The climate issue has become more relevant in the last decade with international alarm reports being exposed in various media. Today's social discussions are characterized by this complex subject, and our way of life affects the climate both for us and for future generations. Therefore, it is important that our children are given the opportunity to make decisions concerning the climate. The school has an important role in conveying knowledge and answer the primary school students' conceptions of climate change and its causes. The purpose of this literature study is to present primary school students' conceptions towards causes, concequenses and actions regarding the on going climate change, and their information sources, according to current research. Findings from this study may be useful for teachers so that they could be able to meet common misconceptions among the students. The material we have reviewed consists of 14 scientific studies from different parts of the world, to get a broad picture of what conceptions students can have about climate change. The results show that students have good knowledge of certain aspects of the climate issue, for example, that carbon dioxide emissions are a contributing factor to the increasing greenhouse effect and global warming, but at the same time there are many misconceptions about what the greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change entails. The students showed many conceptions about how we can reduce the on going climate change, but the willingness to implement these actions was low if they had to change their way of life.

Traçar o perfil de uma determinada área de pesquisa é uma tarefa subjetiva que precisa ser devidamente orientada para apresentar resultados práticos e úteis para a tomada de decisões. A abordagem qualitativa de análise de textos é recente nas Ciências Agrárias e permite investigar a evolução dos estudos de interesse. A produção de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) é um fenômeno importante e vem ganhando destaque mundial. Pesquisadores de diversas comunidades científicas desenvolvem técnicas para quantificar a emissão de gases, motivados por diferentes questões sociais, políticas e ambientais. No Brasil, a pecuária bovina exerce pressão quanto à necessidade de conhecer as emissões e quantificá-las, pois a atividade é considerada uma fonte significativa de GEE, o que pode ser prejudicial aos exportadores brasileiros. A população mundial exige produtos de qualidade e eticamente viáveis, do ponto de vista do bem estar animal e da sustentabilidade do meio ambiente e isto será o que motivará o consumo consciente e sustentável. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar as estratégias de quantificação dos GEE produzidos in situ, por meio de técnicas de mensurações de gases e outras metodologias que acusam o uso da terra pela pecuária bovina. Realizaram-se buscas exaustivas nas bases de dados Google Scholar, Portal Capes, Biblioteca Brasileira Digital de Teses e Dissertações, ISI web of Science e CAB abstracts, no período de publicação de 2000 a 2010 para a recuperação de textos nacionais e de 2005 a 2010 para textos de referência internacional. Após os testes para a estratégia de busca e leitura dos textos, foram selecionados 79 estudos, 27 nacionais e 52 internacionais. Os temas revisados mostraram objetos de estudo como a mudança e uso da terra, emissão de gases por pastagem e dejetos de animais, emissão por fermentação entérica e análise de emissões gerais em escala micrometeorológica. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas nacionais analisadas, exceto estudos sobre mudança e uso da terra, ainda apresentam aspectos exploratórios sobre seus temas, mostrando estudos de casos com o auxílio de técnicas conhecidas e questionamentos direcionados aos processos de mitigação. / To trace a profile of a particular area is a subjective task that needs to be properly oriented to show practical and useful results for decisions. The qualitative approach of papers analysis is recent in Agricultural Sciences and it is is a way to know about the evolution of interest theme. The production of greenhouse gases (GHG) is an important phenomenon and has gained prominence in the world. Researchers from various scientific communities develop techniques to quantify the emissions, motivated by social, political and environmental questions. In Brazil, the livestock industry press about the need to know emissions and quantify it, because the activity is considered a significant source of greenhouse gases, which can be harmful to Brazilian exporters. The world population requires quality and ethically viable products, from the viewpoint of animal welfare and environmental sustainability, this is what will motivate the awareness and sustainable consumer. The aim of this study was to identify strategies for GHG quantification in situ, through measuring gases techniques and other methodologies that accuse the land use for cattle livestock. Exhaustive searches in the databases: Google Scholar, Portal Capes, Biblioteca Brasileira Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), ISI Web of Science and CAB abstracts, looking for national publication from 2000 to 2010 and from 2005 to 2010 to international publications were made. After testing for the search strategy and reading the texts, 79 studies were selected, 27 national and 52 international. The topics reviewed showed the objects of study: land use changes, greenhouse gas emissions by grazing and animal waste, emission by enteric fermentation and analysis of overall emissions in micrometeorological scale. It was concluded that national research analyzed, with the exception of studies on land use change, still present exploratory aspects of their topics, showing case studies with the aid of known techniques and questions directed to the mitigation processes.

A questão ambiental é hoje parte de nosso cotidiano. No entanto, mesmo quando a Educação Ambiental está presente no espaço escolar, ela é, na maioria das vezes, tratada de forma dissociada do conhecimento físico, químico ou biológico. A Física, por outro lado, pouco se ocupa dos aspectos ambientais. O objetivo desse trabalho é investigar de que maneira a Física pode contribuir para a Educação Ambiental, dentro de uma perspectiva formativa. O ponto de partida é um levantamento dos temas que vão nessa direção, analisando materiais de divulgação científica, e passando-se, em seguida, a focar um tema específico, o Efeito Estufa. Foi analisada a forma como esse tema é tratado no material de divulgação, tomando como referência o conhecimento científico atual. Foram também levantadas as representações de jovens no final da escolaridade média e alunos no início do Curso de Licenciatura em Física sobre esse tema, constatando-se a ausência de uma visão sistêmica, sendo que prevalecem aspectos fragmentados, relacionados ao tipo de informação presente, em geral, na mídia. Por outro lado, as representações de meio ambiente que predominam em jovens do Ensino Médio são versões \"ambientalistas\", em que a natureza transformadora da presença humana está pouco presente. Esses resultados permitem sinalizar alguns parâmetros relevantes para a contribuição da Física, seja na discussão conceitual e causal dos fenômenos, indispensável a um posicionamento crítico, seja na explicitação dos aspectos relevantes da intervenção humana sobre o ambiente ou, ainda, na explicitação do caráter aberto e polêmico de um conhecimento científico ainda em construção. / Environmental question is today a part of our daily one. However, even when environmental education is present at scholar space, in most cases, it is treated as disconnected from the physical, chemical or biological knowledge. On the other hand, Physics matters little about environmental aspects. The objective of this work is to investigate how Physics can contribute for environmental education, from the formative standpoint. Starting point is a survey of the subjects that go along these lines, analyzing material of scientific spreading and, after that, center the interest in a specific subject, the greenhouse effect. It was analyzed as this subject is treated in the spreading material, taking as reference the current scientific knowledge. Also the representations of young people in the end of high school and pupils in the beginning of the teacher\'s formation course in Physics on this subject, it had been raised evidencing the absence of a sistem vision, prevailing the broken up aspects, related to the type of present information, in general, in the media. On the other hand, the representations of environmental that predominate in young people in the end of high school \'environmental\' versions, where the transforming nature of the presence human being is little present. These results allow to signal some excellent parameters for the contribution of Physics, either in the conceptual and causal discussion of phenomena, indispensable to a critical positioning, either in the elucidation of the excellent aspects of the intervention human being on the environmental or, still, in the elucidation of the open and controversial character of a scientific knowledge still in construction.

Traçar o perfil de uma determinada área de pesquisa é uma tarefa subjetiva que precisa ser devidamente orientada para apresentar resultados práticos e úteis para a tomada de decisões. A abordagem qualitativa de análise de textos é recente nas Ciências Agrárias e permite investigar a evolução dos estudos de interesse. A produção de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) é um fenômeno importante e vem ganhando destaque mundial. Pesquisadores de diversas comunidades científicas desenvolvem técnicas para quantificar a emissão de gases, motivados por diferentes questões sociais, políticas e ambientais. No Brasil, a pecuária bovina exerce pressão quanto à necessidade de conhecer as emissões e quantificá-las, pois a atividade é considerada uma fonte significativa de GEE, o que pode ser prejudicial aos exportadores brasileiros. A população mundial exige produtos de qualidade e eticamente viáveis, do ponto de vista do bem estar animal e da sustentabilidade do meio ambiente e isto será o que motivará o consumo consciente e sustentável. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar as estratégias de quantificação dos GEE produzidos in situ, por meio de técnicas de mensurações de gases e outras metodologias que acusam o uso da terra pela pecuária bovina. Realizaram-se buscas exaustivas nas bases de dados Google Scholar, Portal Capes, Biblioteca Brasileira Digital de Teses e Dissertações, ISI web of Science e CAB abstracts, no período de publicação de 2000 a 2010 para a recuperação de textos nacionais e de 2005 a 2010 para textos de referência internacional. Após os testes para a estratégia de busca e leitura dos textos, foram selecionados 79 estudos, 27 nacionais e 52 internacionais. Os temas revisados mostraram objetos de estudo como a mudança e uso da terra, emissão de gases por pastagem e dejetos de animais, emissão por fermentação entérica e análise de emissões gerais em escala micrometeorológica. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas nacionais analisadas, exceto estudos sobre mudança e uso da terra, ainda apresentam aspectos exploratórios sobre seus temas, mostrando estudos de casos com o auxílio de técnicas conhecidas e questionamentos direcionados aos processos de mitigação. / To trace a profile of a particular area is a subjective task that needs to be properly oriented to show practical and useful results for decisions. The qualitative approach of papers analysis is recent in Agricultural Sciences and it is is a way to know about the evolution of interest theme. The production of greenhouse gases (GHG) is an important phenomenon and has gained prominence in the world. Researchers from various scientific communities develop techniques to quantify the emissions, motivated by social, political and environmental questions. In Brazil, the livestock industry press about the need to know emissions and quantify it, because the activity is considered a significant source of greenhouse gases, which can be harmful to Brazilian exporters. The world population requires quality and ethically viable products, from the viewpoint of animal welfare and environmental sustainability, this is what will motivate the awareness and sustainable consumer. The aim of this study was to identify strategies for GHG quantification in situ, through measuring gases techniques and other methodologies that accuse the land use for cattle livestock. Exhaustive searches in the databases: Google Scholar, Portal Capes, Biblioteca Brasileira Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), ISI Web of Science and CAB abstracts, looking for national publication from 2000 to 2010 and from 2005 to 2010 to international publications were made. After testing for the search strategy and reading the texts, 79 studies were selected, 27 national and 52 international. The topics reviewed showed the objects of study: land use changes, greenhouse gas emissions by grazing and animal waste, emission by enteric fermentation and analysis of overall emissions in micrometeorological scale. It was concluded that national research analyzed, with the exception of studies on land use change, still present exploratory aspects of their topics, showing case studies with the aid of known techniques and questions directed to the mitigation processes.

This portfolio documents the development and application of a new conceptual framework for the effective implementation of Global Education knowledge, perspectives, values and citizenship in the New South Wales Geography curricula for Years 7-8 (Stage 4), Years 9-10 (Stage 5), and Years 11-12 (Stage 6) (Board of Studies, 1998; 1999; 2003), related teaching and learning resources, and pre-service and in-service courses for teachers. The New South Wales Secondary Global Education Project, funded by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), is managed by the researcher for the Geography Teachers’ Association of New South Wales. The researcher, as manager, was required to publish refereed papers and teaching and learning resources. As such, this portfolio represents a synergistic bringing together of scholarly academic work and professional practice. / Doctor of Education (Ed. D.)

The venting of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere at increasing rates is probably influencing global warming and climate change. The Tangguh LNG development project in Papua, Indonesia will produce significant volumes of CO₂, which might be vented into the atmosphere. The LNG process will necessitate the separation of CO₂, estimated at 2.4 trillion cubic feet (TCF sc), from the natural gas reserves prior to liquefaction and shipping. This study screens and assesses the possible alternatives to atmospheric venting, and recommends subsurface CO₂ injection and sequestration/storage in saline aquifers. The study identifies specific subsurface locations for several Environmentally-Sustainable Sites for CO₂ Injection (ESSCI) in Bintuni Basin, where the Tangguh production fields are located. Alternatives to atmospheric venting of the estimated CO₂ volume at Tangguh include both non-geologic and geologic disposal options. Non-geologic options such as biosphere sinks (enhanced forest or agricultural growth), deep-ocean sinks (subsea dispersal), and direct commercial usage (e.g. use in beverage or fertilizer production, fire-retardant manufacturing) are impractical and of questionable impact in remote Papua, Indonesia. Several subsurface geological disposal options were investigated, but the most viable geologic disposal option for Tangguh CO₂ is injection into the downdip aquifer leg of the Roabiba Sandstone Formation hydrocarbon reservoir. Injected CO₂, at supercritical phase, is expected to migrate updip into the sealed structural traps at Vorwata or Wiriagar Deep, as the natural gas reserves are produced. A probabilistic ranking of data quality and quantity for five potential ESSCI reservoirs determined that the Middle Jurassic Roabiba Sandstone Formation has the highest likelihood of viable ESSCI sequestration/storage. A probabilistic ranking of data quality and quantity for eight ESSCI structural traps within the western flank of Bintuni Basin, determined that Vorwata, followed by Wiriagar Deep, are the most viable ESSCI structural traps at the Middle Jurassic reservoir level. Five potential ESSCI seals were evaluated and it was determined the best seal potential occurs in the Pre-Ayot Shales, directly overlying the Middle Jurassic reservoir at Vorwata. This unit is capable of holding a 3300 to 4660 foot (1006 to 1420 meter) CO₂_column. Seal integrity of the Pre-Ayot is very good because it is a relatively homogeneous deep-water shale that is composed primarily of ductile illite and kaolinite clays with a minor quartz and feldspar content. Sequence stratigraphy analysis suggests that the zone extends over the entire Vorwata three-way dip closure, with thickness between 17 feet (5 m) and 233 (71 m) feet. The maximum effective storage capacity of the Middle Jurassic reservoirs for each structure was calculated, taking into account irreducible water, trapped water, and trapped residual gas pore volumes. The Vorwata structure is capable of storing 19.3 TCFsc supercritical CO₂ at reservoir temperature and pressure. The Wiriagar Deep structure has potential storage capacity of 3.5 TCFsc, and Ubadari 2.8 TCFsc, at their respective reservoir temperatures and pressures. A ‘Rating Product Ranking’ was developed to quantify the results of the quality and quantity of four factors: Reservoir Data, Structure Data, Seal Data, and Storage Ratio. Each structure, and the respective top and lateral seal overlying the Middle Jurassic reservoirs, was evaluated. The net result was that Vorwata rated a 0.88 on a scale of zero to one, where 1.0 represents 100% confidence in ESSCI potential. Ubadari and Wiriagar Deep scored, respectively, 0.52 and a 0.45. Finally, the structures were evaluated for relative proximity to the proposed CO₂_source (i.e. the LNG plant location). With a weighted distance factor calculated with the Rating product for each potential injection site, Vorwata rated 0.88 on a scale of zero to one, Wiriagar scored 0.24, and Ubadari scored only 0.09. The Middle Jurassic ‘Roabiba Sandstone Formation reservoir’ at the Vorwata structure has the greatest potential as an ESSCI storage site. The Middle Jurassic ‘Aalenian Sandstone Formation reservoir’ at the Wiriagar Deep is the second-best potential ESSCI storage site. The subsurface ESSCI injection location proposed for the ‘Roabiba Sandstone Formation’ aquifer, 10 km southeast and down-dip from the known gas-water contact (GWC), is on the southeast Vorwata plunging anticlinal nose. An alternate potential ESSCI injection location proposed for the ‘Roabiba Sandstone Formation’ aquifer is 6 km south of and down-dip from the known gaswater contact (GWC) on Vorwata structure southern flank. A key issue was to determine the possible risk of fault re-activation from CO₂_ injection. NE-SW striking vertical faults have the highest risk of re-activation requiring an increase of over ~1460 psi (103 kg/cc) over hydrostatic at 14,000 ft TVDss (4267 m), for slippage to occur. The closest fault with a high risk of re- activation is 5 km northwest of the recommended ESSCI site location. Supercritical CO₂_ pressure is not expected to exceed the estimated pressure determined to cause fault re-activation. A 3D geological model of the Mesozoic interval was constructed over a large area of western Bintuni Basin. The model was constructed so as to preserve as much geological heterogeneity as possible yet still have a manageable number of active cells. Faults were incorporated into the model as strike-slip vertical fault surfaces (or indexed fault polygons) as a separate attribute. The geo-cellular model was built suitable for importation into a reservoir simulator (VIP), and a 25-year simulation run for natural gas production from the Vorwata Middle Jurassic reservoir, with concurrent CO₂ injection downdip into the Vorwata Middle Jurassic aquifer at the primary recommended ESSCI site location. The simulation verified the recommended location with the CO₂ slowly migrating into the Vorwata structural trap within the Middle Jurassic reservoir, and not compromising the hydrocarbon reserves or production. It is recommended that additional data be acquired such as conventional core, formation water samples, and specific logs such as dipole-sonic, multi-chambered dynamic formation testers (MDT), and mechanical rotary sidewall coring tools (MSCT). Lastly, several CO₂ monitoring methods and techniques are recommended for Tangguh to monitor CO₂ migration, pressures, and potential leakages. One such method is a vertical monitoring well at the recommended injection site. Other monitoring techniques include smart well completions, detection monitors at production wells with tracers injected prior to CO₂ injection. In addition, crosswell seismic surveys, electromagnetic methods, and electrical-resistance tomography techniques are suggested during the injection phase. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1174414 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2005

This doctoral dissertation presents evidence based research into climate change policy. The research technique of political economy is used to investigate policy development. A major change in the Anglo-American growth paradigm from unconstrained to constrained growth is identified. The implications of this change for climate change policy are identified. The political economy of climate change policies is expressed in a new Spatial Climate Economic Policy Tool for Regional Equilibria (Sceptre). This is an innovative bechmarking approach to computable general equilibrium (CGE) that provides a spatial analysis of geopolitical blocs and industry groupings within these blocs. It includes international markets for carbon commodities and geophysical climate effects. It is shown that climate constrained growth raises local policy issues in managing technology diffusion and dysfunctional resource expansive specialisations exacerbated by the creation of global carbon markets.

This doctoral dissertation presents evidence based research into climate change policy. The research technique of political economy is used to investigate policy development. A major change in the Anglo-American growth paradigm from unconstrained to constrained growth is identified. The implications of this change for climate change policy are identified. The political economy of climate change policies is expressed in a new Spatial Climate Economic Policy Tool for Regional Equilibria (Sceptre). This is an innovative bechmarking approach to computable general equilibrium (CGE) that provides a spatial analysis of geopolitical blocs and industry groupings within these blocs. It includes international markets for carbon commodities and geophysical climate effects. It is shown that climate constrained growth raises local policy issues in managing technology diffusion and dysfunctional resource expansive specialisations exacerbated by the creation of global carbon markets.

<p>The aim of this study is to find out in which way the education about climate in school is taught and how the students experience the world situation today. There are various theories about the greenhouse effect and its origin and these theories should be addressed to ensure that students get a broader understanding of how climate change occurs. This includes the natural phenomena and also the human impact on climate change. Students in school are a source of concern that only human are the cause of global warming, and know little or almost nothing about the natural phenomena of global warming.  I will mention what has emphasized in the national steering documents in the case of environmental education at school.</p><p>I have used a qualitative method, where interviews and document analysis were used as techniques. The interviews took place with five students in ninth grade and with three science teachers in the same school.</p>

The aim of this study is to find out in which way the education about climate in school is taught and how the students experience the world situation today. There are various theories about the greenhouse effect and its origin and these theories should be addressed to ensure that students get a broader understanding of how climate change occurs. This includes the natural phenomena and also the human impact on climate change. Students in school are a source of concern that only human are the cause of global warming, and know little or almost nothing about the natural phenomena of global warming.  I will mention what has emphasized in the national steering documents in the case of environmental education at school. I have used a qualitative method, where interviews and document analysis were used as techniques. The interviews took place with five students in ninth grade and with three science teachers in the same school.