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The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature and language of Anglo-American opposition to quartering from the start of the French and Indian War in 1756 to the Revolutionary War in 1776. This paper will also attempt to demonstrate the shifting focus of Anglo-American arguments against the quartering of troops over these two decades. Quartering of troops in private homes and defraying the cost of quartering were the prevalent concerns of Anglo-Americans during the French and Indian War. Then, the Quartering Act of 1765 significantly changed the perception of Anglo-Americans toward quartering of troops as a matter of illegal taxation. Lastly, the unfolding events in 1768 and onwards, in Boston, marked a turning point as the fear of a standing army in peace time redefined Anglo-American opposition to the quartering of redcoats. The significance of Anglo-American opposition to the Quartering Acts paled in comparison to other colonial grievances that stemmed from taxation issues, but it was important enough to finds its place in the Declaration of the Independence and in the Third Amendment of the federal constitution. / Master of Arts

The subject of my thesis is the identification and subsequent comparison of legal instruments which are intended to fight against legalization of proceeds of crime, which is also referred to as money laundering, in the Czech Republic and in the Federal Republic of Germany. The first chapter is to familiarize the reader with the issue of money laundering, therefore it provides the definition of the phenomenon of money laundering and also describes the typical phases of this process. The second chapter is devoted to international institutions that deal with money laundering on the supranational level and whose activities are then reflected in international standards. The third chapter deals with legislation related to the fight against legalization of proceeds of crime in the Czech Republic. First I focus on the history of the development of the struggle against money laundering in the country and subsequently describe particular laws designed to regulate the rights and obligations relating to the effective fight against this phenomenon. Further I describe particular obligations that fall on subjects, which may be confronted with efforts to launder money within its activities, and characterize individual institutions that are involved in the fight against money laundering. The fourth chapter is...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Chiavassa de Mello Paula Lima.pdf: 2178699 bytes, checksum: e8029881a68045555e467581285f2dfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / Indirect act stricto sensu and fiduciary act are nothing new in the legal world (the origin is unknown, although it can be said that already the Romans knew), even if the doctrine just started to study them at the end of the 19th century. They are old business models that still are present, given its versatility to fulfill the legitimate interest of the parties. The institutes in question are a figure that for centuries remained outside of legal studies and that, even today, does not have much dogmatic deepening. Therefore, the aim of this master dissertation is to analyze both figures from a structural point of view, dogmatic and legal. In spite of they are figures that are derived from species hidden juridical act (Germany), abnormal (Spain) or indirect (Italy, Portugal, France and Brazil), along with simulation / fictitious interposition of person / business in circumvention of the law, from the point of legal view can not be considered the same thing. This is because the indirect act stricto sensu and fiduciary act reflect a valid legal business idea, unlike his brothers, who are characterized as invalid business. The external appearance is indeed similar - and therefore the link between the figures - to the extent that a part of the business is not necessarily externalized (from here the German naming hidden juridical act). To be able to better understanding of the subject and further discussion of the chosen argument, it is necessary to discuss the complex issue of contractual cause and its implication in these two negotiating figures (as an element that seeks to justify the economic operation carried out by the parties by economic function -individual) and the theory of typical and atypical juridical act, in order to allow further study concerning the structure of these two figures. The study and interpretation of foreign law is essential premise for attempting to structure these figures in Brazil, which is why it fall back on Italian law, Portuguese, German, Spanish, English, French and most countries belonging to the Spanish America to that, according to the problems encountered in these jurisdictions, trying to get the best deal on Brazilian law. The result will emerge the importance of these figures, and especially its wide acceptance in praxis both in Brazil and in other countries around the world. More than that, the conclusion will highlight the legality of these business models in the Brazilian and international law, as well as its increasing regulation as an important economic instrument at the disposal of private autonomy / Os negócios indiretos em sentido estrito e os negócios fiduciários não são nenhuma novidade no mundo jurídico (a origem é desconhecida, embora se pode afirmar que os romanos já a conheciam), não obstante a doutrina apenas tenha começado a estudá-los já no final do século XIX. São antigos modelos negociais que ainda hoje se fazem presentes, dada sua versatilidade para concretizar o legítimo interesse das partes. Os institutos em análise são figuras que durante séculos ficaram à margem dos estudos jurídicos e que, ainda hoje, não possuem muito aprofundamento dogmático. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação é analisar ambas as figuras do ponto de vista estrutural, dogmático e legal. Muito embora sejam figuras que derivam da espécie negócios jurídicos encobertos (Alemanha), anómalos (Espanha) ou indiretos (Itália, Portugal, França e Brasil), junto com a simulação / interposição fictícia de pessoa / negócio em fraude à lei, do ponto de vista jurídico não podem ser alçadas ao mesmo status. Isto porque os negócios indiretos em sentido estrito e os negócios fiduciários traduzem uma ideia de negócio jurídico válido, ao contrário de seus irmãos, que se configuram como negócios inválidos. A aparência externa é, de fato, semelhante e daí o elo entre as figuras , na medida em que uma parte do negócio não é necessariamente exteriorizada (e daí a nomenclatura alemã de negócios jurídicos encobertos). Para ser possível a melhor compreensão do tema e aprofundar a discussão do argumento escolhido, aprofundar-se-á no presente trabalho a discussão a respeito da complexa questão da causa contratual e sua implicação nestas duas figuras negociais (como elemento que busca justificar a operação econômica realizada pelas partes através da função econômico-individual), bem como a teoria dos negócios jurídicos típicos e atípicos, a fim de se permitir um estudo mais detalhado a respeito da estrutura destas duas figuras. Por fim, o estudo e a interpretação do direito alienígena é premissa essencial para a tentativa de estruturação destas figuras no Brasil, razão pela qual se recorreu ao Direito Italiano, Português, Alemão, Espanhol, Inglês, Francês e de grande parte dos países pertencentes à América Espanhola para, de acordo com os problemas encontrados nestes ordenamentos jurídicos, tentar encontrar a melhor solução no direito pátrio. Do resultado, emergirá a importância destas figuras e, principalmente, sua ampla aceitação na praxis tanto no Brasil quanto nos demais países do globo. Mais do que isso, a conclusão ressaltará a legalidade destes modelos negociais no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e mundial, bem como sua cada vez maior regulamentação como importante instrumento econômico à disposição da autonomia privada

In January, 1974, the Interim ACT Schools Authority assumed responsibility for pre, primary and secondary schools in the Australian Capital Territory. It took steps to provide a basis for the restructuring of secondary education. The traditional six-year comprehensive high school was to be replaced in 1976 by a four-year high school and a two-year secondary college. The Interim Authority decided that each school should be responsible for its own curriculum which should not be constrained by an external examination. A system of course development and teacher assessment, to replace the New South Wales Higher School Certificate syllabuses and examination, was developed during 1974. The Interim Authority sought the advice of the Australian Council for Educational Research, and a report prepared by it was used to stimulate public debate. After considering a wide cross section of points of view the Interim Authority decided that accredited courses would replace syllabuses, teacher assessments, the examination and profile reports the Certificate. The ACT Schools Accrediting Agency, a committee of the Interim Authority, was formed in 1975 to administer accrediting assessment and reporting. The Accrediting Agency negotiated the basis for tertiary entrance for ACT students. It determined that a single aggregate score, the Tertiary Entrance Score, should be calculated, using aggregated scaled teacher assessments. Scores from three major and one minor accredited-TES courses scaled by the Australian Scholastic Aptitude Test total score would be aggregated. A system-wide order of merit would be created. The maximum aggregate score would be 360. The basis for the aggregate was very different from that which it was replacing. In New South Wales, five subject scores with a possible maximum of 900 was used. An examination of a number of comparison and correlation studies presented in Part B indicates that ASAT scaling of teacher estimates improves the correlation of teacher estimates with the Higher School Certificate examination aggregate scores. Some correlations between ASAT-scaled criteria and HSC aggregates are in the order of 0.9. As is expected some movement away from what was acceptable in 1975 occurred. When examined in the light of the philosophy of school responsibility for curriculum and assessment the procedures adopted certainly facilitate this, while at the same time produce students' results which can be used as confidently as external examination results have been.

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It is the aim with this paper, to research the shortcomings experienced in the appeal procedures as contained in the Engineering Profession Act ("EPA"), in order to determine whether the process should be revised or if only certain relevant sections of the EPA should be rewritten. Due to the administrative nature of certain duties of the Council as authorised by the EPA, it makes it inevitable that appeals will follow. It is therefore imperative that the procedures to appeal, must be both functional and effective. The relevant sections of the EPA as well as the appeal procedures of the Health Professions Act's will be researched, taking into account the stipulations of the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act ("PAJA"). Relevant legal administrative principles and doctrines, court judgments, as well as the views of authors are also taken into account. Two major areas of concern in certain sections of the EPA have been identified: • The fact that the whole council has to decide on appeals, and • the fact that such hearings have to take place within a very limited time frame. Relevant court findings have made it clear that decisions made by authorities, have to comply with the requirements set out in the Constitution in coherence with PAJA. In conclusion, based on the Constitutional and the legal administrative requirements, it is found to be necessary to rewrite the relevant sections of the EPA, as well as the rules of appeal, as these do not make the grade at present. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

It is the aim with this paper, to research the shortcomings experienced in the appeal procedures as contained in the Engineering Profession Act ("EPA"), in order to determine whether the process should be revised or if only certain relevant sections of the EPA should be rewritten. Due to the administrative nature of certain duties of the Council as authorised by the EPA, it makes it inevitable that appeals will follow. It is therefore imperative that the procedures to appeal, must be both functional and effective. The relevant sections of the EPA as well as the appeal procedures of the Health Professions Act's will be researched, taking into account the stipulations of the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act ("PAJA"). Relevant legal administrative principles and doctrines, court judgments, as well as the views of authors are also taken into account. Two major areas of concern in certain sections of the EPA have been identified: • The fact that the whole council has to decide on appeals, and • the fact that such hearings have to take place within a very limited time frame. Relevant court findings have made it clear that decisions made by authorities, have to comply with the requirements set out in the Constitution in coherence with PAJA. In conclusion, based on the Constitutional and the legal administrative requirements, it is found to be necessary to rewrite the relevant sections of the EPA, as well as the rules of appeal, as these do not make the grade at present. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Choses in action are valuable assets. This has compelled (and been facilitated by) the development of legal devices such as equitable assignment to allow holders of choses to deal with them, inter vivos. This thesis makes two claims. First, equitable assignments are best conceived as a composite of a bare trust and an atypical agency where the assignee is authorised to invoke the assignor's entitlements against the obligor to the chose assigned, as the assignee pleases. On this conception, equitable assignments merely entail generation of a new set of jural relations as between assignor and assignee. Though these affect how the jural relations between assignor and obligor are to be discharged, those jural relations are left intact and unchanged, unless the requirements for 'statutory' assignments have been satisfied. Second, 'statutory' assignments are regulatory in effect. Where a debt or other chose in action has been validly equitably assigned and the requirements in s 136(1) Law of Property Act 1925 are satisfied, the specific entitlements set out in sections 136(1)(a), (b) and (c) will be passed from the assignor and transferred to the assignee. But that is only true with regards entitlements falling within those provisions, and the set of entitlements listed therein is not exhaustive. The composite model of equitable assignment, and the clarification of the nature of 'statutory' assignment, reduces confusion over their operation and effects. Accordingly, this thesis tempers the urge towards legislative reform of the law of assignment: reform may not be needed since the law is not incoherent, though it is certainly complex. And if targeted law reform to simplify the law on assignment be thought desirable, it is as well to know what one is reforming.

This thesis examines the amendments to Canada's Criminal Code which target the proceeds of crime by, inter alia, criminalizing money laundering and enabling the confiscation of assets. The amendments represent the central thrust of Canada's contribution in a global effort to stem the traffic in illicit drugs, Canada belatedly following the lead of the United States, Great Britain and Australia. In the thesis, I argue that the amendments go much further than earlier crime control initiatives and represent a paradigmatic shift from the traditional, single transaction, individual-oriented structure of criminal law to one which is both property-driven and premised upon multiple-transactions perpetrated by criminal organizations. The amendments focus on the proceeds of crime, as opposed to the offender, individual or corporate, their avowed purpose being to neutralize criminal organizations rather than punish offenders. The effectiveness of the amendments is inexorably tied to the speed by which criminal proceeds can be seized or restrained and thus they operate prospectively, in anticipation of a later conviction. In order to accomplish their objectives, the amendments draw upon concepts previously the preserve of the private law of contract and tort, introducing some which are foreign to the classic norms and traditions of criminal law and sentencing, both substantive and procedural. The thesis examines the amendments from both a textual and a Charter perspective. In so doing, considerable emphasis is accorded the presumption of innocence, a strong legitimating force in criminal law. Integral to the presumption is the Crown's burden of proof - beyond a reasonable doubt. The legislation's adoption of the civil balance of probabilities test is, therefore, considered its weakest link. Other aspects of the legislation give rise to interpretive and Charter challenges. The thesis also discusses the need for tracing mechanisms, mandatory financial transaction reporting, the development of a strike force approach to implementation and a sharing of proceeds by law enforcement agencies. Further, the thesis decries any use of the legislation as a tool for plea bargaining or to target petty criminals. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate