O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se, após 18 meses de acompanhamento, a aplicação semestral de verniz fluoretado em pré-escolares reduz a incidência de cárie na dentição decídua. Os possíveis efeitos adversos e a aceitabilidade da intervenção também foram investigados. Desenho do estudo: ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado, duplo-cego, com uso de placebo. Ingressaram no estudo 200 crianças na faixa etária de 12 a 48 meses, recrutadas em uma unidade da rede pública de saúde. Cem crianças foram alocadas no grupo teste (verniz fluoretado Duraphat, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA) e 100 no grupo controle (verniz placebo, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA). Os exames clínicos, seguidos das aplicações semestrais de verniz nos grupos teste e controle, foram realizados por duas odontopediatras treinadas (Kappa=0,85) que utilizaram o International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II) para registrar o índice ceo-s nos níveis c1 (lesão ativa em esmalte não cavitado, lesão em esmalte cavitada e lesão em dentina) e c3 (lesão em dentina) de detecção de doença. Verificou-se também a ocorrência de efeitos adversos e outras queixas por entrevistas telefônicas com os responsáveis 7 a 10 dias após a primeira aplicação de verniz. Como resultado aos 18 meses de acompanhamento, 85 crianças do grupo teste e 92 do grupo controle foram examinadas. As diferenças nos incrementos médios de cárie, entre os grupos teste e controle, foram -0,9 (IC95%: -2,4;0,4) no nível c1 e -0,8 (IC95%:-1,9;0,2) no nível c3. O risco de desenvolvimento de novas lesões de cárie em dentina foi 30% (RR=0,70; IC 95%:0,49;0,99) menor nas crianças do grupo teste em relação às do grupo controle. Foram feitas entrevistas com 183 responsáveis sobre os efeitos adversos e a aceitabilidade da intervenção. Um relatou que a sua criança sentiu ardência na cavidade bucal após a aplicação do placebo e outro ficou incomodado com a coloração amarelada dos dentes da criança imediatamente após a aplicação do verniz fluoretado. A aplicação semestral de verniz fluoretado na dentição decídua de pré-escolares reduz o risco de desenvolver lesão de cárie dentária em dentina. Além disso, essa intervenção é segura e bem aceita pelos pais e pelas crianças. / The aim of this work was to evaluate whether, after 18 months of follow up, the semiannually application of the fluoride varnish in preschool children, reduce the incidence of caries in the deciduous dentition. The possible adverse effects and the acceptance of the intervention have also been investigated. Study design: controlled clinic trial, randomized, double-blind, with the use of placebo. Two hundred children between 12 to 48 months, recruited in one public healthy unity, have been included in the research. A hundred children have been allocated in the test group (fluoride varnish Duraphat, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA) and a hundred in the control group (placebo varnish, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA). Clincial examinations, followed by semiannual applications of varnish in the test and control groups were performed by two pediatric dentists trained (Kappa=0,85) that have utilized the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II) to register the index def-s under levels of detection d1 (active lesion in enamel non cavitated, lesion in enamel cavitated and lesion in dentin) and d3 (lesion in dentin). It has been also identified, the ocurrence of adverse effects and other complaints by means of telephon interviews with parents 7 to 10 days after varnish application of the first varnish application. After 18 months of follow up, 85 children of the test group and 92 of the control group were examined. The difference between the mean caries increment, in the test and control groups, were -0,9 (CI95%: -2,4;0,4) in d1 level and -0,8 (CI95%:-1,9;0,2) in d3 level. The risk of developing new carious lesions in dentin was 30% (RR=0,70; CI 95%:0,49;0,99) less in the children in test group compared to controls. 183 parents were interviewed about adverse effects and acceptance of the intervention. There was a complain about the one children that felt burning in mouth after placebo application and a parent felt troubled about the yellowish teeth right after fluoride varnish application. In conclusion, the semiannual application of fluoride varnish in the deciduous teeth of preschool children reduces the risk of developing caries lesions in dentin. Besides, the intervention is safe and well accepted by children and parents.

My work deals with Waldorf pedagogy, how it began, its characterization, main principles and elements which it uses, especially with traditional ceremonies and rituals. I am introducing you into the characterization of preschool child how it is understood at Waldorf educational system. I am pointing out ceremonies and rituals, which are held universaly at Waldorf nursery schools. I stress out their meaning and contribution for preschool kids. Traditional rituals arecharacterized in our own point of view, depending how we see them. Last part is about one of these kindergartens, in Ceske Budejovice to be more specific.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Osmar Martins Ferreira Júnior - 2014.pdf: 3729150 bytes, checksum: b831be079c10d94443dc79de105c6644 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Dental pain in children in the preschool age has been little explored in scientific and epidemiological terms, compared to other age groups. It is known that assess pain in children under 6 years is a limiting factor for the understanding of the object of study, though dental pain in this age group is little explored regarding factors that may influence its occurrence. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with dental pain in Brazilian children aged 5 years. For this cross-sectional study, we used data related to dental pain in all 5 year-old children, both sexes, obtained from the Brasilian National Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010). The dependent variable was the reporting dental pain in the last 6 months. The independent variables were contextual (cities level) that included socioeconomic and individual factors (related to children) that included sociodemographic variables, dental service use and oral health condition. Descriptive and inferential test (Rao-Scott) statistic was performed, considering the sample weights and complex samples, the IBM SPSS software, version 21.0. Multilevel analysis using hierarchical Poisson regression models was performed in MLwiN software, with prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimates. Participants were 7,280 children and the prevalence of dental pain was 22.0% (95% CI 19.1%-25.2%). It was higher among those living in cities with lower Human Development Index (PR 0.07; 95% CI 0.02-0.22), and with a higher percentage of their population with an incomplete primary education (PR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06). Indigenous children had prevalence of dental pain 1.97 (95% CI 1.19-3.26) times higher than those of white color. Families with monthly incomes of U$ 218.00 or less and between U$ 219.00 and 656.00 had prevalence of dental pain 2.67 (95% CI 1.33-5.32) and 2.11 (95% CI 1.03-4.32) times higher than families with highest income level, respectively. Children with caries experience had a 3.45 (95% CI 2.58-4.62) times higher prevalence of pain than caries-free individuals. It was concluded that the prevalence of dental pain in Brazilian preschool children was high and influenced by contextual and individual factors, revealing the need for policies that contribute to the reduction of inequalities. / Dor dentária em crianças na idade pré-escolar tem sido pouco explorada em termos científico-epidemiológicos, se comparada a outros grupos etários. Sabe-se que avaliar dor em crianças menores de 6 anos é um fator limitante para a compreensão desse objeto de estudo, entretanto a dor dentária nessa faixa etária é pouco explorada quanto aos fatores que possam influenciar sua ocorrência. O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à dor dentária em crianças brasileiras de cinco anos. Utilizou-se os dados relacionados à dor dentária referentes a todas as crianças de cinco anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, obtidos na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal (SBBrasil 2010). A variável dependente foi o relato dos pais da ocorrência de dor dentária nos últimos 6 meses em seus filhos. As variáveis independentes foram: contextuais (nível municipal) – fatores socioeconômicos e estruturais; individuais (relacionadas à criança) – variáveis sociodemográficas, uso do serviço odontológico e condição de saúde bucal. Realizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial (teste de Rao-Scott), considerando-se os pesos amostrais e a amostragem complexa, com o software IBM SPSS, versão 21.0. Regressão de Poisson e análise multinível por meio de modelo hierarquizado foi realizada no software MLWin, estimando-se razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. Os participantes foram 7.280 crianças e a prevalência de dor dentária foi de 22,0% (IC 95% 19,1%-25,2 %), maior entre aquelas que vivem em cidades com menor Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (RP 0,07; 95% IC 0,02-0,22) e com uma maior porcentagem de sua população com ensino fundamental incompleto (RP 1,03; 95% IC 1,01-1,06). Crianças indígenas tiveram prevalência de dor 1,97 vezes maior (95% IC 1,19-3,26) do que as de cor branca. Famílias com renda mensal menor do que R$ 500,00 e entre R$ 501,00 e 1500,00 tiveram prevalência de dor dentária 2,67 (95% IC 1,33-5,32) e 2,11 (95% IC 1,03-4,32) vezes maior do que as famílias com renda superior a R$ 2500,00, respectivamente. Crianças com experiência de cárie apresentaram 3,45 (95% IC 2,58-4,62) vezes maior probabilidade de ocorrência de dor do que aquelas livres de cárie. Concluiu-se que a prevalência de dor dentária em crianças pré-escolares brasileiras foi alta e influenciada por fatores contextuais e individuais, revelando a necessidade de políticas que contribuam para a redução das desigualdades existentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Lamarca Luxo Martins.pdf: 16766376 bytes, checksum: 33fec7fdde0c94bfa1410d8055c0899a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Family dynamics and parent-child relationships represent the essence of the childhood environment, and play an especially important role in the first years of life. These factors also lay down the foundation for childhood cognitive development, and have a significant influence on executive functions, which are responsible for the planning, initiation, execution and monitoring of goal-directed behaviors or adjustments to environmental demands. Research has shown that environmental features and parental educational investment are strongly associated with executive functioning in childhood. Therefore, the goals of this study were to: (1) assess the precision of two methods of assessing the family environment (questionnaire and home visit) as well as the correlation between them, and (2) evaluate the relationship between family environment, parental educational practices and executive functions in preschool children. The sample comprised 30 children and their legal guardians. Children were aged between 3 and 6 years and included both boys and girls attending kindergarten and preschool at a private school in the city of São Paulo. Family environment was assessed using the Parental Style Inventory (PSI) and two forms of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). Executive functions were assessed using a Cancellation Test, a semantic Stroop Task and the Trail Making Test for preschoolers. The Cronbach s alpha values of the two versions of the HOME instrument were calculated, and the questionnaire was found to have a higher internal consistency than the home visit. A non-parametric Spearman test also revealed the presence of positive correlations between some of the items in the two instruments. As for the second goal, PSI scores displayed low to moderate correlations with measures of executive functioning, and appropriate parental styles were found to be associated with improved interference control in children. The HOME questionnaire displayed low to moderate correlations with Semantic Stroop Test scores, while language stimulation and the presence of learning materials in the home were positively associated with executive functioning development. Home visit scores were also highly correlated with executive performance. Some unexpected results were found, such as an association between increased parental modeling and greater reaction times in measures of interference control. Additionally, the emotional and verbal responsivity of the caretaker was associated with worse alternating attention. In conclusion, significant correlations were found between family environment, parental styles and executive functions. These results suggest the importance of intervention programs designed to help parents promote their children s executive development in the home. / A família e o convívio entre pais e filhos representam a essência do ambiente da criança, especialmente nos primeiros anos de vida. Tal relação caracteriza as bases para o desenvolvimento cognitivo da criança, incluindo um conjunto de habilidades chamadas de funções executivas, que contemplam competências fundamentais para planejar, iniciar, realizar e monitorar comportamentos intencionais relacionados a um objetivo ou a demandas ambientais. Pesquisas têm sugerido que características do ambiente e práticas educativas dos pais relacionam-se com o nível de funções executivas das crianças. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa objetivou: (1) avaliar a precisão e a correlação entre resultados em um instrumento para avaliação do ambiente familiar em dois formatos (questionário e visita) e (2) verificar as relações entre o ambiente familiar, as práticas educativas dos pais e as funções executivas em crianças préescolares. Participaram 30 crianças e seus respectivos responsáveis legais. As crianças tinham idades entre 3 e 6 anos, de ambos os sexos, do Maternal II, Nível I e Nível II de uma escola particular da cidade de São Paulo. Foram utilizados o Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP), adaptado para essa faixa etária, e o Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), em dois formatos, para avaliação do ambiente familiar. Para avaliar as funções executivas foram utilizados o Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento, o Teste de Stroop Semântico e o Teste de Trilhas para pré-escolares. Foi calculado o Alfa de Cronbach para os dois formatos do instrumento HOME e observou-se que o mesmo foi maior na versão questionário quando comparado com a versão visita. Correlação não-paramétrica de Spearman entre os escores nas duas versões do HOME revelaram correlação positiva significativa para alguns itens. Em relação ao segundo objetivo, análises evidenciaram que a maioria das correlações estabelecidas entre os escores do IEP e dos instrumentos de funções executivas foi de magnitude baixa a moderada, sendo que, de modo geral, quanto mais apropriado o estilo parental dos pais, melhor o controle de interferência dos filhos. Considerando o HOME no formato questionário e os instrumentos de avaliação das funções executivas, a maioria das correlações foi de magnitude baixa a moderada e com desempenhos no Teste de Stroop Semântico. Além disso, tanto a estimulação da linguagem quanto a presença de materiais de aprendizagem foram positivamente relacionadas às funções executivas. Já desempenhos no HOME no formato visita tiveram correlações de magnitude alta com os escores dos três instrumentos de funções executivas. Alguns resultados não esperados foram encontrados, por exemplo, quanto maior a modelagem por parte dos pais, maior o tempo de reação quando as crianças são expostas a atividades que exigem controle de interferência, e quanto mais satisfatória a responsividade emocional e verbal do cuidador para a criança, menor a sua capacidade de atenção alternada. Assim, de forma geral houve algumas relações entre ambiente familiar, práticas parentais e funções executivas. Sugere-se o desenvolvimento de programas de intervenção com pais visando proporcionar práticas que fomentem o desenvolvimento das funções executivas no ambiente familiar.

Abstract Despite improvements in peri- and neonatal care and an increase in the overall survival of very preterm infants, the incidence of neurologic sequelae has remained high. The pathogenesis of many brain imaging findings, such as white matter damage, WMD, is poorly understood. The factors predisposing to brain damage differ between term and preterm infants. More detailed information is needed of how brain imaging correlates with neurodevelopmental impairment after the neonatal period. The present study investigated the pre- and perinatal factors leading to brain damage and their effects on neurologic and neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm children. We also analyzed the differences in umbilical cord serum cytokines in term and preterm children with cerebral palsy, CP. Furthermore, the correlations between the findings on diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI, measurements in brainstem auditory evoked potentials, and neurodevelopmental outcome were assessed. We demonstrated that pregnancies complicated by combined histologic chorioamnionitis and placental insufficiency independently predicted abnormal neurologic outcome at 2 years of corrected age. WMD additively predicted poor outcome. Isolated fetal inflammatory response, umbilical cord serum acute phase cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), did not associate with neurologic outcome in either term or preterm children. Instead, a cluster of cytokines different from acute phase cytokines were related to CP, and the protein profile differed between term and preterm children. Disturbed hemodynamics during the pre- and perinatal period affected outcome in very preterm infants. In severe placental insufficiency, fetal cardiac compromise associated with suboptimal neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of corrected age. In addition, several clinical factors characterising cardiorespiratory status after birth associated with abnormal neurologic outcome at 2 years of corrected age. We found the apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC, a quantitative measurement of water diffusion, in pons to correlate with the conduction rate of impulses travelling through the auditory tract. We also demonstrated a high value of ADC in corona radiata to associate with poor outcome in gross motor and eye-hand coordination skills at 2 years of corrected age. Both pre- and perinatal factors associate with later outcome in very preterm infants. An isolated fetal inflammatory response does not predict neurologic outcome. Findings on DWI in specific brain regions predict abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome. / Tiivistelmä Huolimatta vastasyntyneisyyskauden parantuneista hoitotuloksista ja että yhä useampi hyvin ennenaikaisena syntynyt lapsi jää eloon, heidän neurologisen vammautuneisuuden ilmaantuvuus on edelleen korkea. Monien aivojen kuvantamislöydösten, kuten valkean aineen vaurion, syntymekanismit tunnetaan huonosti. Aivojen vaurioitumiselle altistavat tekijät eroavat täysiaikaisena ja ennenaikaisena syntyneillä lapsilla. Tarvitaan myös aiempaa yksityiskohtaisempaa tietoa aivojen kuvantamislöydösten merkityksestä lasten vastasyntyneisyyskauden jälkeiseen kehitykseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin raskauden- ja syntymänaikaisia tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat aivojen vaurioitumiseen hyvin ennenaikaisena syntyneillä lapsilla sekä näiden tekijöiden merkitystä lasten neurologiseen kehitykseen. Tarkastelimme myös napaveren seerumin välittäjäaineiden, sytokiinien, eroavuuksia täysiaikaisena ja ennenaikaisena syntyneillä CP-lapsilla. Lisäksi selvitimme diffuusiomagneettitutkimus- ja aivorunkoherätevastelöydösten sekä neurologisen kehityksen välisiä yhteyksiä. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan kohdunsisäinen tulehdus ja istukan vajaatoiminta yhtä aikaa esiintyessään ovat poikkeavan neurologisen kehityksen itsenäisiä riskitekijöitä lapsilla 2 vuoden korjatussa iässä tutkittuna. Valkoisen aivoaineen vaurio edelleen lisäsi näiden lasten huonon neurologisen kehityksen ennustetta. Raskauden kestosta riippumatta, sikiön tulehdusvastetta kuvaavat napaveren akuutin vaiheen tulehdusvälittäjäaineet (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF- α) eivät vaikuttaneet lapsen neurologiseen kehitykseen. Sen sijaan, CP-lasten napaverestä löytyi erityinen joukko ei-akuutin vaiheen välittäjäaineita. Nämä valkuaisaineet erosivat toisistaan täysiaikaisena ja ennenaikaisena syntyneillä CP-lapsilla. Raskauden- ja syntymänaikaiset verenkierron häiriöt vaikuttivat hyvin ennenaikaisena syntyneiden lasten myöhempään kehitykseen. Vaikeassa istukan vajaatoiminassa sikiön sydämen toiminnan heikkeneminen liittyi lapsen suboptimaaliin neurologiseen kehitykseen 1 vuoden korjatussa iässä tutkittuna. Lisäksi useat syntymänjälkeiset keuhkojen ja verenkierron tilaa kuvaavat kliiniset tekijät liittyivät lapsen poikkeavaan neurologiseen kehitykseen 2 vuoden korjatussa iässä tutkittuna. Tutkimuksemme mukaan, veden diffuusiota määrällisesti kuvaava diffuusiokerroin, ADC, aivosillasta mitattuna, liittyi impulssien johtumisnopeutueen kuuloradastossa. Lisäksi korkea ADC-arvo aivojen sepelviuhkassa liittyi karkean motoriikan ja silmä-käsi-yhteistyötaitojen huonoon kehitykseen 2 vuoden korjatussa iässä tutkittuna. Sekä raskauden- että syntymänaikaiset tekijät vaikuttavat hyvin ennenaikaisena syntyneiden lasten myöhempään kehitykseen. Yksittäinen sikiön tulehdusvaste ei ennakoi lapsen neurologista kehitystä. Tiettyjen aivoalueiden diffuusiokuvantamislöydökset ennustavat lapsen poikkeavaa neurologista kehitystä.

TITLE: Development of phonemic hearing in kindergartens AUTHOR: Bc. Pavlina Matouskova DEPARTMENT: Department of Primary Education SUPERVISOR: PaedDr. Ehler, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The basic prerequisite for coping with educational skills, especially reading, is sufficient development of phonemic hearing in kindergarten. The improvement of the level of phonetic- phonological grade at preschool children can be provided with suitable equipment and methodology for teachers. The aim of the thesis is an analysis of phonemic hearing at children in the last year of preschool education and the related creation of own model of activities and aids. The level of phonemic hearing was carried among children from selected kindergartens. One of them focused on the development of phonemic hearing and worked with the proposed model and in the rest of the kindergartens the prevention of speech therapy was held in accordance with school curricula. Initial analysis was done at the beginning of the school year and comparing of results was done in the second half. The conclusion is an objective assessment of effectiveness of proposed actions in the practice. The presented material has shown to be very effective for the development of level of the phonemic hearing at children before entering primary education as well as for the...

This Diploma thesis is dealing with problematics of architectural solution of working space within kindergarten in context with conception of contemporary preschool education in the Czech Republic. The goal of the thesis is to analyze architectural and spatial conditions within selected kindergartens in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into two parts. Theoretical part is focused on preschool child, kindergarten, laws regulating architectural space solutions in kindergartens in the Czech Republic, and architectural and spatial parameters for kindergartens. The goal of thesis' practical part is to analyze how different spatial dispositions affect ongoing educational processes in examined kindergartens. Practical part states objectives of the thesis, research questions and methodological tools, applied during research phase of the thesis. It focuses on selected faculty kindergartens with different disposition solutions and analyzes their spatial disposition in relationship to educational processes and child's play. Then analyzes and compares different points of view to the problematics from selected professional educationalist and architects. Further the thesis summarizes recommendations on spatial arrangements, so they suit well all the needs of those participated in educational process. The...

The thesis, entitled "What I like to watch?" is aimed at inquiry of preschool age children's visual preferences. Whole work purpose is to realize a didactical project in the kindergarden and find out preschool children's visual preferences through art activites and artefiletics. Parents' information are also very important contribution because it contains important facts about preschool children's visual preferences.

The subject of the thesis is a research investigation aimed at comparing the visual and verbal expression of children, which is exhibit striking differences in the achieved level of these two expressions, and evaluation criteria of kindergarten teachers in the assessment of both expressions. The aim of the thesis is based on research findings to contribute to the deepening of the professional competencies of teachers in kindergartens in solving pedagogical problems in children with a significant mismatch between the actual achieved level of visual and verbal expression. The research problem is expressed by the research questions aimed at pre-schoolers and the kindergarten school teachers . The research uses mainly qualitative research, supplemented in some parts by quantitative research. In the preliminary investigations were used content analysis of text, in the context of my research are included the methods of observation, interviews, analysis of children's drawings, narratives . The expected outcome of the thesis is the preparation of documents intended for kindergarten teachers, allowing them to deepen their knowledge of the problem. Its contents will include possible causes of a mismatch between visual and verbal expression of the preschoolers and proposals for concrete actions that belong...

The diploma thesis is oriented on special education. The main goal is to find out and describe whether and how is speech and language therapy established in regular kindergartens at the foothills of Orlické mountains. The work is divided into five chapters, four of them are theoretical and the fifth chapter is a practical one. The first chapter is focused on the way how the preschool education is organised in the Czech Republic. It describes the legislation system, clarifies the system of curricular documents established in our republic and mainly the framework educational program for preschool education. The second chapter describes the preschool-child ontogenesis including all aspects of his/her personality and it also depicts the child-speech ontogenesis. The third chapter is focused on the main types of impaired communication ability of preschool children. The fourth chapter is focused on the speech therapy intervention provided in the Czech Republic. The fifth chapter presents combined research, within which the qualitative method of dialogue and the quantitative method of questionnaire were used, together with non-structured observation and comparative analysis among kindergartens. The chapter defines the research goals and used methods, sets the hypotheses and the research sample. In...