The word expropriation is used in South Africa to describe the process whereby a public authority or institution takes property from a private person for public purposes against payment of compensation. The current Act regulating expropriations in South Africa is known as the Expropriation Act 63 of 1975. However, it has three primary inconsistencies with the Constitution. Firstly it predates the Constitution - therefore, it does not infuse the values of equality, human dignity and the achievement of freedom. Secondly it is not consistent with comparable modem statutes elsewhere in the world. The last issue is that this Act is inconsistent with the Constitution in the sense that the Act only provides for expropriation for public purposes and the Constitution provides for expropriation in the public interest as well as for a public purpose. For these reasons it is crucial to establish a new legislative framework. In an attempt to rectify the above difficulties, an expropriation policy and a draft Bill were introduced. The primary purpose of the Bill is to harmonise the considerable amount of legislation in South Africa on the subject of expropriation, and to fill the gaps of the current Act. However, the new proposed Bill was referred back to cabinet as it had various difficulties. According to newspaper commentators, one of these reasons was that market value would not be used when determining the amount of compensation. This is not true, as market value is one of the listed factors in section 25(3) of the Constitution, and it is provided for in the Bill. Another reason was that the role of the courts will also be restricted in the new Bill. Parties will no longer be able to refer disputes concerning the amount of compensation to court. Once again this is not true, the courts role is only restricted in the sense that it would no be able to determine the amount of compensation as provided for in the Constitution, but will only be allowed to approve or decline the amount the Minister determined. This is one of the aspects that may be debatable constitutionally. After an in-depth study of the proposed Bill, the author came to the conclusion that there are actually only three aspects that might be unconstitutional namely; the definition of public interest which is to be included that widens the capacity to expropriate; departure from the notice procedure; and the fact that the courts may no longer determine the amount of compensation, but only approve or decline. Expropriation is one of the most important tools to speed up land reform in South Africa, and it is, therefore, of the utmost importance that the procedure must take place in a fair, equitable and constitutional manner. The purpose of this study will be to identify the aspects which result in expropriations that is not done on this basis, to scrutinize them and to make recommendations to these aspects. / Thesis (LL.M. (Law)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The word expropriation is used in South Africa to describe the process whereby a public authority or institution takes property from a private person for public purposes against payment of compensation. The current Act regulating expropriations in South Africa is known as the Expropriation Act 63 of 1975. However, it has three primary inconsistencies with the Constitution. Firstly it predates the Constitution - therefore, it does not infuse the values of equality, human dignity and the achievement of freedom. Secondly it is not consistent with comparable modem statutes elsewhere in the world. The last issue is that this Act is inconsistent with the Constitution in the sense that the Act only provides for expropriation for public purposes and the Constitution provides for expropriation in the public interest as well as for a public purpose. For these reasons it is crucial to establish a new legislative framework. In an attempt to rectify the above difficulties, an expropriation policy and a draft Bill were introduced. The primary purpose of the Bill is to harmonise the considerable amount of legislation in South Africa on the subject of expropriation, and to fill the gaps of the current Act. However, the new proposed Bill was referred back to cabinet as it had various difficulties. According to newspaper commentators, one of these reasons was that market value would not be used when determining the amount of compensation. This is not true, as market value is one of the listed factors in section 25(3) of the Constitution, and it is provided for in the Bill. Another reason was that the role of the courts will also be restricted in the new Bill. Parties will no longer be able to refer disputes concerning the amount of compensation to court. Once again this is not true, the courts role is only restricted in the sense that it would no be able to determine the amount of compensation as provided for in the Constitution, but will only be allowed to approve or decline the amount the Minister determined. This is one of the aspects that may be debatable constitutionally. After an in-depth study of the proposed Bill, the author came to the conclusion that there are actually only three aspects that might be unconstitutional namely; the definition of public interest which is to be included that widens the capacity to expropriate; departure from the notice procedure; and the fact that the courts may no longer determine the amount of compensation, but only approve or decline. Expropriation is one of the most important tools to speed up land reform in South Africa, and it is, therefore, of the utmost importance that the procedure must take place in a fair, equitable and constitutional manner. The purpose of this study will be to identify the aspects which result in expropriations that is not done on this basis, to scrutinize them and to make recommendations to these aspects. / Thesis (LL.M. (Law)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

For a 25-year period during the apartheid era in South Africa, all school-leaving white men were issued with a compulsory call-up to national military service in the South African Defence Force. It is estimated that 600 000 men were conscripted between 1968 and 1993, undergoing military training and being deployed in Namibia, Angola and South Africa. The purpose of this system of military conscription was to support both the apartheid state’s role in the “Border War” in Namibia and Angola and the suppression of anti-apartheid resistance within South Africa. It formed part of the National Party’s strategy of a “total response” to what it perceived as the “total onslaught” of communism and African nationalism. While recruiting and training young white men was the focus of the apartheid government’s strategy, all of white South African society was caught up in supporting, contesting, avoiding and resisting this system in one way or another. Rather than being a purely military endeavour, conscription into the SADF therefore comprised a social and political system with wide-ranging ramifications. The 1994 democratic elections in South Africa heralded the advent of a very different political, social and economic system to what had gone before. The focus of this research is SADF conscripts’ narrations of identity in the contested narrative terrain of post-apartheid South Africa. The thesis begins with a contextual framing of the historical, social and political systems of which conscription was a part. Drawing on narrative psychology as a theoretical framework, the thesis explores discursive resources of whiteness, masculinities and perceptions of threat in conscripts’ narrations of identity, the construction of memory fields in narrating memories of war and possible trauma, and the notions of moral injury and moral repair in dealing with legacies of war. Using a narrative discursive approach, the thesis then reflects on historical temporal threads, and narrative patterns that emerge when analysing a range of texts about the psychosocial legacies of conscription, including interviews, research, memoirs, plays, media reports, video documentaries, blogs and photographic exhibitions. Throughout the thesis, conscripts’ and others’ accounts of conscription and its legacies are regarded as cultural texts. This serves as a means to highlight both contextual narrative negotiations and the narrative-discursive patterns of conscripts’ personal accounts of their identities in the post-apartheid narrative terrain. The original contribution of this research is the development of conceptual and theoretical framings of the post-apartheid legacies of conscription. Key to this has been the use of narrative-based approaches to highlight the narrative-discursive patterns, memory fields and negotiations of narrative terrains at work in texts that focus on various aspects of conscription and its ongoing aftereffects. The concept of temporal threads has been developed to account for the emergence and shifts in these patterns over time. Existing narrative-discursive theory has formed the basis for conscripts’ negotiations of identity being identified as acts of narrative reinforcement and narrative repair. The thesis concludes with reflections on the future possibilities for articulating and supporting narrative repair that enables a shift away from historical discursive laagers and a reconfiguration of the narrative terrain within which conscripts narrate their identities. / Also known as: Edlmann, Theresa

The work aims to analyze the new leasing standard which is supposed to be adopted by IFRS as well as US GAAP. The new standard represents one of the steps in the process of harmonization and convergence between two predominant world accounting standards, which has been in progress since the year 2002. The work provides readers with the comparison of these two leasing standards, resulted from which the need of common lease standard arose. This led to the first exposure draft of convergence standard issue, and finally the re-exposure draft issue. Because the new accounting standard is still in progress, I provide the analysis of the process as at the end of August.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The optimal design of a heat exchanger for a specified heat transfer, pressure drop and set of ambient conditions entails minimising space, weight, material usage and overall cost. However, the variables which influence the performance as well as the overall cost of a heat exchanger are not related in a simple way and it is not obvious which variables play the most important roles (Perry & Green, 1997:11-44). Air cooled heat exchangers (ACHEs) are normally designed in three stages, by different experts in the field, and with the aid of specially designed software. This project combines these thermal, mechanical and cost estimation processes into a MS Excel model which makes it easier to see the influence that design parameters have on the overall cost of the heat exchanger. A thermal model was created to design an API 661 (2006) ACHE. The results from this model compared well with those of HTRI Xchanger Suite 6.0 software, with HTRI being more conservative in its design mode. A mechanical design model was then developed, which uses as inputs the outputs of the thermal design. The output from this mechanical design model is the minimum material thicknesses based on the stress criteria of Appendix 13 of ASME VIII div 1 (2007) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. An experiment on a finned tube bundle was performed in a wind tunnel facility to determine performance characteristics and compare these to existing correlations in literature. The results showed that both the heat transfer coefficient (h) and loss coefficient (Eu) correlations proposed by Ganguli et al. (1985) closely predict the measured data, and were consequently used in the thermal design model. During this experiment it was also shown that the tube bundle reached 8 % - 9 % of its allowable internal fouling factor, due to rust build up inside the tubes, and in a testing period of only nine days. The thermal and mechanical models were then combined with a cost estimation process to perform both a thermal and mechanical parametric study. The thermal study showed that to obtain an optimal solution, the design must attempt to maximise the length, increase the width rather than the number of bays, make use of two bundles per bay with fewer but larger fans and employ a large number of tube rows with the least number of tube passes. These guidelines were used to create an initial design; Excel Solver was then applied to locate the optimum combination of bundle length and width that result in the minimum heat exchanger cost. Two mechanical considerations were investigated, both requiring additional welding and thus increased welding cost. Firstly the use of stay plates result in reduced required plate thicknesses according to the stress criteria since it provides additional stiffness in the header box design. Secondly the use of more (but smaller) nozzles as opposed to less (but larger) nozzles was also considered. The mechanical parametric study showed no specific trends, but both considerations should still be checked as it can be cost beneficial in a specific design. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Optimale ontwerp van ’n warmteoordraer vir ’n gespesifiseerde warmteoordrag, drukval en stel van omgewingstoestande behels die minimalisering van ruimte, gewig, materiaalverbruik en algehele koste. Die veranderlikes wat egter die werkverrigting, sowel as die algehele koste, van ’n warmteoordraer beïnvloed, hou nie in ’n eenvoudige sin met mekaar verband nie, en dit is nie vanselfsprekend watter veranderlikes die belangrikste rolle speel nie (Perry & Green, 1997:11-44). Lugverkoelde warmteoordraers (air-cooled heat exchangers of ACHEs) word normaalweg in drie fases ontwerp deur verskillende kundiges in die veld en met behulp van spesiaal ontwerpte programmatuur. Hierdie studie kombineer dié termiese, meganiese en kosteberamingsprosesse in ’n MS Excel-model, wat dit makliker maak om van te stel wat die invloed wat ontwerpparameters op die algehele koste van die hitteruiler is. ’n Termiese model is geskep om ’n “API 661 (2006) ACHE” te ontwerp. Die resultate van hierdie model het goed vergelyk met dié van die HTRI Xchanger Suite 6.0-program, met HTRI meer konserwatiew in die ontwerp af. Na die termiese model geskep is, is ’n meganieseontwerp-model ontwikkel, wat as insette die uitsette van die termiese ontwerp gebruik het. Die uitset van hierdie meganieseontwerp-model is die minimum materiaaldikte gebaseer op die spanningskriteria van Bylae 13 van “ASME VIII div 1 (2007) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.” Daar is ’n eksperiment op ’n vinbuisbundel in ’n windtonnelfasiliteit uitgevoer om werkverrigtingskarakteristieke te bepaal en dit met bestaande korrelasies in die literatuur te vergelyk. Die resultate het getoon dat sowel die warmteoordragskoëffisiënt (h) en die verlieskoeffisient (Eu) korrelasies, voorgestel deur Ganguli et al. (1985), die data wat gemeet is akkuraat voorspel, en gevolglik is die korrelasies in die termieseontwerp-model gebruik. Gedurende die eksperiment is ook getoon dat die buisbundel 8 % - 9 % van sy toelaatbare interne-aanpakkingfaktor bereik het vanweë roesopbou binne-in die buise, en dit in ’n toetsingtydperk van slegs nege dae. Die termiese en meganiese modelle was toe gekombineer met ’n kosteberamingsproses om ’n termiese sowel as ’n meganiese parametriese studie uit te voer. Die termiese studie het getoon dat, om ’n optimale oplossing te verkry, die ontwerp moet poog om die lengte te maksimeer; die wydte eerder as die aantal strate (bays) te vermeerder; van twee bundels per straat gebruik te maak met minder, maar groter waaiers; en ’n groot aantal buisrye met die kleinste hoeveelheid buisdeurvloeiweë in te span. Hierdie riglyne is gebruik in ’n aanvanklike ontwerp, waarna die Excel Solver gebruik is om die optimale kombinasie van bundellengte en –wydte vas te stel met die oog op die laagste moontlike warmteoordraerkoste. Twee meganiese oorwegings is ondersoek wat albei addisionele sweiswerk sou vereis en dus tot verhoogde sweiskoste sou lei. Eerstens lei die gebruik van ankerplate (stay plates) tot ’n vermindering in die vereiste plaatdiktes volgens die spanningskriteria, aangesien dit addisionele stewigheid in die spruitstukhouerontwerp bied. Tweedens is die gebruik van meer (maar kleiner) spuitstukke teenoor minder (maar groter) spuitstukke ook oorweeg. Die meganiese parametriese studie het geen spesifieke voorkeurneigings getoon nie, maar altwee oorgewings moet nog getoets word want dit kan koste voordelig word in 'n spesifieke ontwerp.

This thesis assesses three United States Supreme Court opinions, engaging in an inductive approach to generic criticism, in an attempt to discover whether or not there are similarities and/or differences in these decisions. This study focuses on draft card, flag, and cross burning cases argued before the Court in order to discover the potential genre's characteristics.

I have chosen this topic, because I am interested in building and related issues. Another reason for the selection of the work is that the construction industry is very promising, dynamic and lucrative field. The thesis is devided into five chapters with appendix. The work begins with a historical introduction to construction law and its major developmental milestones in the Czech Republic. The sources of public constructional law are discussed in detail in the following passage of the first chapter. Basic terms of construction law, relevant to the processing of the dissertation are defined in chapter 2. The issue of public administration that is related to the construction is described in chapter 3. Realization modes are described in chapter 4. First is called "free" mode, which is used in case of less technologically challenging projects and a minimum of intervening in the public and private interests (chapter 4.1). Second is the reporting regime and institute planning information given in section 4.2. And third, I consider the most important an authorization regime. In the authorization regime are carried out all constructions, if is not established that the reporting regime is sufficient or "free". To alternatives of authorization regime are dedicated separate subchapters. Public contracts (4....

Lorsqu’un professeur de français incite un élève à produire un brouillon, il cherche en premier lieu à agir sur le comportement du scripteur par la production d’un écrit le menant à opérer une révision de son texte. C’est donc avant tout une action qui est attendue : celle d’un retour sur les écrits se matérialisant sous le trait de ratures. La mise en œuvre d’un brouillon ne s’arrête pas là. Elle touche tout autant les attitudes par une confrontation à un texte qui ne se présente pas sous la forme d’un écrit définitif ou d’une dictée provenant des sources mêmes de l’inspiration, mais comme un travail, une élaboration. Cette étude, à travers la théorie de l’engagement, tente d’approcher les conséquences comportementales et cognitives de la réalisation de brouillons. Pour ce faire, sont analysés via le type de ratures, les brouillons de 253 scripteurs appartenant aux classes de sixième et de troisième. En parallèle, un questionnaire renseigne quant à la manifestation d’effets cognitifs. Les résultats présentent la situation d’engagement, les aspects problématiques soulevés par la rédaction et le brouillon ainsi que les caractéristiques des effets comportementaux et cognitifs en fonction de l’expertise du scripteur. / When a professor of french encourages a student to produce a draft, at first, he looks for to act on the writer’s behavior by producing a writing which leads him to carry out a revision of its text. It is then an action that is expected : the one of a review of the writings which materializes under the stroke of erasures. The purpose of a draft don’t stops here. It concerns as much the writer’s attitudes by facing a text that is not in form of a final writing or a dictation deriving from inspiration’s sources but as a work, as an elaboration. This study, through the commitment theory attempts to cover the behavioral and cognitive consequences linked to the completion of a draft. For that purpose, the analysis based on the kind of the erasures covers the drafts of 253 writers pertaining to the 6th and 3rd classes. Besides, a questionnaire gives information about the appearance of cognitive effects. The results either show the commitment situation, the problematic aspects raised by the redaction and the draft or the behavioral and cognitive effects characteristics depending on the writer’s expertise.

As curvas de nível são extremamente úteis na solução dos problemas da engenharia e algumas áreas de aplicação são: topografia, exploração de minérios e petróleo, estudo de campos magnéticos, metrologia e outros. Tem-se recorrido ao auxílio do computador para desenhar automaticamente esse tipo de mapas e são muitos os programas desenvolvidos com essa finalidade. Escolhemos como ponto de partida de nosso estudo um método, de comprovadas qualidades, desenvolvido por Hiroshi Akima: \"A Method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points\". A nossa contribuição a esse trabalho consiste na redução do tempo de computação, na melhoria da qualidade do desenho e na adaptação do sistema para uso em microcomputadores, com a consequente redução do custo da produção de mapas.Com o programa de Akima não fornece rotinas de desenho, nós implementamos uma com esse propósito e esta é uma outra contribuição desta tese. / Contour maps are extremely useful in the solution of engineering problems and some areas of applications are: survey, minerals and petroleum exploration, study of magnetic fields , metereology and others. The computer has been used for drawing automatically such maps and there are already several programs developed with this purpose. We have selected as starting point of our study, a method with proved qualities, developed by Hiroshi Akima, entitled: \"A method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points\". Our contribution to the work of Akima consists in reducing the computing time, improving the visual aspect of the map and in adapting the system to the use in microcomputers, with the consequent reduction of the cost of map\'s production. Since Akima\'s program does not provide any routine for drawing maps, we further implement one for such purpose and this is another contribution of this thesis.

O presente trabalho estuda a proposta de criação de um Fundo de Garantia das Execuções Trabalhistas no Brasil. Partindo de considerações acerca da efetividade processual e da crise da execução trabalhista, estudamos os Projetos de Lei regulamentadora do artigo 3º da Emenda Constitucional n. 45 de 2004. Para tanto, analisamos as instituições de garantia de créditos trabalhistas no Direito Internacional e no Direito Comunitário (União Europeia), sobretudo o Fondo de Garantía Salarial, instituição de garantia de créditos trabalhistas existente na Espanha que inspirou a disposição constitucional derivada. A seguir, foram analisados o Projeto de Lei n. 4.597-A, de 2004, o Projeto de Lei n. 6.541, de 2006, e o Projeto de Lei do Senado n. 246, de 2005. Finalmente, foram feitas considerações sobre a regulamentação do Fundo de Garantia das Execuções Trabalhistas no Brasil. / This dissertation studies the proposal to establish a Guarantee Fund for Labor Enforcement Proceedings in Brazil. Based on considerations about the effectiveness of proceedings and the labor enforcement proceedings crisis, we studied the bill drafts to regulate the Article 3 of the Constitutional Amendment 45/2004. To this end, we analyze the labor credit guarantee institutions in International Law and in Community Law (EU), especially the Fondo de Garantía Salarial, a labor credit guarantee institution existing in Spain that inspired the Constitutional Amendment. Next, we analyzed the Bill Draft 4.597-A/2004, the Bill Draft 6.541/2006, and the Senate Bill Draft 246/2005. Finally, we present our considerations on the regulation of the Guarantee Fund for Labor Enforcement Proceedings.