Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Political Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 419-455).

Inaug.-diss.--Halle. / Lebenslauf. Includes bibliographical references ("Literatur": p. [10]-12).

No description available.

This study is about mapping out the Swedish General Staff's focus areas for information gathering through the military and naval attaches in Japan between the end of the Russo-Japanese War and the beginning of the First World War. More specifically the years 1908-1911. The study deals with experience management as well as how knowledge was obtained from abroad and what this says about the organisational culture of the Swedish armed forces. The study’s purpose is answered through three different questions, one mainquestion and two operationalizing questions. The method used in the study is qualitative text analysis with a hermeneutic approach. The approach aims to find out what the Swedish military attachés intended to study and what they considered important to report home from Japan and what this can tell us about the organisational culture of the Swedish armed forces. This method is thus about interpreting, deciphering, and understanding the received writings, reports, and messages. The theoretical starting point for this study is based on parts of the book The Culture of Military Organizations. Two categories of analysis from this theory have been selected: performance orientation, which is a measure of the extent to which a military organisation encourages and rewards members to challenge goals, promote innovation, and improve performance, and future orientation, which is a measure of the extent to which the military organisation engages in future-oriented behaviours such as delaying in order to enjoy the moment, planning and investing in the future. The concept of orientalism is also used in order to understand why certain lessons were accepted or rejected. The investigation is based on material taken from the General Staff's Foreign Affairs Department, specifically a volume of correspondence, reports, and messages from the military and naval attachés in Tokyo and Peking 1908-1911. The conclusions drawn in the study are that orientalism was an occuring element, but the Swedish attachés despite that enthusiastically took part in war experiencesand reported home their learned lessons, observations and assessments. Based on the lessons learned and the two categories of analysis stated above, Sweden's military organisational culture could at the time be considered to contain a relatively high future orientation and performance orientation.

The aim of this paper is to trace the role Japan's print media played in the course by which the nation came to be imagined in the late nineteenth century, and once conceived, altered and expanded in the early twentieth century. By the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War (1905) a shift from a multiplicity of ideological articulations vis à vis the nation to a hegemony of "official" nationalism, which incorporated imperialism, had occured. How Japanese newspapers became an effective and powerful ideological institution which served to facilitate the hegemony of "official" nationalism is here examined. As the manner in which a culture communicates is a dominant influence on the formation of a culture's social and intellectual preoccupations, the monopoly of print in Meiji Japan makes an analysis of it a crucial first step in understanding how Japanese nationalism developed. Meiji newspapers evolved through four distinct phases: "pro-establishment," "political," "early commercial," and "fully commercial." In each succeeding stage of development, news was more finely strained. Print media's commercial coming of age had significant consequences: "official" nationalism became hegemonic, non-"official" nationalisms were effectively marginalized, and print came to play an increasingly central role in the body politic. An examination of editorial coverage of the war indicates the 1903-1905 period was pivotal to this development. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The emergence of static warfare on the Western Front in late 1914, encouraged the reinvention of devices associated with siege warfare and the invention of hitherto unknown munitions. These munitions included hand and rifle grenades and trench mortars and their ammunition. At the outbreak of war, the British effectively possessed none of these devices and lacked an infrastructure by which they could be quickly designed, manufactured and supplied to the BEF. The British met this challenge with considerable success and the subsequent proliferation of trench warfare munitions had profound consequences for the evolution of British tactics on the Western Front. This thesis examines the processes by which these devices were invented, developed into manufacturable devices and supplied to the BEF. It considers their novelty in respect to similar devices from the American Civil War and the Russo-Japanese War. It looks at how their technical evolution affected tactical developments. The thesis discusses the relationship between the technical characteristics of these devices and the evolution of their tactical employment on the Western Front. It also considers how the characteristics of certain munitions, such as the Stokes mortar and the Mills grenade, directly effected tactics. It argues that the tactical employment of these munitions was dependent upon their functionality, utility and reliability. The present thesis provides a different model of trench warfare conducted by the British during the First World War and thereby demonstrates the significance of the novel munitions under discussion and the role they played in changing infantry warfare. This thesis also provides a different view of the Ministry of Munitions from that usually offered and argues that certain aspects of the Ministry’s role in providing the BEF with munitions has been overstated by virtue of its having underplayed the work of the War Office, while overlooking that conducted by the Royal Engineers in France.

本論文探討臺灣在中日締結馬關條約被割讓予日本之際，由清廷臺灣巡撫劉銘傳時期所鋪設完成的閩臺海底電線，如何讓售日本的過程。在1895年6月馬關條約規定中日兩國應於締約後的2個月時間完成臺灣之移交，然而日方全權代表樺山資紀卻突然向中方全權代表李經方提出閩臺電線一併移交日本的要求，因此展開中日交涉閩臺電線歸屬之外交問題，使得閩臺電線問題成為甲午戰後中日之間遺留下來的臺灣問題。1898年12月7日，中日訂定閩臺電線讓售合同，解決閩臺電線之歸屬問題。從此以後，閩臺電線才正式屬於日本所有。 　　本研究之結果發現，閩臺電線之中日交涉問題與甲午戰後東亞國際情勢之發展有密不可分的關係。例如當時居於弱勢的中國聯合英國大東電報公司與丹麥大北電報公司，讓日本無法將新得到的閩臺電線進一步向福建內陸延長，確保中國對外電報之自主權。最後就是1904年2月爆發日俄戰爭，臺灣總督府為了搶修受損的閩臺電線，不顧中國福州海關的意見，將閩臺電線修復，差點引發另一場中日糾紛。從日俄戰爭到1945年日本投降為止，以閩臺電線為中心，臺灣成為日本海外電信的樞紐據點。 / In 1895, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki(馬關條約) and cede Taiwan to Japan after losing the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895(中日甲午戰爭). According to agreement to transfer of Taiwan all question relating to the submarine cable between Fuchow and Tamsui(福州到淡水的海底電線：閩臺海底電線)are to be settled afterwards by both Government. In 12.7,1898, to signed a Convention of the submarine cable between Fuchow and Tamsui(閩臺電線讓售合同)by China and Japan, the submarine cable belonged to Japan. According to the research of the thesis, the negotiations between China and Japan upon the submarine cable between Fuchow and Tamsui correspond to the situation of North-East Asia after Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Finally, from the Russo-Japanese War to Surrender of Japanese in 1945, Taiwan became the hub of Japanese Overseas telecommunications with the submarine cable between Fuchow and Tamsui.

Cette thèse consiste à interroger les expériences de la guerre russo-japonaise (1904-1905), en rapprochant deux objets historiques : l'histoire de la guerre et l'histoire de la médecine. Son objectif est de documenter et d’analyser l'organisation du Service de santé de l’armée impériale japonaise et les pratiques médicales qui en déroulent au tournant du vingtième siècle. En examinant la professionalisation de la médecine militaire pendant l’ère Meiji (1868–1912) et son implication pendant le conflit de 1904-1905, il est question de comprendre la production culturelle des discours, des objets et des images liées aux maladies et aux blessures de guerre. Cette analyse repose sur les regards croisés des différents acteurs (Japonais et observateurs internationaux) sur le corps blessé et malade, que les atteintes soient physiques ou psychiques. Les résultats montrent comment le bouleversement sur le champ de bataille, induit par l’augmentation de la puissance de feu et la réorganisation tactique et stratégique suscitée par cette dernière, est aussi le pendant d’une médicalisation des activités combattantes, de la recherche militaire et de la production d’expertises. Le paradigme du « combat asceptique » et le succès de la lutte contre les maladies servent à légitimer le rôle de la médecine dans les armées. Par ailleurs, la transformation des formes de violence de guerre accentue aussi la fragilité des médecins sur le champ de bataille, où les effets de l’industrialisation progressent. À l’épreuve de la professionnalisation, de la spécialisation et des pratiques individuelles, cette thèse discute les apports et les limites des stratégies adoptées par les médecins japonais pour préserver la santé des armées face à la violence de la guerre industrielle. / This thesis analyses the experiences of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), bringing together two historical objects of inquiry: the history of warfare and the history of medicine. Its purpose is to document and understand the organization of the Imperial Japanese Army Sanitary Corps and the medical practices that unfolded within it at the turn of the twentieth century. Focusing on the creation and the institutionalization of the care of the war wounded and sick during the Meiji era (1868-1912) and its implications for the conflict of 1904-1905, this thesis highlights the institutional and social dynamics of military medicine and the cultural production of discourses, objects and images related to war diseases and wounds. Our theoretical framework articulates the entanglement of the various actors’ perceptions (Japanese doctors and international observers) on the wounded and/or diseased body. Our results show how the transformation of the battlefield, induced by increased firepower and the resulting tactical and strategic reorganization, was also a driving force for the medicalization of combat activities, military research and the production of expertise. These processes reshaped the paradigms of combat aimed at maintaining the competitiveness of the military, that the success of preventive medicine serves to legitimize. They also accentuate the fragility of the army and the structure of medicine on the battlefield, which were under increasing stress due to the rapid progress of industrialization. The professional specialization and individual practices observed during the war lead us to discuss the benefits and limits of the strategies adopted by Japanese military surgeons to resist the increasingly destructive realities of industrial warfare.

No description available.

Цель данной работы состоит в определении того, как воспринимали японо-китайскую 1894-1895 гг. и русско-японскую 1904-1905 гг. войны японские женщины. Особое внимание уделено раскрытию роли японских женщин в период войн против Китая и России, автор определяет их отношение к вышеуказанным войнам, а также уделяет внимание положению женщин в японском обществе и доступным им правам. / The purpose of this paper is to define the Japanese women’s perception of Sino-Japanese 1894-1895 and Russo-Japanese 1904-1905 Wars. A special attention is paid to unveil the role of women in Japanese society during wars against China and Russia. The author defines women’s attitude toward mentioned above wars, also author pays attention to Japanese women’s place in Public and their Rights.