The first essay studies the long term trend of internal migration in the United States. Over the last forty years, there has only been a modest change in the overall interstate migration rate in the United States. However, different demographic groups have seen very different patterns of changes. The migration rate for families with two college graduate spouses dropped from 5.66% in 1965-1970 to 2.82% in 2000-2005. As for the families with college-graduate husband, it dropped from 4.05% to 2.15% during the same time frame. Interstate migration rates for other types of families or singles have seen little change. This paper extends Mincer’s family migration model into a search framework and directly estimates the effects of female labor force participation, spousal earnings ratio, correlation of earnings from job offers, and home ownership on the migration propensity by using the Current Population Survey (CPS) data in the period of 1982-2005. Endogeniety issues of these variables are appropriately addressed. According to the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis, we find that the increasing female labor force participation rate and earnings ratio of wife to husband are the primary determinants for the decline in the interstate migration rate of families with two college-graduate spouses and families with a college-graduate husband in the 1980s-1990s. The rising home ownership accounts for a large portion of the decrease in the migration rate of highly educated families, in the 1990s-2000s. The second essay studies the impact of changing youth cohort size on the unemployment rate. Although an increase in youth cohort size is often found to exert an upward pressure on the aggregate unemployment rate, it has been provided some empirical evidences and a theoretical model to the contrary. We find that the estimated elasticity of unemployment rate is quite sensitive in a fixed effect model, with the inclusion of year dummies, when there is a strong temporal correlation between the youth cohort size and the unemployment rate. Both the sign and magnitude of the estimates vary significantly when using data from different time periods. We propose an alternative way to control for the fixed effects and obtain consistent estimates across the time periods in the United States. Our results support the conventional wisdom of positive correlation between youth cohort size and aggregate unemployment rate. This positive effect of the youth cohort size is strongest for the youngest workers and gradually diminishes for older workers, which implies that the young and the prime age workers are not perfect substitutes to the employers.

This article looks at the effect of culture on female labor force participation. Proxies of culture used are Globe cultural social practice dimensions, and Hofstede cultural dimensions. This article finds that globe cultural dimensions have a stronger explantory value that Hofstede cultural dimensions. It confirms that gender eglaitarianism is a predictor of female labor force participation. It also suggests that assertiveness and uncertainty avoidance are also predictors of female labor force participation.

This paper looks at macro level data to measure the influence religion has played on female labor force participation (FLFP) rates between 1980 and 2005. It also attempts to find if this influence has changed over time. It then focuses specifically on African and post-communist nations as that is where some of the major religious changes have taken place in the last few decades. There is no clear pattern of an increasing or decreasing influence of religion on FLFP rates. Rather, different religions in different parts of the world affect FLFP in different ways. Finally, this paper looks specifically at Islamic and Catholic nations to see what variables have an effect on rising FLFP rates in those countries.

Female labor force participation rate in Turkey has been consistently lower than the participation rate in many of the similar developing countries. In addition to country specific factors that prevent increased participation of women, the Turkish economy has been passing through a liberalization program since 1980s which also affects the structure of female labor force in many aspects. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the patterns in the position of women in the labor force during 1988 -2008 in Turkey. The period under concern can be identified as one under which the country has largely completed its transformation within the structural reform programs. A major question that is investigated in this thesis is whether the female labor force has been affected differently than men during the period under concern. Employing structural decomposition and the factor content analyses, impacts of changing production patterns and foreign trade on female labor force are examined. Hence, the present study constitutes a basis for studies that aim to develop policy implications for increased female labor force participation in Turkey.

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Through quantitative and qualitative methods, this dissertation endeavors to explain why the rate of female labor force participation (FLFP) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is the lowest in the world. Using panel data models for fifty-four developing countries over thirty-five years, the first essay suggests that the most likely factor affecting the rate of FLFP negatively in MENA is the institution of patriarchy. Being part of MENA, which is characterized primarily by the institution of patriarchy, is associated with lower than average FLFP. Oil income appears to have a positive effect on FLFP for countries outside MENA but no effect for countries inside MENA. Moreover, Muslim countries outside MENA do not have lower than average FLFP, while Muslim countries in MENA do. Using ten proxies for patriarchy, the second essay quantifies patriarchy in order to compare MENA countries with the rest of the world. Using principle component analysis (PCA), the study measures patriarchy for fifty-nine developing countries over thirty years. The technique creates three main components for patriarchy, namely; the gender gap in education and demography, children’s survival rate, and participation in public spheres. The results show that MENA has the highest level of patriarchy with regard to women’s participation in public spheres, education and demography compared with non MENA countries. The region’s culture and religion seem to be associated with high levels of patriarchy in MENA. The third essay focuses on women’s unpaid work as well as women’s participation in the informal sector in MENA. The results point to a severe undercounting of women’s work. Since women are expected to provide care and produce goods and services for their family at home, women do not participate in the formal labor force in large numbers. Because of the patriarchal culture, patriarchal family laws and labor laws, many women including educated women have to choose to work in the informal sector in MENA. Since women’s unpaid work and their participation in the informal sector are not recorded in labor statistics, the MENA region appears to have a lower rate of FLFP than it does in reality.

My dissertation consists of three essays in which I document trends in earnings and income volatility, estimate potential causal mechanisms for changing volatility, and examine the long-term consequences of parental income volatility for children. In essay 2 I document trends in earnings and income volatility of individuals and families using matched data in the March Current Population survey from 1973 to 2009. Essay 3 advances the literature on volatility, using matched data from the CPS to identify demographic and labor market correlates of earnings volatility within education-birth year cohorts. This study collapses the cross-sectional CPS into a pseudo-panel and then estimates the association between earnings volatility and race, local economic activity, and industry, accounting for endogeneity and sample selection bias. In essay 4 I use data linked across generations in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate the relationship between exposure to volatile income during childhood and a set of socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. The empirical framework is an augmented intergenerational income mobility model that includes controls for income volatility. I find that family income volatility rose by 38 percent over the past four decades, likely driven both by rising volatility of earnings and non means-tested non-labor income. Rising family income volatility occurs across race, education, and family structure. From essay 3, I find that individuals with lower mean earnings have higher earnings volatility. Earnings volatility is also weakly related to race, decreases when young and then rises while workers are still within prime working years. Industry and local economic conditions are significantly related to the occurrence of earnings volatility after accounting for education, though these links differ between men and women. Finally, when examining the intergenerational consequences of volatility, a weak negative association occurs between family income instability during childhood and adult educational outcomes in essay 4.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martinsfilho_ff_me_assis.pdf: 481538 bytes, checksum: f97299ed278a3f429168558a89e02cde (MD5) / O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) de Araçatuba/SP, tendo por base dados quanti-qualitativos, documentos e informações disponíveis sobre o mesmo e o papel desempenhado pelas autoridades envolvidas nessa política pública. Ainda que indiretamente, também foi possível avaliar a realidade brasileira e as circunstâncias que fizeram parte do desenvolvimento da nação, possibilitando visualizar que crianças e adolescentes, recrutadas pelo sistema econômico, são vítimas evidentes de nossa excludente realidade. Por outro lado, tem-se uma amostra sobre como se comportam as autoridades responsáveis pela implementação das políticas públicas sociais - sejam elas as executoras ou as fiscalizadoras - na importante tarefa de dirimir as atrocidades produzidas pelas desigualdades. Iniciamos nossas considerações pelo entendimento de como se estruturou o conceito de infância durante a modernidade, principalmente no ocidente, com ênfase nas variações sobre o conceito de família e o processo de escolarização, possibilitadas pelo paradigma moderno, bem como a combinação, desses e de outros fatores, que agiram sobre a realidade brasileira. Considerando essas circunstâncias, buscamos identificar na literatura especializada, relatos e situações que evidenciem a utilização de mão-de-obra infanto-juvenil, e neste trajeto tomamos por referência o final do século XIX, época em que o Brasil expande sua produção e inicia a implantação de suas primeiras indústrias, caracterizando, tanto no contexto nacional, como internacional, uma fase de expansão do capitalismo e do comércio entre as nações. Ao dimensionarmos a realidade do trabalho infantil no Brasil, buscamos identificar as ações do Estado frente à infância... / This paper aimed at analyzing the PETI- Programa de Erradicação de Trabalho Infantil (agency for enforcing government policies on behalf of children who work) based on quant-qualitative data, documents and available information about this program and the role played by the authorities involved with this government policy. Indirectly, it was also possible to evaluate the Brazilian reality and the circumstances that were part of the nation development, making it possible to see that children and teenagers, explored by the economical system, are evident victims of our excluding reality. On the other hand, we have a sample of how the responsible authorities behave toward the implementation of the social government policies- being either the enforcers or the controllers- on the important task of reducing the atrocities produced by the inequalities. We started through the understanding of how the idea of childhood was conceived during the recent times, mainly in the Occident, with emphasis on the variations of the concept of family and the schooling process, due to the modern paradigms, as well as the combination of these and other factors operated on the Brazilian reality. Considering these circumstances, we identified on specialized books reports and situations that make evident the use of childish labor force and, as a reference, we got the end of the 19th century, when Brazil expands its productions and starts setting up the capitalism and trade between countries. After checking the reality of the childish labor force in Brazil, we identified how the state in Brazil acts toward the poor childhood and adolescence and, mainly, in relation to exploiting their working. We characterized the understanding authorities and the social... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

This thesis explores the intersection of politics, religious ideology, and gender norms in the context of the Turkish labor market. I aim to shed light on the increasing interplay of these forces under AKP governance and, by extension, provide a rationale for Turkish women’s consistently low labor force participation. Further, I intend to expose that, despite introducing several legal reforms geared towards promoting gender equality, the party continues to frame the traditional family unit as the main pillar of social stability, thereby forcing women into a domestic box from which they have not been able to escape. I hypothesize that several of the AKP’s reforms, which involve various domains of Turkish society—the social security system, the institution of marriage, the family unit (specifically public childcare), and, more indirectly, the education system—have deterred Turkish women from entering and/or remaining in the labor force, as they are predicated on the party’s idealization of domesticity. Ultimately, I grapple with the ways in which the AKP’s policies and ideology have led to Turkish women’s low labor force participation rate—reported by the International Labour Organization (ILO) to be 32.37 percent in March 2017.[1] [1] “Labor Force Participation Rate, Female (% of Female Population Ages 15+) (Modeled ILO Estimate): Turkey,” The World Bank, November 2017, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=TR.

Orientador: Claudio Salvadori Dedecca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T04:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LuizMarcosdeOliveira_M.pdf: 913886 bytes, checksum: e83337a0c5202fb0d0a524fa2bf25c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho é dimensionar e analisar a evolução do mercado de trabalho no âmbito do setor de saúde brasileiro, principalmente a partir da década de 1990, desenvolvendo um estudo específico sobre as formas de organização e as relações de trabalho dos profissionais diretamente ligados à prestação de serviços de saúde. No primeiro capítulo são discutidas as características e especificidades do setor de serviços de saúde, enfatizando as formas de regulação do trabalho, a dinâmica de incorporação tecnológica e a questão do risco associado à prestação desses serviços, esboçando uma crítica aos pressupostos microeconômicos da economia da saúde. Além disso, considerando o imperativo histórico de revisão da ação pública no interior do setor de saúde ¿ imposta por um conjunto de questões políticas e econômicas ¿ enfatizam-se os novos arranjos entre os setores público e privado nos países avançados. Em seguida, faz-se uma breve síntese acerca da forma de desenvolvimento capitalista no setor de saúde brasileiro. O segundo capítulo apresenta, em sua seção inicial, os movimentos de estruturação e de regulamentação do mercado de trabalho em saúde, que ocorre principalmente até o final da década de 1980 (e ainda no início da década de 1990), discutindo as formas de regulação, o processo de regulamentação das profissões ao longo do período e a evolução de indicadores básicos do mercado de trabalho em saúde. São apresentadas, ainda, a dimensão do macrocomplexo da saúde no Brasil e sua importância no que se refere à capacidade de geração de emprego e renda para a economia brasileira. Faz-se, logo depois, uma análise do perfil dos ocupados em saúde e dos trabalhadores que compõem o núcleo de atenção à saúde no Brasil a partir dos micro-dados dos Censos Demográficos e das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios (IBGE), discutindo a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho em saúde. No terceiro capítulo, apresenta-se o quadro macroeconômico de ajuste estrutural e as modificações no desenho institucional do sistema de saúde brasileiro, em que se assentam transformações importantes no que se refere à gestão da força de trabalho na década de 1990, e que favoreceram a proliferação de modalidades alternativas de vinculação e remuneração no setor de saúde. Por fim, faz-se a sistematização dos principais resultados encontrados, sintetizando as informações contidas ao longo do trabalho, enunciando as principais conclusões obtidas durante a pesquisa e propondo algumas diretrizes de políticas e formas de encaminhamento da discussão / Abstract: The objective of the present work is to situate and analyze the evolution of the labor market in the Brazilian health care sector from the 1990¿s, specifically studying the organizational forms and the work relations of professionals directly tied to providing health services. In the first chapter the characteristics and specifics of the health services sector are presented, emphasizing forms of work regulation, the dynamics of incorporating technological advances, and the question of the risk associated with the installment of these services, challenging microeconomic presuppositions of the health economy. Furthermore, considering the historical imperatives and revisions of public actions in the health sector - imposed due to a series of political economic questions - the new arrangements between the public and private sectors in the advanced countries are emphasized. Following is a brief synthesis concerning the capitalist form of development in the Brazilian health sector. The second chapter presents, in its initial section, an outline of the structural and regulation movements of the health labor market, that occurred mainly at the end of the 1980¿s (and at the beginning of the 1990¿s), it discusses the forms of regulation, regulation processes for professions throughout the period, and the evolution of basic indicators of the health care labor market. Also presented is a framework of the health care macro-complex in Brazil and its importance in employment creation and income increases in the Brazilian economy.Finally, the chapter analyses health care labor market dynamics by investigating employment profiles of health care workers, based on micro-data from the Demographic Census (Censos Demográficos e das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios - IBGE). In the third chapter, a picture is presented of the macroeconomic structural adjustment and the modifications in the institutional design of the Brazilian health system which represent the basis of important transformations in the management of the labor force in the 1990¿s that favored the proliferation of alternative modalities of contracting and remuneration in the health sector. Finally, a systematization of the main results is presented, synthesizing the information contained throughout the work, enunciating the main research conclusions and proposing lines of politics action and guidelines for future research / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico