Este trabalho teve como proposta a analise da política de missionação jesuítica no Japão, implementada pelas novas diretrizes do Padre Visitador e Vigário geral da Ásia Alessandro Valignano. Tudo isto tendo como principal objeto de análise e confronto a crônica Historia de Japam (1584-1594), na qual o padre jesuíta Luis Fróis escreveu sobre a história da missão nipônica desde o seu inicio, em 1549, até o ano de 1594. A fim de cotejar esta crônica com o mais amplo contexto da política missionária do Visitador, analisamos também a obra O Cerimonial (1583), escrita pelo próprio Valignano com o objetivo de estabelecer a especificidade de sua política missionária. A partir disso, tivemos o objetivo de avaliar quais seriam as diretrizes que se desprendem da proposta contida no Cerimonial e de verificar, enfim, sua implementação, as integrações ou as eventuais diferenças de avaliação que puderam ser encontradas na visão de Luis Fróis em sua Historia de Japam. / This work aimed to analyze new guidelines in the policy of the Jesuit mission in Japan implemented by the Visitor and Vicar General in Asia Alessandro Valignano. All this, with the primary object of analysis and comparison of the chronicle Historia de Japam (1584-1594), in which the Jesuit Luis Fróis wrote about the history of Japanese mission since its inception (1549) until the year 1594. In order to collate this chronicle with the broader context of the missionary policy of the Visitor, we also analyzed the work Ceremonial (1583), written by Valignano in order to establish the specificity of his missionary policy. From this, we had to evaluate what are the guidelines that come off of the proposal contained in the Ceremonial and to verify its implementation, integrations or any valuation differences that might be found in the vision of Luis Fróis in his Historia de Japam.

Este trabalho teve como proposta a analise da política de missionação jesuítica no Japão, implementada pelas novas diretrizes do Padre Visitador e Vigário geral da Ásia Alessandro Valignano. Tudo isto tendo como principal objeto de análise e confronto a crônica Historia de Japam (1584-1594), na qual o padre jesuíta Luis Fróis escreveu sobre a história da missão nipônica desde o seu inicio, em 1549, até o ano de 1594. A fim de cotejar esta crônica com o mais amplo contexto da política missionária do Visitador, analisamos também a obra O Cerimonial (1583), escrita pelo próprio Valignano com o objetivo de estabelecer a especificidade de sua política missionária. A partir disso, tivemos o objetivo de avaliar quais seriam as diretrizes que se desprendem da proposta contida no Cerimonial e de verificar, enfim, sua implementação, as integrações ou as eventuais diferenças de avaliação que puderam ser encontradas na visão de Luis Fróis em sua Historia de Japam. / This work aimed to analyze new guidelines in the policy of the Jesuit mission in Japan implemented by the Visitor and Vicar General in Asia Alessandro Valignano. All this, with the primary object of analysis and comparison of the chronicle Historia de Japam (1584-1594), in which the Jesuit Luis Fróis wrote about the history of Japanese mission since its inception (1549) until the year 1594. In order to collate this chronicle with the broader context of the missionary policy of the Visitor, we also analyzed the work Ceremonial (1583), written by Valignano in order to establish the specificity of his missionary policy. From this, we had to evaluate what are the guidelines that come off of the proposal contained in the Ceremonial and to verify its implementation, integrations or any valuation differences that might be found in the vision of Luis Fróis in his Historia de Japam.

Na missão jesuíta fundada no Japão a partir de 1549, alguns padres conquistaram destaque em virtude do seu trabalho individual de catequização e educação. Com a chegada de um maior número de missionários, o método de ação em relação ao trabalho doutrinário tomou formas e abordagens diferentes, de acordo com o jesuíta que as empregava e da experiência que era vivenciada. Nesse contexto, buscamos analisar as questões que foram levantas sobre a língua japonesa dentro da metodologia de trabalho compreendida como de acomodação cultural, a adaptação do religioso europeu à cultura local, que então se consolidava como opção viável para a missionação na região. Dessa maneira, selecionamos para análise relatos, cartas e tratados de três missionários jesuítas que representam diferentes fases da presença jesuítica em território japonês: Gaspar Vilela (1526-1572) e o primeiro momento da campanha, caracterizado pela experimentação, sendo que a missão ainda não estava consolidada e a cultura japonesa em geral causava estranheza aos missionários, que não conseguiam se comunicar com eficiência e recorriam a intérpretes, que tampouco eram exatos na tradução; Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606) e uma postura oficial quanto à adoção de uma política de adaptação cultural e o aprofundamento do caráter educacional, em um momento em que a compreensão do idioma japonês já era entendida como de vital importância para o sucesso na conversão e pregação, estando estritamente vinculada a essa inovação metodológica; e João Rodrigues Tçuzu (1561-1633), com a sistematização e compreensão da língua em gramáticas e dicionários, que auxiliariam no ensino e aprendizagem da língua japonesa. Centramos-nos, para tanto, na fundação da missão até 1620, com a publicação da Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa. / In the Jesuit mission founded in Japan from 1549, some priests had prominence by their individual work of catechesis and education. With the arrival of a larger number of missionaries, the method of action regarding the doctrinal work has taken different forms and approaches, according to the Jesuit who took it and the experience that they were living. In this context, we analyzed the issues that were rising about the Japanese language, within the working methodology understood as cultural accommodation, the adaptation of the European religious to the local culture, which was consolidated as a viable option for this region. That way, we selected for analysis reports, letters and treatises of three Jesuit missionaries that represent different phases of the Jesuit presence in Japanese territory: Gaspar Vilela (1526-1572) and the first moment of the campaign, characterized by experimentation, when the mission was not consolidated yet and the Japanese culture in general caused strangeness to the missionaries, who were unable to communicate effectively and resorted to interpreters, which were not quite accurate in the translation; Alessandro Valignano (1539 -1606) and an official posture on the adoption of a cultural adaptation policy and development of the educational character, in a moment when the knowledge of the Japanese language was already seen as vital to the conversion and preaching success, being strictly linked to this methodological innovation; and João Rodrigues Tçuzu (1561-1633), with the systematization and understanding of the language in grammars and dictionaries, which would assist the teaching and learning of japanese . We are focused here on the founding of the mission until 1620, with the publication of Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa.

Na missão jesuíta fundada no Japão a partir de 1549, alguns padres conquistaram destaque em virtude do seu trabalho individual de catequização e educação. Com a chegada de um maior número de missionários, o método de ação em relação ao trabalho doutrinário tomou formas e abordagens diferentes, de acordo com o jesuíta que as empregava e da experiência que era vivenciada. Nesse contexto, buscamos analisar as questões que foram levantas sobre a língua japonesa dentro da metodologia de trabalho compreendida como de acomodação cultural, a adaptação do religioso europeu à cultura local, que então se consolidava como opção viável para a missionação na região. Dessa maneira, selecionamos para análise relatos, cartas e tratados de três missionários jesuítas que representam diferentes fases da presença jesuítica em território japonês: Gaspar Vilela (1526-1572) e o primeiro momento da campanha, caracterizado pela experimentação, sendo que a missão ainda não estava consolidada e a cultura japonesa em geral causava estranheza aos missionários, que não conseguiam se comunicar com eficiência e recorriam a intérpretes, que tampouco eram exatos na tradução; Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606) e uma postura oficial quanto à adoção de uma política de adaptação cultural e o aprofundamento do caráter educacional, em um momento em que a compreensão do idioma japonês já era entendida como de vital importância para o sucesso na conversão e pregação, estando estritamente vinculada a essa inovação metodológica; e João Rodrigues Tçuzu (1561-1633), com a sistematização e compreensão da língua em gramáticas e dicionários, que auxiliariam no ensino e aprendizagem da língua japonesa. Centramos-nos, para tanto, na fundação da missão até 1620, com a publicação da Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa. / In the Jesuit mission founded in Japan from 1549, some priests had prominence by their individual work of catechesis and education. With the arrival of a larger number of missionaries, the method of action regarding the doctrinal work has taken different forms and approaches, according to the Jesuit who took it and the experience that they were living. In this context, we analyzed the issues that were rising about the Japanese language, within the working methodology understood as cultural accommodation, the adaptation of the European religious to the local culture, which was consolidated as a viable option for this region. That way, we selected for analysis reports, letters and treatises of three Jesuit missionaries that represent different phases of the Jesuit presence in Japanese territory: Gaspar Vilela (1526-1572) and the first moment of the campaign, characterized by experimentation, when the mission was not consolidated yet and the Japanese culture in general caused strangeness to the missionaries, who were unable to communicate effectively and resorted to interpreters, which were not quite accurate in the translation; Alessandro Valignano (1539 -1606) and an official posture on the adoption of a cultural adaptation policy and development of the educational character, in a moment when the knowledge of the Japanese language was already seen as vital to the conversion and preaching success, being strictly linked to this methodological innovation; and João Rodrigues Tçuzu (1561-1633), with the systematization and understanding of the language in grammars and dictionaries, which would assist the teaching and learning of japanese . We are focused here on the founding of the mission until 1620, with the publication of Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa.

This dissertation aims to analyze the transformation of Pusan by examining the social, political, economic, and cultural changes during the open-port period (1876-1910). Prior to annexation, Pusan, as the first open port in Korea, reflected features of the colonial urban development in which alien power achieved and sustained a hegemonic domination on socio-cultural-economic dimensions of people’s lives. Colonial history in Korea has been divided and moving on parallel lines. The ‘nationalist school’ and the ‘socioeconomic school’ have failed to come together and move us into a deeper understanding of the Japanese colonial period. In order to narrow the gap between the two schools of thought, this thesis suggests looking at ‘colonial modernity’ through the analytical lens of the colonial city of Pusan. The approach examines changes in the social, economic, and cultural life of people rather than through the traditional binary construction of ‘victim versus victimizer’ or ‘colonial repression versus national resistance.’ In particular, I pay close attention to the fact that colonization is a process of imperial expansion by means of colonialists. In the end, the process of colonization in Pusan was a process by which the Japanese settlers expanded in wealth, population, influence, and power. The cluster of factors – enlargement of settlement (living space), the expansion of the economy (economic opportunity), improvement of public enterprises, such as transportation infrastructure, water supply and hygiene (improving quality of life) – were catalysts for the Japanese settlers to take up residence in Pusan. Based on the transformation of the urban space of Pusan at this micro level, I discuss a hierarchy of power relations within the spatial boundary of Pusan. In other words, I focus on human aspects of these changes rather than on systemic changes. I attempt to demonstrate how studying a city can offer a useful category of analysis for the question of ‘modernity’ in Korea.

La majorité des études sur le thé au Japon se consacre à la cérémonie du thé. Dans cette étude, nous nous proposons au contraire d’analyser l’histoire du thé au Japon du strict point de vue des techniques de culture et de fabrication du thé à l’époque Edo (1600-1868). Dans un premier temps, l’étude se concentre sur l’histoire du thé au Japon depuis son apparition au VIIIe siècle jusqu’au milieu du XIXe siècle. Cette partie abordera l’ensemble du développement de la filière du thé en s’attachant aux points suivants : l’évolution de la consommation du thé sur l’archipel, les différentes techniques de fabrication utilisées et enfin la mise en place des circuits économiques nécessaires au commerce intérieur du thé. Cette étude tentera de comprendre le passage d’une consommation par les élites à une consommation par l’ensemble de la population, ainsi que les implications de cette évolution. Dans un second temps, ce travail se focalisera sur l’étude des techniques de culture et de fabrication du thé à l’époque Edo. De multiples sources historiques sont examinées pour cela : comptes rendus de voyages de savants occidentaux, documents iconographiques divers, mais ce travail s’attache plus spécifiquement à l’analyse des nombreux traités agricoles de l’époque Edo. Ainsi, la description détaillée des différents procédés de fabrication de cette époque permet de comprendre les liens qu’il peut exister entre les différentes techniques, et de réfléchir aux modalités de création et d’amélioration des thés japonais. / Most studies related to Japan’s tea are about the tea ceremony. On the contrary, in this study we are proposing to analyze the history of tea in Japan from the strict point of view of tea culture and manufacture’s techniques in the Edo period (1600-1868). First of all, the study focuses on the history of Japan’s tea from its emergence in the 8th century, up until the mid-19th century. This part will deal with the whole development of the tea sector, focusing on the following points: the evolution of tea consumption on the archipelago, the different manufacturing techniques used and finally the implementation of the economic systems, necessary to the domestic trade. This study is trying to understand the transition from the consumption by the elites only, to the consumption by the entire population, as well as the implications of this evolution. Finally, this study will focus on the study of tea’s culture and manufacture techniques during the Edo period. To do so, we will look at many historical sources: reports and diaries of Western travelers, various iconographic documents, but this thesis will mainly be focusing on the analysis of many agricultural treaties during the Edo period. Therefore, this detailed description of the various manufacturing processes of this period makes it possible to understand the existing links between the different techniques, and to think about the methods of creation and improvement of Japanese teas.

The major objective of this master thesis, is to describe the process of forming and development of the social groups connected with the concept of ritual pollution kegare in Japan at the turn of 16th century. The main questions are: In which direction did the development of these groups tend to go from the outset of the Japanese Middle Ages? Did the policies of the unifiers of Japan cause any disruptions to this development, and if so, what was the new direction? Was creation of the Edo outcaste order also motivated by an effort to restrict access to strategical commodities, or was it only a side effect of individual edicts and restrictions? To answer these questions I used two approaches. At first I diachronically described the development of groups connected with the concept of ritual pollution from the ancient times, and to this data I applied Mary Douglas's grid and group theory. Results of this show that during the time period in question development of groups of eta tanners was significantly accelerated, while the status of the non-persons groups of hinin was stagnating, or regressing. This thesis hopefully offers a brief insight into the overlooked aspects of Japanese history, and sheds some light on the reason for the discrimination of descendants of the burakumin group which in Japan...

In my thesis, I examine the discursive space of the detective fiction genre following Kasai Kiyoshi's periodization in his two-volume seminal work Tantei shosetsuron (The Theory of Detective Fiction, 1998). I investigate how Japanese detective fiction has developed in relation to Japan's modernization, industrialization, nationalism, and globalization, specifically in the 1920s-30s, the 1950s-60s, and from the 1990s to present. By historicizing the discursive formation of the genre in decisive moments in Japanese history, I examine how Japanese detective fiction delineated itself as a modern popular literature differentiating itself from serious literature (junbungaku) and also from other genres of popular fiction (taishu bungaku). My study exposes the socio-political, cultural and literary conditions that conditioned the emergence of the detective fiction genre as a problematic of Japanese society, stitching fantasy and desire for the formation of the national subject in the cultural domain. I investigate the dynamics through which Japanese detective fiction negotiates its particularity as a genre differentiating itself from the Western model and domestically from the conventional crime stories of the Edo and Meiji periods. Chapters One through Three of my study examine Japan's socio-cultural contexts after the Russo-Japanese war, specifically magazine culture and the rise of the detective fiction genre (Chapter I), the I-novel tradition and its relation to the genre (Chapter II), and representations of Tokyo as an urban center, focusing on Edogawa Ranpo's "Inju" (Beast in the Shadows, 1928) (Chapter III). Chapters Four through Six investigate the socio-cultural contexts after World War II, especially Japan's democratization in the 1950s-60s and the rearticulation of the genre through repeated debates about authenticities in Japanese detective fiction (Chapter IV), and the transition from tantei shosetsu (detective fiction) to suiri shosetsu (mystery) focusing on Yokomizo Seishi's Honjin satsujin jiken (The Honjin Murder Case, 1946) and Matsumoto Seicho's Ten to sen (Points and Lines, 1957) as representative works of the two trends (Chapter V), and finally the postmodern "return" to the prewar tradition in the 1990s (Chapter VI).

L’émigration internationale de la main-d’œuvre japonaise signe ses débuts au commencement de l’ère Meiji (1868-1912), soit en l’an 1868. Quant à elle, l’histoire de l’émigration, de l’immigration et de la colonisation japonaise au Brésil débute en 1908, lorsque le Kasato Maru (« Vapeur Kasato ») quitte le port de Kôbe pour acheminer les premiers immigrés japonais destinés à travailler sur les plantations caféières de l’État du São Paulo. L’objectif de cette thèse est de montrer que du point de ses agents (personnel politique et compagnie de l’émigration notamment), l’émigration, l’immigration et la colonisation japonaise au Brésil étaient vouées à remplir une mission de premier plan dans la construction du Japon dans l’outremer, notamment en participant activement à l’expansion économique de l’Archipel à l’étranger. Elle a pour point de départ un constat établi par Môri Kôichi, selon lequel la migration des travailleurs Japonais au Brésil, et partant dans l’outremer en général, est trop souvent ignorée par l’historiographie japonaise, alors que selon lui elle compte parmi les processus politiques et économiques qui ont favorisé l’émergence de l’Etat-Nation du Japon, depuis les débuts de l’ère Meiji (1868-1912) et au moins jusqu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle repose sur l’idée mise en avant par Nancy L. Green et François Weil, selon laquelle l’histoire migratoire est majoritairement écrite par les pays d’immigration, alors qu’elle mériterait également d’être traitée par les pays d’émigration, dont les « politiques de départ » élaborées par leurs gouvernements révèlent bien que ceux-ci entendaient associer la double entreprise migratoire et coloniale (de type pacifique et agricole) à la construction nationale – et c’est également le cas, nous le croyons, au Japon. Notre travail emprunte sa méthodologie au cadre des études historiques, et repose essentiellement sur l’analyse des archives diplomatiques du Japon relatives à l’émigration, l’immigration et la colonisation japonaise à l’étranger. D’autres documents d’archives en langues japonaise et portugaise viennent compléter le corpus archivistique constitué à cet effet. La thèse est structurée chronologiquement autour de trois périodes. La première, située entre 1868 et 1908, est dédiée au traitement historique des prémices de l’émigration japonaise, et plus notamment aux processus de négociations qui aboutit à l’entame officielle des liens diplomatiques entre le Japon et le Brésil. La seconde, couvrant les années 1910, traite des débuts de l’immigration, mais aussi de la colonisation agricole japonaise au Brésil. Enfin, la troisième propose un traitement complet des années 1920 et 1930 ; deux décennies déterminantes marquées par la montée du nationalisme brésilien, et au cours de laquelle le gouvernement du Japon reprend le contrôle des processus migratoires grâce à la promulgation d’une politique d’aide et d’encouragement à l’émigration en 1925. / The Japanese labor emigration is a phenomenon that has occurred as soon as the Meiji Era has been proclaimed, in 1868, when the Archipelago decided to open its doors to the world. Japanese emigration to Brazil began in 1908 when 781 contracted farmers arrived at the port of Santos in the state of São Paulo. The present dissertation aims at showing that emigration, immigration and colonization in Brazil were designed by its main actors (such as politicians and emigration companies) as a mean for the expansion of Japanese economy abroad, and, in that regard, can be considered to have contributed to the nation-building of Japan. This works rests upon a conclusion drew up by Mori Kôichi, who argues that Japanese emigration to Brazil, but also in the whole world, is not much analyzed by Japanese historians, even though, according to him, it appears to have been one of the main process that supported the emergence of Japan’s State, from the very beginning of the Meiji Era (1868-1912) to the eve of World War II. Its premises rest upon the idea that the history of migrations is mainly written by the receiving countries, however it should also be the concern of sending countries, whose “departure policies” revealed that emigration and agrarian colonization were designed to contribute to the sender State-building process – and we believe this was also true for Japan. The present dissertation borrows the methodological framework of historical studies and, for its major part, rests upon the use of Japan’s diplomatic records dealing with the Japanese emigration, immigration and colonization in Brazil from 1895 to 1942. It is chronologically structured around three periods. The first part, from 1868 and 1908, the focuses on the beginning of the Japanese emigration to Brazil, that is the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and Brazil and the organization process of the first departure of Japanese emigrants to Brazil. The second part, from 1908 to 1920, describes the start of both Japanese emigration and Japan’s agricultural colonization in Brazil. The third part finally deals with the Japanese emigration, immigration and colonization during the 1920s and the 1930s; two important decades characterized by the rise of nationalism in Brazil on one hand, and on the other by the active promotion of emigration by Japan’s government, via the implementation of a national policy of emigration in 1925.

Cette thèse consiste à interroger les expériences de la guerre russo-japonaise (1904-1905), en rapprochant deux objets historiques : l'histoire de la guerre et l'histoire de la médecine. Son objectif est de documenter et d’analyser l'organisation du Service de santé de l’armée impériale japonaise et les pratiques médicales qui en déroulent au tournant du vingtième siècle. En examinant la professionalisation de la médecine militaire pendant l’ère Meiji (1868–1912) et son implication pendant le conflit de 1904-1905, il est question de comprendre la production culturelle des discours, des objets et des images liées aux maladies et aux blessures de guerre. Cette analyse repose sur les regards croisés des différents acteurs (Japonais et observateurs internationaux) sur le corps blessé et malade, que les atteintes soient physiques ou psychiques. Les résultats montrent comment le bouleversement sur le champ de bataille, induit par l’augmentation de la puissance de feu et la réorganisation tactique et stratégique suscitée par cette dernière, est aussi le pendant d’une médicalisation des activités combattantes, de la recherche militaire et de la production d’expertises. Le paradigme du « combat asceptique » et le succès de la lutte contre les maladies servent à légitimer le rôle de la médecine dans les armées. Par ailleurs, la transformation des formes de violence de guerre accentue aussi la fragilité des médecins sur le champ de bataille, où les effets de l’industrialisation progressent. À l’épreuve de la professionnalisation, de la spécialisation et des pratiques individuelles, cette thèse discute les apports et les limites des stratégies adoptées par les médecins japonais pour préserver la santé des armées face à la violence de la guerre industrielle. / This thesis analyses the experiences of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), bringing together two historical objects of inquiry: the history of warfare and the history of medicine. Its purpose is to document and understand the organization of the Imperial Japanese Army Sanitary Corps and the medical practices that unfolded within it at the turn of the twentieth century. Focusing on the creation and the institutionalization of the care of the war wounded and sick during the Meiji era (1868-1912) and its implications for the conflict of 1904-1905, this thesis highlights the institutional and social dynamics of military medicine and the cultural production of discourses, objects and images related to war diseases and wounds. Our theoretical framework articulates the entanglement of the various actors’ perceptions (Japanese doctors and international observers) on the wounded and/or diseased body. Our results show how the transformation of the battlefield, induced by increased firepower and the resulting tactical and strategic reorganization, was also a driving force for the medicalization of combat activities, military research and the production of expertise. These processes reshaped the paradigms of combat aimed at maintaining the competitiveness of the military, that the success of preventive medicine serves to legitimize. They also accentuate the fragility of the army and the structure of medicine on the battlefield, which were under increasing stress due to the rapid progress of industrialization. The professional specialization and individual practices observed during the war lead us to discuss the benefits and limits of the strategies adopted by Japanese military surgeons to resist the increasingly destructive realities of industrial warfare.