homoallylic alcohols with iodine or hypervalent iodine leads to hexahydrobenzoisochromenes in 26-48% yield via a fragmentation reaction where formaldehyde is produced and reacts with the substrate on a Prins cyclization reaction. When iodine is used, dihydronaphtofuranes are also produced in up to 30% yield through a 5-endo-trig cyclization followed by an aromatization reaction. The Prins cyclization of 3-alkenols primary, secondary or tertiary with equimolar amounts of aldehydes - aromatic or aliphatic or aliphatic ketones catalysed by 5 mol% of iodine was accomplished in 54- 82% yield. These reactions were performed in mild and non-anhydrous conditions.This methodology was also used for the preparation of a hexahydrobenzoisoquinoline from a homoallylic tosylamide, in 60% yield. An easy and efficient method to the 2,2-dichlorination of 1-tetralones, indanone and benzosuberone was developed using household bleach and methanol (5:1), at room temperature in 61-90% Caramboxin is a neurotoxin isolated from star fruit. Its synthesis was desired to confirm its structure and perform new biological tests. The key step of the synthetic path is a Diels Alder followed by a retro-Diels Alder between a chlorotetrolic ester and a cyclohexene derived from dimedone. Unfortunately the synthesis was not concluded and a cyclized analogous of caramboxin, an isoquinoline, was obtained in 7% global yield, in 10 steps, from dimedone.

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