Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es erstmals gelungen, mit einem ps-Pumplaser (10 ps) Weißlicht mit einer spektralen Breite von mehr als einer optischen Oktave in einer mikrostrukturierten Faser (MSF) bei einer Pumpwellenlänge von 1064 nm zu generieren. Es ließ sich, abgesehen von nichtkonvertierten Resten der Pumpstrahlung, ein unstrukturiertes und zeitlich stabiles Weißlichtspektrum von 700 nm bis 1650 nm generieren. Die maximale Ausgangsleistung dieser Weißlichtstrahlung betrug 3,1 W. Es konnten sehr gute Einkoppeleffizienzen von maximal 62 % erzielt werden. Die an der Weißlichterzeugung beteiligten dispersiven und nichtlinear optischen Effekte, wie z.B. Selbstphasenmodulation, Vierwellenmischung, Modulationsinstabilitäten oder Solitoneneffekte, werden detailliert theoretisch untersucht und erläutert. Die Arbeit beinhaltet ebenfalls eine umfangreiche Beschreibung der Wirkungsweise und Eigenschaften von mikrostrukturierten Fasern mit einem festen Faserkern. Aufgrund der großen Variationsvielfalt des mikrostrukturierten Fasermantels und der damit verbundenen Wellenleitereigenschaften ergeben sich, insbesondere für die Anwendung in der nichtlinearen Optik, eine Reihe von interessanten Eigenschaften. Es wurden insgesamt vier verschiedene mikrostrukturierte Fasern experimentell untersucht. Für die Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse ist die Pulsausbreitung der ps-Pumppulse in einer dispersiven, nichtlinear optischen Faser anhand der verallgemeinerten nichtlinearen Schrödinger-Gleichung berechnet worden. Durch einen Vergleich der Berechnungen mit den Messdaten ließen sich verstärkte Modulationsinstabilitäten und verschiedene Solitoneneffekte als hauptsächlich für die Weißlichterzeugung bei ps-Anregungspulsen verantwortlich identifizieren. Auf der Basis der durchgeführten Untersuchungen wurde in Kooperation mit der Fa. Jenoptik Laser, Optik, Systeme GmbH eine kompakte und leistungsstarke Weißlichtquelle entwickelt. Diese wurde erfolgreich in einer Kohärenztomographiemessung (Optical Coherence Tomography - OCT) getestet: Es konnte in ex vivo-Untersuchungen gezeigt werden, dass sich mit dieser ps-Weißlichtquelle eine hohe Eindringtiefe von ca. 400 µm in die Netzhaut eines Affen erreichen lässt. / With the present work it succeeded for the first time to generate white-light with a spectral width of more than an optical octave in a microstructured fiber (MSF) with a pump wavelength of 1064 nm and ps-pump pulses (10 ps). Apart from non-converted remainders of the pumping radiation, an unstructured and temporally stable white-light spectrum from 700 nm to 1650 nm could be generated. The maximum output power of this white-light radiation amounted to 3.1 W. Very good coupling efficiencies of max. 62 % could be obtained. At the white light generation different dispersive and nonlinear optical effects took part, e.g. self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, modulation instabilities and soliton effects. These processes are theoretically examined and described in detail. Likewise the work contained an extensive description of the principle of operation and characteristics of microstructured fibers with a solid fiber core. Due to the large variation variety of the microstructured fiber cladding and the associated wave-guiding characteristics arise, in particular for application in the nonlinear optics, a set of interesting properties. Altogether four different microstructured fibers were experimentally examined. For the interpretation of the experimental results the pulse propagation of ps-pump pulses in a dispersive, nonlinear optical fiber was computed on the basis of the generalized nonlinear Schroedinger equation. By a comparison of the calculation results with the measuring data amplified modulation instabilities and different soliton effects could be identified as main responsible for the white light generation with ps-pump pulses. With respect to the accomplished experimental and theoretical investigations in co-operation with the company Jenoptik laser, optics, systems GmbH a compact and high-performance white-light source was developed. This broadband light source was tested successfully in an optical coherence tomography measurement (OCT): It could be shown in ex vivo investigations that with this white-light source high penetration depths of approx. 400 µm into the retina of a monkey could be achieved.

The development and characterization of experimental setups for angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) is described. Subsequently, the two techniques are applied to studies of the electronic band structure in topologically non-trivial materials. The laser-based ARPES setup works at a photon energy of 10.5 eV and a typical repetition rate in the range 200 kHz to 800 kHz. By using a time-of-flight electron energy analyzer electrons emitted from the sample within a solid angle of up to ±15 degrees can be collected and analyzed simultaneously. The SARPES setup is equipped with a traditional hemispherical electron energy analyzer in combination with a mini-Mott electron polarimeter. The system enables software-controlled switching between angle-resolved spin-integrated and spin-resolved measurements, thus providing the possibility to orient the sample by mapping out the electronic band structure using ARPES before performing spin-resolved measurements at selected points in the Brillouin zone. Thin films of the topological insulators (TIs) Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 are grown using e-beam evaporation and their surface states are observed by means of ARPES. By using a combination of low photon energies and cryogenic sample temperatures the topological states originating from both the vacuum interface (surface) and the substrate interface are observed in Bi2Se3 films and Bi2Se3/Bi2Te3 heterostructures, with total thicknesses in the ultra-thin limit (six to eight quintuple layers), grown on Bi-terminated Si(111) substrates. Band alignment between Si and Bi2Se3 at the interface creates a band bending through the films. The band bending is found to be independent of the Fermi level (EF) position in the bulk of the substrate, suggesting that the surface pinning of EF in the Si(111) substrate remains unaltered after deposition of the TI films. Therefore, the type and level of doping of the substrate does not show any large influence on the size of the band bending. Further, we provide experimental evidence for the realization of a topological crystalline insulator (TCI) phase in the narrow-band semiconductor Pb1−xSnxSe. The TCI phase exists for temperatures below the transition temperature Tc and is characterized by an inverted bulk band gap accompanied by the existence of non-gapped surface states crossing the band gap. Above Tc the material is in a topologically trivial phase where the surface states are gapped. Thus, when lowering the sample temperature across Tc a topological phase transition from a trivial insulator to a TCI is observed. SARPES studies indicate a helical spin structure of the surface states both in the topologically trivial and the TCI phase. / <p>QC 20130507</p>

The main point: Research light emiting diodes RGB (red, green, blue) matrix with controllable spectrum of light. I have made that matrix, and researching energetic, light and technicality datum. To use that light sources for lightening of emergency. To review other liht sources. Stepping stone and results: There are made review of most popular light sources, quality and limitation. There are overlook of semiconductors light sources and the range where they are using now. Experiments are made with our LED illuminator with minimal number of LED. There are noticed, that LED can take energy from light and that we use to make manage of others light sources. Illuminator are adapted to work in emergency lightening. The result can be use: The result can be use for development LED in Lithuania, to know people more about semiconductor light sources ant to use it ours home.

Recently, the high radiance of synchrotron sources was used to enhance FTIR spectrometer performance. However, excessive channel spectra when synchrotron sources are used degrade the quality of retrieved spectral parameters. In the research reported in this thesis, seven different techniques for handling channel spectra were investigated. These techniques were used to reduce channel spectra for a test group of seven samples of CO2 mixed with air recorded using the synchrotron source at the Canadian Light Source. The increases in signal to noise ratio (SNR) of spectra handled with each technique were calculated. SNR results showed that transmission spectra, produced using synthetic background spectra with simulated channel spectra, achieved the highest SNR improvement. However, when the spectra groups were fitted using nonlinear least square fit algorithm, the technique using channel spectra fitting produced the smallest fitting residual. Moreover, the retrieved intensities and air broadening coefficients of 21 spectral lines showed that the spectral fitting technique produced the most accurate values as compared to the HITRAN 2008 database. Although the spectral fitting technique was accurate in retrieving spectral line parameters, applying the technique at wider spectral ranges was less accurate. A modification to the channel spectra fitting technique by performing iterations of channel fitting was introduced to process wider spectral ranges. Carbon dioxide laser band I centred at 961 wavenumber was analyzed using 24 spectra recorded under different experimental conditions. The intensity and air-and self-broadening coefficients were retrieved for 48 spectral lines with average deviations from HITRAN database values of 2.11%, 1.25% and 4.14%, respectively, using the Voigt profile. These average deviations lie within the uncertainty limits listed by the database. The deviation between our results and other results reported in the literature were also examined and it is found to be also within the range of HITRAN uncertainties. The effect of errors in fitting channel spectra parameters was examined and found to be mitigated by the inclusion of channel-free spectra in the multispectral fit. / xiv, 134 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (US); 1 Sep 2003. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--55022" Prilliman, Gerald Stephen. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Office of Basic Energy Sciences (US) 09/01/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

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Denna studie har genomförts i form av en undersökning med 25 respondenter. Arbetet harsyftat till att fackmän inom belysningsbranschen samt privatpersoner och intressenter ska fåen indikation på hur människan uppfattar ljuset från fasdimrade LED-ljuskällor i privata hem.Studien har studerat två frågeställningar gällande människans upplevelse av flimmer blandannat hur känslig människan är för flimmer hos en ljusreglerad LED-ljuskälla innan detuppfattas som obekvämt. Vetenskaplig litteratur har använts för att få en förståelse och djuparekunskap kring problematiken gällande människans hälsopåverkan vid exponering av flimmer,samt vilka riktlinjer och möjliga tillvägagångssätt som finns för att lösa denna problematik. Föratt ta reda på hur väl människan uppfattar flimmer samt hur upplevelsen av obekvämlighetenpåverkas har en enkät tagits fram till studien. Undersökningen konstaterar att människoruppfattar flimmer i olika mängd, trots frekvenser över 90Hertz (Hz). Genom data från digitalamätningar och inhämtad empiri från arbetets undersökningsstudie kan man konstatera att detinte enbart är frekvensnivån som påverkar människans uppfattning av flimmer, utan ävenljuskällans andel flimmerprocent. Ett samband mellan upplevd obekvämlighet och flimmer kananas, men inte fastslås som ett tydligt resultat. Arbetet avgränsades genom att undersökningenenbart utfördes under en kortare period med ett färre antal respondenter. / This study has been carried out in the form of a survey with 25 respondents. The work has aimedto give professionals and individuals an indication of how people perceive the light from phasedimmedLED light sources in private homes. The study has investigated two issues regardingthe human experience of flicker, and how sensitive human beings are to flicker from a phasedimmedLED light source before it will be perceived as inconvenient. Scientific literature hasbeen reviewed to gain an understanding and deeper knowledge about the impact of flicker onhuman health, and which guidelines and possible approaches there are to solve the problem. Asurvey has been developed to find out if flicker is perceived by humans, and how the perceptionof inconvenience is experienced. The study found out that people perceive flicker differently,despite measured frequencies above 90 Hertz (Hz). Through data from digital measurementsand acquired empirical evidence from the study’s results, it is not only the frequency level thataffects humans perception of flicker, but also the percentage of light emitted from the lightsource. A correlation between perceived inconvenience and flicker can be noted, but notdetermined as a clear result. The work was limited by only investigating a small population ofrespondents over a short period of time.

Cimentos resinosos experimentais contendo diferentes sistemas fotoiniciadores apresentaram propriedades físicas semelhantes ou superiores a cimentos resinosos convencionais sob efeito de diferentes tipos de fonte de luz. Objetivo: Analisar o espectro de diferentes fontes de luz e sistemas fotoiniciadores e sua influência nas propriedades físicas de cimentos resinosos quando ativados, através de um anteparo cerâmico, por fontes de luz halógena e LED. Metodologia: Cimentos resinosos experimentais contendo uma mistura de BisGMA, TEGDMA (50wt%) e partículas de carga silanizadas (65wt%), foram preparados com o uso dos fotoiniciadores Canforoquinona (CQ), Fenil Propanodiona (PPD) e Óxido bis-alquil fosfínico (BAPO) de forma isolada e combinados. Os co-iniciadores utilizados foram Difenil Iodônio (DFIHFP) e a amina terciária DMAEMA. As fontes de luz utilizadas foram: lâmpada halógena (XL 2500) e duas fontes de diodo emissor de luz - LED (FreeLigth 2 e Bluephase). Um anteparo cerâmico (IPS e.max Press) apresentando 13,0mm x 1,0mm de espessura foi utilizado durante os testes. Amostras com 7,0mm x 2,0mm x 1,0mm foram confeccionadas (n=360). A avaliação do Grau de Conversão (GC) dos cimentos experimentais foi realizada por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), sendo em seguida submetidas ao teste de resistência à mini-flexão, módulo flexural e microdureza Knoop. Os resultados obtidos em todos os testes foram submetidos à análise de variância dois fatores - ANOVA e teste de Tukey (5%). Resultados: A associação do DFIHFP aos fotoiniciadores aumentou as propriedades avaliadas de todos os cimentos experimentais independente da fonte de luz (FL) utilizada. O fotoiniciador BAPO apresentou resultados superiores ou iguais estatisticamente em comparação ao grupo controle (CQ/amina), independente da FL utilizada. Conclusão: A utilização de sistemas iniciadores e co-iniciadores alternativos possibilita a obtenção de propriedades superiores ou iguais ao sistema convencional, tornando-se um sistema promissor para atuar de forma isolada ou associada. / Resin cements containing different experimental photoinitiators systems present physical properties similar to or better than conventional resin cements under the effect of different types of light source. Objective: To analyze the spectrum of different light sources and systems photoinitiators and their influence on physical properties of resin cements when activated through a bulkhead ceramic, halogen light sources and LED. Methodology: experimental resin cements containing a mixture of BisGMA, TEGDMA (50wt%) and silanized filler particles (65wt%) were prepared with the use of photoinitiators camphorquinone (CQ), phenyl oxide bis-propanedione (PPD) and alkyl phosphinic (BAPO) separately and combined. The primers used were co-diphenyl iodonium (DFIHFP) tertiary amine and DMAEMA. The light sources used were: halogen lamp (XL 2500) and two sources of light emitting diode - LED (FreeLigth bluephase and 2). A ceramic shield (IPS e.max Press) having 13.0mm x 1.0mm thick was used for testing. Samples with 7.0mm x 2.0mm x 1.0mm were fabricated (n=360). The evaluation of the degree of conversion (GC) of experimental cements was performed by Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform, and then to test for resistance to mini-bending, flexural modulus and microhardness. The results in all tests were subjected to two-factor analysis of variance - ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). Results: The combination of photoinitiators DFIHFP to improve board properties of all the experimental cements independent light source (LCU) used. The photoinitiator BAPO showed statistically equal or better results compared to the control group (CQ / amine), regardless of LCU used. Conclusion: The use of systems co-initiators and initiators to obtain alternative provides equal or better properties to the conventional system, making it a promising system to act in isolation or in combination.

La diffusion Compton inverse est l’interaction entre un photon et un électron de haute énergie. Il en résulte l’émission d’un nouveau photon d’énergie supérieure à celle du photon incident suivant la trajectoire de l’électron. Ces propriétés rendent possible la création d’une source de rayonnement X hautement directive, monochromatique accordable dans une large gamme spectrale. Il suffit d’accélérer les électrons sur quelques mètres pour leur faire gagner l’énergie minimale requise. Les photons proviennent d’une chaîne laser fortement amplifiée. Une telle source est donc relativement compacte, peu couteuse à mettre en oeuvre et facilement accessible aux utilisateurs. Elle est particulièrement adaptée aux besoins des musées ou des hôpitaux pour des applications comme l’analyse d’oeuvres historiques ou la radiothérapie. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en oeuvre une source de rayonnement X par diffusion Compton inverse en bout de ligne de l’accélérateur ELSA (Electrons et Laser, Sources X et applications). L’installation ELSA comprend un accélérateur linéaire d’électrons appartenant à la Direction des Applications Militaires du Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique à Bruyères-le-Châtel (CEA DAM). Le but est de produire des impulsions de rayonnement X ultra-courtes dans une gamme énergétique allant de 10 à 100 keV. Elle servira notamment à la caractérisation de détecteurs à réponse ultra-rapide développés à la DAM. Un système optique destiné à augmenter le flux de rayonnement X produit a été développé. Il consiste à replier la trajectoire du laser pour empiler les impulsions au point d’interaction. Dans le même but, une mise à niveau de l’installation à été réalisée afin d’augmenter l’énergie des électrons de 18 à 30 MeV. Les résultats expérimentaux ont enfin été comparés aux résultats obtenus à l’aide de simulations PIC 3D. / X-ray sources based on inverse Compton scattering process produce tunable near-monochromatic and highly directive X-rays. Recent advances in laser and accelerator technologies make the development of such very compact hard X-ray sources possible. These sources are particularly attractive in several applications such as medical imaging, cancer therapy or culture-heritage study, currently performed in size-limited infrastructures. The main objective of this thesis is the development of an inverse Compton scattering source on the ELSA linac of CEA at Bruyères-le-Châtel as a calibration tool for ultra-fast detectors.A non-resonant cavity was designed to multiply the number of emitted X-ray photons. The laser optical path is folded to pile-up laser pulses at the interaction point, thus increasing the interaction probability. Another way of optimizing the X-ray yield consists in increasing the electron bunch density at the interaction point, which is strongly dependent on the electron energy. A facility up-grade was performed to increase the electron energy up to 30 MeV. The X-ray output gain obtained thanks to this system was measured and compared with calculated expectations and 3D PIC simulations.

This master's thesis deals with the search of commercially available luminance analysers and cameras that use the measurement of correlated colour temperature. It also deals with calculations of correlated colour temperature according to various available methods. The luminance analyser LDA-LumiDISP is based on a DSLR camera. The principle of its operation and possible errors in capturing pictures are discussed here. The work deals with extensive testing of the LDA-LumiDISP luminance analyser, which is primarily intended for measuring luminance in the set scene, but can also be used to measure the correlated colour temperature. The device is being tested in terms of measuring the correlated colour temperature in laboratory and field conditions. The result of the master's thesis is the calculation of measurements uncertainty for certain light sources and the optimization of the measuring algorithm to reduce them.