This research introduces a new theoretical perspective (termed the Adaptive Processing Perspective) that reexamines how consumers should think before making decisions and the optimal outcomes that result. New insights into conscious (“careful deliberation”), unconscious (“sleeping on it”), and intuitive (“going with your gut”) thought processes are provided. Across four studies, empirical evidence demonstrates that consumers can make significantly better decisions by thinking more about routine choices, using their intuition for occasional purchase decisions, and distracting themselves before making major purchase decisions. Specifically, in study 1, increased conscious thought optimized routine decision making due to increases in openness to information. In study 2, consumers using intuition optimized an occasional purchase decision by focusing attention on relevant information. Study 3 demonstrated unconscious thought to be optimal for consumers when making a major purchase decision via their engagement in associative processing. Lastly, study 4 provided further support for the Adaptive Processing Perspective by manipulating the decision setting (i.e., routine, limited, extensive) across a common product and replicating the earlier study results. Several theoretical and practical advances to the domains of information processing and consumer decision making are offered and discussed.

There are now extensive behavioral and neuropsychological evidence to indicate that semantic information of a word can be activated without conscious awareness. However, semantic activation alone may not be sufficient for observing semantic priming effects in masked lexical decision task. In the following study, two tasks were used: lexical decision and semantic categorization. Conscious awareness of the prime was systematically manipulated by varying the duration of the prime and by varying the placement of the mask in the prime-target presentation sequence. Priming effects were observed in the semantic categorization task at prime durations of 42 milliseconds but no semantic priming was observed for the same prime duration in the lexical decision task. However, semantic priming effects began to emerge in lexical decision at the longer prime durations (55 & 69 ms) and under the least effective prime-mask presentation sequences. It is proposed that semantic activation alone is not sufficient for semantic priming effects in the lexical decision task but that central executive involvement is necessary, if only at the lowest level, for facilitatory effects to be observed. Furthermore, no such central executive involvement appears to be required for the semantic categorization task. The priming effects obtained in this task is interpreted in terms of a "decision priming" effect.

The research carried out looks at the interaction within and between four independent variables: Social Class, Organisation in which the subjects worked, Sex and Unconscious Sexual Identity of husbands and wives of stable families. These variables are related to Work, Spouses and Children. The 12 dependent variables are the dimensions which seem the most relevant to coding the individual's identity or subjective character. They are Affiliation, Aggression, Autonomy, Dominance, Identification, Nurturance, Responsibility, Security, Self-Confidence, Sharing and Succourance. Forty couples are divided into four groups: Male/female; Middle-class/Working-class; entrepreneurial/bureaucratic; masculine/feminine. Data collection includes a projective-semi-structured questionnaire, an unstructured test requiring subjects-to draw and a demographic questionnaire. The results reveal that husbands have significantly higher scores than wives on Achievement, Dominance, Responsibility and Security, and significantly lower scores oil Autonomy, Identification, Nurturance and Self-Confidence. Subjects in the Middle class make significantly more references than those in the working class to Achievement, Autonomy, Dominance, Identification, Self-Confidence and Sharing, and significantly less references to Affiliation, Aggression and Security. Entrepreneurs have significantly higher scores than bureaucrats on Achievement, Autonomy, Dominance, Responsibility and Self-Confidence and significantly lower scores on Affiliation, Security, Nurturance and Succourance. Subjects who come within the masculine range as measured by the Franck Test, make significantly more references than those who come within the feminine range to Aggression and Dominance, and significantly less references to Affiliation, Nurturance, Self-Confidence, Sharing and Succourance. There is a significant inter-action between Social Class and Organisation on Aggression, Autonomy, Dominance, Nurturance, Self-Confidence and Sharing. There is significant interaction between Sex and Unconscious Sexual Identity on Affiliation, Aggression, Autonomy, Identification and Self-Confidence. There is also a significant interaction between Sex and Social Class on Achievement, Aggression and Security.

The aim of this study is to analyse the patterns of ancient myths that can be found in the novel Le Petit Prince by Antoine Saint-Exupery. In order to understand the culture and human behavior we will draw parallels to ancient myths and through the discovered myths in the novel, we will use the help of Carl Gustav Jung’s theory about the human psyche. The main questions are the following :  What are the patterns of ancient myths in the novel Le Petit Prince ? Do these myths carry any messages that we, as readers, can learn from ? In the introduction, a theorical backround is given which defines the concept of myth and explains briefly Jung’s theory. Our analysis shows that although myths differ from one another they all have the same roots. By this means, all characters in myths are archetypes that, according to Jung, are the same through history and in every culture. By studying the archetypes in this novel, like the divine child, Anima/Animus, the Sages etc., we are able to understand the plot more clearly. We are also aware of patterns that seem to repeat themselves through the generations. Our conclusion is that humans adapt easily to their surroundings and eventually lose their self-awareness. Therefore Saint-Exupery sends readers the message that we have to wake ourselves up to truly live our lives. Also we discovered that numerous archetypes that are present in all of myths, give us clues to self-realization, thus myths are necessary for people of all ages.

ABSTRACT This study delves into the notion of klezmer as both a link in the chain of Jewish continuity and a mirror to the multifarious variations of Jewish identification. It explores the music in relation to various events within the last century of Jewish history, such as the Jewish enlightenment movement, migration from Eastern Europe and the Holocaust, and draws on various discourses of memory and identity to frame and elucidate the music. It also proposes the theory that klezmer could indeed be an archetype, comprised of mnemonic and archetypal musical devices, that resides deep within the Jewish collective unconscious and rouses nostalgic yearnings to reclaim a cherished yet imperilled heritage. Embracing this notion of klezmer as archetype sheds light on the contemporary klezmer scene, particularly in Germany, Poland and the United States of America, and the many social, cultural and moral sensibilities that define it. Paving the way for the various avenues of Jewish, and often non-Jewish, memory work and identification klezmer not only sounds the synthesis of cultural, social and religious boundaries, but also emerges as a bastion of Jewish continuity.

Este trabalho visa problematizar a noção de singularidade na psicanálise lacaniana. Embora não seja propriamente um conceito, tampouco um termo recorrente na obra de Freud, ganha destaque especial em Jacques Lacan e em seus comentadores. Foi o que pudemos verificar quando focalizando o tema da direção do tratamento, realizamos uma leitura crítica do uso dessa noção tanto na obra de Lacan como na de seus seguidores de diversas escolas. Escolhemos circunscrever nossa reflexão ao campo da direção do tratamento que se articula intimamente ao tema da ética da clínica lacaniana. Isso não significa que abandonamos discussões epistemológicas da singularidade, pois sabemos que é necessário manter um tensionamento entre clínica e epistemologia. Lacan importou da matemática e da filosofia suporte teórico para pensar a singularidade em psicanálise, portanto, acompanharemos algumas dessas importações, nos debruçando fundamentalmente em suas consequências para a clínica psicanalítica. Como não há explicitamente uma teoria da singularidade em Lacan, tentamos extrair na rede conceitual de sua obra uma abordagem possível do termo, prevenidos de que, ao fazermos um emprego idealizado e impreciso da noção de singularidade na direção do tratamento psicanalítico, poderíamos incorrer em um problema ético. Há duas tendências mais comuns que nos levam a esse problema: a imaginarização da noção de singularidade e a negativização do termo. Assim, para afastarmos o risco de tomar a singularidade como um ideal psicanalítico (e cientes de que há um forte empuxo nesse sentido), não podemos essencializar essa noção nem descontextualizar o que nomeamos como singular. O que é singular se inscreve num tempo, num espaço e, portanto, num laço social. A singularidade nega e ao mesmo tempo faz existir o universal e o particular, por isso está em permanente articulação com estes. A ideia da singularidade como um jogo de forças que opera durante todo o tratamento, nos parece mais interessante do que a aposta na singularidade como critério de cura. Tal jogo é instaurado pela evanescência do inconsciente que emerge como pulsação na passagem entre os significantes ou nos lapsos de sentido. A singularidade seria uma expressão para se referir ao movimento de tensionamento entre o discurso coerente do paciente e a emergência do inconsciente. Dessa forma, pode se presentificar durante todo o processo do tratamento e não apenas no seu final. Pode ser uma experiência de curta duração, embora seus efeitos também possam ser duradouros. Há várias noções usadas por Lacan para falar da emergência do inconsciente na clínica: equívoco, ato falho, o encontro faltoso (tique), entre outras. No dia-a-dia de nossa atividade clínica, presenciamos como cada paciente subjetiva seu mal-estar ou ainda como cada um faz para lidar com sua divisão subjetiva e com suas contradições. Se estamos nessa esfera, sobre como cada um se vira com o próprio mal-estar, não falamos de singularidade e sim de subjetivações particulares. Assim, se seguirmos a proposta lacaniana de distinguir o singular do particular, circunscreveremos as diversas possibilidades subjetivas de resposta à castração, a uma ordem de particularidade. A nosso ver, a diversidade subjetiva não é menos importante que a emergência do singular num tratamento. É o que um sujeito pode fazer em termos de experiência subjetiva. O papel da singularidade é desencadear o jogo entre particular (articulações significantes e modalidades de subjetivação específicas) e universal (ordem simbólica como um sistema aberto) / This work aims to discuss the idea of uniqueness in Lacanian psychoanalysis. While not exactly a concept, either a recurring term in Freuds work, uniqueness earns special emphasis on Jacques Lacan and his commentators. Thats what we saw when, focusing on the theme of the direction of the treatment, we conducted a critical analysis of the use of this idea both in Lacans work as in his followers from different schools. We chose to circumscribe our thinking to the field of direction of the treatment, which is linked closely to the issue of ethics of Lacanian clinic. This does not mean that we abandoned epistemological discussions of the uniqueness because we know that it is necessary to maintain a tensioning between clinical and epistemology. Lacan imported from mathematics and philosophy a theoretical support to think the uniqueness in psychoanalysis, therefore, we will follow some of these imports addressing fundamentally its consequences for the psychoanalytic clinic. As there is not explicitly a theory of uniqueness in Lacan, we tried to pull from the conceptual network of his work a possible approach of the term, warned that when doing an idealized and inaccurate use of the idea of uniqueness in the direction of psychoanalytic treatment, we could incur in an ethical issue. There are two common trends that could lead us to this problem: the imaginarization of the idea of uniqueness and the negativation of the term. So, to move away from the risk of taking the uniqueness as a psychoanalytic ideal (and aware that there is a strong thrust in that direction), we can not essentialize this idea or decontextualize what we name as unique. What is unique is inscribed in time, in space and, therefore, a social bond. The uniqueness denies and at the same time makes real the universal and the particular, therefore it is in permanent liaison with these concepts. The idea of uniqueness as a game of forces that works throughout the treatment seems more interesting than the emphasis on the uniqueness as a criteria for cure. This game is set up by the evanescence of the unconscious, emerging as pulsation in the passage between the signifiers or in the lapses of sense. The uniqueness would be an expression to refer to the movement of tensioning between the patients coherent speech and the emergence of the unconscious. Thus, the uniqueness can be present throughout all the treatment process, not just at its end. It may be a short-term experience, although its effects can also be long lasting. There are several concepts used by Lacan to speak of the emergence of the unconscious in the clinic: mistake, parapraxis, the lacking encounter (tiquê), among others. In our daily clinical activity, we witness how each patient subjective its malaise or yet how each one deals with his subjective division and his contradictions. If we are in this sphere, talking about how each one deals with their own malaise, we do not speak of uniqueness, but of particular subjectivities. So, if we follow Lacans proposal to distinguish the uniqueness from the particular, we will circumscribe the several subjective possibilities of response to castration, to a particular order. In our view, the subjective diversity is not less important than the emergence of the uniqueness on a treatment. Its what a man can do in terms of subjective experience. The role of uniqueness is to trigger the game between particular (significant joints and specific modalities of subjectivation) and universal (symbolic order as an open system)

Thesis advisor: Régine Jean-Charles / Taking Fatna Ait Sabbah’s two editions of La Femme dans l'inconscient musulman (1982 & 2010) as my point of departure, I analyze the image of the woman in several contemporary French and Arabic texts. Sabbah argues that buried in early Muslim pornographic texts lies an image of woman that reflects the unconscious view of her in the masculine imagination. In this image woman is positioned in opposition to the Muslim ethical system largely due to her subversive sexual desire. Sabbah’s texts raise key questions: Where a transformation of the feminine condition takes place, is it accompanied by a corresponding change in the image of the woman in the Muslim unconscious? How does the collective unconscious change? Is the unconscious always a reactionary force? Does contemporary literature reinforce Sabbah’s conception or depart from it? The novelists I have selected combine two pertinent attributes: they critique their own society and they examine female subjectivity, or in other words how a woman perceives her role, her identity and her consciousness. Through an analysis of heterodox texts, I focus particularly on how the Arab world sees itself. My first chapter compares Sabbah’s two editions, including her shift in tone and agenda, and the lacunae in her texts. In my second chapter I study Moroccan novelist Rajae Benchemsi’s Marrakech, lumière d'exil (2002) and Nawal el Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero (1975) in terms of how the erotic and space function in both texts. I explore the women characters’ compliance with or resistance to Maghrebian notions of feminine and masculine space. I argue that the individual choices regarding space help define the characters’ identity. In my third chapter I examine the Sufi view of woman as included in Rajae Benchemsi’s La Controverse des temps (2006) and Ahmed Toufiq’s Abu Musa's Women Neighbors (2006). I point out that the Sufi view presents a counter-discourse to Sabbah’s description of the image of the woman in the Muslim unconscious. If Fatna Sabbah sees woman in early erotic and orthodox texts as reduced to an exclusively sexual essence, these texts present a spiritual dimension to woman’s identity, a dimension which in the context of Sabbah’s work, I argue, has a transgressive aspect. In my fourth chapter I analyze the mother figure in two novels by the Algerian writer, Boualem Sansal: Harraga (2005) and Rue Darwin (2011). I describe the distance between the representation of the mother in Sansal’s work and the image of the woman in the Muslim unconscious as described by Sabbah. I conclude that while the image of the woman as described by Sabbah continues to be present in contemporary texts, other images, remarkable for their diversity, have emerged. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures.

Intrinsic motion pertains to the relative movements of a character’s body parts while mobile, while extrinsic motion pertains to those movements in relation to external landmarks. The current study aimed to explore whether the removal of identifiable features of a person (race and color of clothing) would force witnesses to move their focus to extrinsic motion. Previous studies regarding the concept of intrinsic and extrinsic motion have found that witnesses are more likely to encode intrinsic motion with the identity of a person, while extrinsic motion is encoded separately. This made it easier for participants to recognize an actor based on their manner of movement, rather than where the actor was initially seen. By silhouetting the actors and manipulating the background they were shown in later, the current study was able to identify a negative impact on recognition ability when actors were shown against a background they were not initially shown against while silhouetted. The implications of these results are discussed. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This thesis assumes that the real essence of an organisation is its connectedness to the primary task. Hence the metaphor of 'soul' and the notion that passion for the task must be present to create 'soul'. It therefore follows that the nature of the primary task is central to the type of organisations that is created. The past decade of downsizing and the rise of the 'high performance culture' have developed their own narrative about delivering shareholder value. Alongside this, too often, exists the feeling that "this place has lost it soul". From that perspective, this thesis addresses the question: how does an increased focus on shareholder value impact on the organisation's passion for its primary task? In a qualitative study based on semi-structured interview data, the characteristics of the task of shareholder value delivery and its impact on customer service delivery are described in this thesis as have been reported by the informants of three large business units from The Australian Banking Corporation, Plc. (ABC), the fictionalised organization which forms the case study for this research. Drawing on a psycho-analytic theoretical frame of organisational theory, the dynamic that this shift in task has created is identified and interpreted. From this phenomenological position, the findings clearly reveal that shareholder value is identified as the current primary task of the organisation, and has become deeply embedded through a business model promoting separated specialist businesses within the umbrella of ABC. The findings show that the tension between delivering service to the customer as stakeholder, the initial primary task, and the current task of delivering shareholder value is unconsciously contained through a process of splitting and projection to establish an idealised customer. The concept of social defense is applied to interpret this dynamic as it enables ABC to engage in the fantasy that it remains customer focussed. In order to replace the primary task of customer service with the task of delivering shareholder value, a process of substitution and mutation developed unconsciously from fear for the survival of ABC which, equally unconsciously connected the notion of service with the desire to serve the shareholder. The pain and anxiety produced by downsizing and continual attention to cost reduction, highly characteristic of the shareholder value model, substantially reduced organisational morale and, in this context, ABC embraced a genuine desire to create a new set of values and a healthy culture. However, what emerged was a religious fundamentalist culture that protects and reinforces the task of delivering shareholder value. Weber's protestant fundamentalism model promoted the creation of financial wealth through hard work while generating feelings of inclusion to render the task of shareholder value more palatable in the organisation. These two systems became symbiotic though the task values intrinsic in delivering shareholder value were recognised as being devoid of altruism. The dogma driven by the system is fundamentalist, the culture is divisively individualistic and passion for the newly accepted primary task is apparently impossible. Hence, it is concluded, the organisational 'soul' of ABC has been corroded. The implications of these findings for practice are concerned with the impact of the task of pursuing shareholder value, and the system it creates as they impact on ABC's ability to change and adapt so that: - Short-termism and risk aversion appear to be affecting the capacity of the CEO to lead the organisation into a growth phase. - Adoption of the specialisation model at ABC, supported by the CEO with a competitive individual reward program, appears to have reduced the potential for ABC to institute change in response to market evolution. - The preparedness of the CEO to risk investment in the medium to long term for growth while managing the short-term expectations of the market has been diminished. - The heroic CEO that the shareholder value model attracts is now concerned about his own legacy, which is impacting on his preparedness to promote a vision for the medium to longer term. - The culture supports the status quo and is now promoted by ABC as part of what differentiates it from its competitors. To change this, it will need to look outside ABC. This, however, appears to have become a blind spot.

<p>The aim of this thesis was the exploration of shame. Four experiments are among the very first to empirically test the validity of Tomkins' shame concept. The relation between internalized shame and memories of early interactions was examined, as well as Tomkins' concept of shame as an innate, momentary emotion. The influence of internalized shame as a personality trait on momentary shame emotion was also explored. Thirdly, how momentarily activated shame influences perception of self and others was studied. Finally, consequences of conscious versus unconscious shame activation was compared. </p><p>Data from two survey studies implied that memories of ignoring and abandoning behaviors from mother are those that correlate most strongly with internalized shame. In the four experimental studies, internalized shame did not seem to influence momentary shame emotion, although two experiments implied different reactions to the praise that constituted part of the shame activating sequence depending on degree of internalized shame. Two experiments in part supported Tomkins’ notion of shame as a consequence of impeded positive emotion. However, participants with a high degree of internalized shame reacted with shame emotion to the praise feedback intended to elicit positive emotion. Therefore Tomkins’ concept of shame was successfully tested only with participants with a low degree of internalized shame. With this group, Tomkins’ conceptualization, however, received support. In addition these two experiments implied different processes for consciously versus unconsciously activated shame, since consequences for social perception and self-image following shame were reversed depending on whether the activating circumstances were conscious or not. The two subsequent experiments did not support the conclusions from the previous two, but gave some implications that shame activation, its consequences, and the effects of conscious versus unconscious activation are highly dependent on personal characteristics and social context. </p><p>Taken together, data give some support to the validity of Tomkins’ shame conceptualization, but implies that it might be far too general, and that shame emotion might be primarily socially dependent.</p>