If altruistic surrogacy should be legal in Sweden, laws concerning screening of the parents should be mandatory and adoption should be promoted as an alternative to surrogacy to a larger extent. Both in surrogacy and adoption the best interest of the child should be a priority, but parents regardless of sexuality, income and to some extent age, should qualify as long as they can prove their ability as parents.

The thesis concentrates on the topic of legal position of a child and his or her participation rights. It is drawn as a comparative study and focuses on comparing the legislation concerning participation rights of the child in the Russian Federation and the Czech Republic. The main goal of the thesis is to find identical or similar elements in the legislation regarding the child's legal position and his/her participation rights. Adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 was followed by a changed approach of its member states towards the legal position of the child. States enlisted provisions into their legislation that held a child not only as a passive holder of rights but an active subject that is able to exercise those rights after fulfilling legal conditions. The important aspect on which the thesis also focuses is assessing whether the participation rights of a child are really being applied in practice or they are up to the present day rather a theoretical construction. The thesis is divided into an introduction, four main chapters, which are further divided into subsections, and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with fundamental terms, which are crucial in relation to the legal position of a child and his/her participation rights. Firstly, a definition of "a child" is...

This study in comparative public law analyses if the courts have decided in the best interest of the child when judging for immediate care due to domestic violence. Both Sweden and Norway have transformed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) article 3 in parts of their national legislation. The difference between the countries is that Norway in 2003 incorporated CRC as a part of their legal policy, Sweden, on the other hand, has not integrated CRC in their national laws. There is a need for research if and how the local authorities and the courts in the two countries live up to the concept for the best interest of the child. Six court decisions from both countries as well as the development of the national legislation will be analyzed. To achieve our purpose, we will use the comparative and dogmatic legal method. The comparative method will be used when we compare the similarities and differences between their national legal system and the court's judgment for immediate care for the best interest of the child. The dogmatic legal method will be used for defining the current law. The results of this study indicate that Norway has more appropriate laws for the best interest of the child. The difference between the countries is that in Norway the court can decide based on their child specific law. While the courts in Sweden only can decide for the best interest of the child with the interpretation based on the two laws but the code is not just for the child. Despite the differences, both Sweden and Norway have appropriate laws for how the local authorities and the court should promote the best interest of the child. In the future, we hope that it would be easier for the Swedish courts to apply the best interest of the child when CRC has been incorporated into the national legislation.

Legal position of a child with regard to the right of participation This thesis is constructed as a comparison of the legal position of a child in the Czech Republic and England. The aim is to discuss the rights of a child in general with special regard to his or her right of participation and to evaluate how the rights are respected in both states. This thesis mainly underlines the common aspects as well as the main differences in the legislation while suggesting some possible changes. After the introduction, there are four main chapters subsequently divided into subsections. The first chapter explains the terms "child" and "the best interests of a child". The concept of "the best interests of a child" is firstly discussed in accordance with the General Comments published by the Committee on the Rights of the Child followed by the explanation on how the legislation of the compared states understands this term. The second chapter discusses how the rights of a child developed in the last decades whereas the starting point from which we generally speak about children rights is the beginning of the 20th century. The most important international agreements are mentioned, for example the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924, Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1959, International...

L'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant est un principe international proclamé à l'article 3-1 de la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant. L'exercice de l'autorité parentale est dominé par la prise en compte de ce principe.La notion d'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant présente une unité à l'échelle européenne. Contribuent à la préciser des éléments de contenu éclairés par la mise en évidence d'une grille de lecture dégagée à partir de l'analyse de la jurisprudence interne et européenne. En outre, les arrêts de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme fondent l'émergence d'éléments de caractérisation permanents mais non cumulatifs et parfois s'excluant : le maintien de relations personnelles entre l'enfant et ses père et mère d'une part ; un environnement sain autour de l'enfant, d'autre part. La notion d'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant révèle son autonomie par l'existence de moyens d'appréciation, modalités et modes propres. Cette autonomie se trouve étroitement liée à l'impact qu'offre à la notion sa réception dans les différentes législations européennes. Cette large consécration se trouve confortée par le développement d'un contrôle de conventionnalité révélateur de la véritable nature de l'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant. L'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant constitue désormais une notion clef dans le domaine de l'exercice de l'autorité parentale. Il fonde un nouvel ordre public protecteur de l'enfant à l'échelle européenne. Sa primauté s'impose corrélativement de plus en plus nettement. Surgissent toutefois des conflits entre cet intérêt supérieur et d'autres intérêts ou principes concurrents. In fine, l'unité et l'autonomie de l'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant, désormais notion de droit, devraient asseoir une effective protection de l'enfant en Europe. / The child's highest interest is an international principle that has been announced in the 3-1 article of the International Bureau for Children's' Rights. This principle dominates the exercise of the parental authority.The notion of the child's highest interest is seen as a unit at the European scale. It can be clarified thanks to a key to read that has been highlighted from the French and European jurisprudence and which contains some content elements. Besides the appearance of characterization's elements is based on the Human Rights European Court's judgements. Those elements are permanent, non-cumulative and sometimes they can become mutually exclusive such as the maintenance of individual relations between the child and his parents or a healthy environment around the child. The notion of the child's highest interest is autonomous by judgment resources, modes and own methods. This autonomy is slightly linked to the notion's impact in the different European legislations. This large recognition is strengthened by the increase of a conventionality review that reveals the real nature of the child's highest interest. The child's highest interest is from now on part of a key notion in the area of the parental authority's exercise. It creates a new public order that protects the child at the European scale. Its primacy establishes itself more and more clearly. However, some conflicts between the highest interest and other concerted interests and principles suddenly appear. Ultimately, the unit and autonomy of the child's highest interest, which is from now on a law notion, should base an effective protection of the child in Europe.

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The thesis is a comprehensive elaboration of the issue of surrogacy with an international element, ie cases where the surrogate mother falls under a different jurisdiction as the intended parents or cases where surrogacy takes place in a country other than the home country of the intended parents. The introductory part deals with the principles on which the Czech legal system is based and the situation in which surrogacy is thus established. The legal regulation is discussed, including the evaluation of the principle that the mother is always certain and the only § 804 of the Civil Code, which mentions surrogacy. The principle by which the acquisition of legal parenthood to a child born through surrogacy is acquired is described. Attention is paid to problematic situations to which surrogacy can lead, especially the issue of enforceability of a surrogate contract, determination and denial of motherhood, criminal aspects, assisted reproduction and the child's right to know his or her origin. The next part describes the situation abroad, where the legislation differs from the legalization of surrogacy (including commercial surrogacy or surrogacy for gay couples) to an explicit ban, where surrogacy can fulfill the characteristics of a crime. The thesis also presents an explanation of the issue of...

Intercountry adoption Abstract The theme of this masters thesis is legal regulation of intercountry adoption. This area of law is current and very severe, because it results in permanent status change for number of people, when one of them is a child, for which it is necessary to provide special protection. Although intercountry adoption can be in certain cases the best solution for particular child, this type of child care brings many risks, for example intercountry abduction or child trafficking. Due to these reasons, it is necessary to correctly to set rules for realisation of intercountry adoption to minimalise these risks, follow the best interest of the child and at the same time to apply this type of child care in a subsidiary way, therefore in case there is not possible to find appropriate family for certain child in its state of origin. The goal of my masters thesis is complex introduction of legal matters of intercountry adoption. The thesis is divided into five chapters, which are further divided into subsections. The first chapter focuses on development of adoption in general, its development from roman law roots to its current regulation in the civil code. Next chapter aims to the historical development of the intercountry adoption and causes for its expansion. Further there are analysed...

6 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH The International Adoption has been introduced to the Czech law in a greater extent, in 2000, when the Czech Republic acceded to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of intercountry Adoptions (1993). The Czech Republic currently provides a relatively large number of children each year for intercountry adoption to another contracting state. Nonetheless, no complex scientific publication on intercountry adoption does not exist in the Czech Republic so far, as most of the authors of expert's articles, textbooks or commentaries continue to perceive the intercountry adoption only as a marginal complement to adoption on national basis. International adoption pursues the same objective as adoption on national, namely, to find suitable new parents for the child, always in accordance with the child's best interests. However, international adoption is much more complex, as cooperation between several administrative authorities in the Czech Republic is not sufficient to effectively protect the rights and interests of the adopted child, but it is necessary to ensure mutual cooperation between administrative authorities in two sovereign states. This thesis contains a brief explanation of the institute of intercountry adoption, and its legal regulation,...

Syftet med vår studie var att att se vilka diskurser som finns kring barnperspektivet bland socionomer verksamma inom barn- och ungdomsenheter. Genom att identifiera diskurser kring detta begrepp var även målet att kunna bidra med ny kunskap kring hur barnperspektivet kommer till utryck och tolkas av utredarna. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativa enkäter med öppna frågor. Enkäterna delades ut till socionomer verksamma inom barn- och ungdomsenheter i åtta kommuner i Sverige. Resultatet har sedan tagits fram med hjälp av diskursanalys. Den valda analysmetoden bygger på Laclau och Mouffes diskursteori. Vi har sedan vidare analyserat vårt resultat utifrån teorier om makt samt med hjälp av tidigare forskning. Vi har utifrån vårt material identifierat tre stycken nodalpunkter, kring vilka diskursen centreras. Detta har vi kunnat göra genom att vi samlat alla utsagor, brutit ner dessa och hittat gemensamma nämnare som i sin tur hjälpt oss att identifiera nodalpunkterna. De funna nodalpunkterna är barnet i fokus, barns perspektiv samt vuxnas ansvar för barns bästa. Nodalpunkterna visar tydligt på vad som anses vara viktigt och därmed hur utredarna talar kring barnperspektivet och dess innehåll. Vi har även sett att utredarna skiljer på begreppen barns bästa respektive barns vilja och att barns vilja ses som en del av barns bästa. De funna nodalpunkterna kan även säga något om både utredarnas syn samt arbete med barns bästa och barns vilja.