According to Jung, the individuation process is a spiritual transformation through which the individual attains the maturity of his personality. This process requires the incorporation of subconscious material to the conscious life. The unconscious, though personal, is according to the famous psychologist full of images and archetypes that conform what Jung called the “collective unconscious”, which transcends the personal and expands inter-culturally through time and space. This is the perspective used in the present study of Soldados de Salamina (2001), a novel by the Spanish writer Javier Cercas. The hero of this story that combines fiction and reality travels from the present time into the past of his country, the Spanish Civil war, with the purpose of understanding. This immersion in time parallels another one in his psyche through which he deepens into the collective unconscious of the Spanish people. As a result, we have the vital, spiritual and psychological voyage of a man that stars the narration from a chaotic state to finally emerge innerly renovated and mature. By virtue of this transformation, we witness the hero’s process of individuation. Soldados de Salamina returns to the mystery of the ix unconscious and becomes the narration of a voyage of a human being from his deepest psyche, both as a universal and a particular man, towards his conscience. Comprehension is ultimately the engine of a novel that revisits the Spanish past in order to heal inner wounds.

Blindsight is a phenomenon in which patients suffering damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) perceive themselves as blind, but nonetheless seem to have some residual capacity to distinguish between visual stimuli better than chance. Blindsight can be divided into two subtypes: blindsight type I and blindsight type II. Blindsight type I is defined as visual capacity in the absence of acknowledged awareness. Patients with blindsight type II have visual capacity with some feeling or sensation in the blind field. Visual pathways bypassing V1 are assumed to be responsible for the residual capacity in blindsight. To investigate whether these pathways are present in healthy individuals we examined if it is possible to induce blindsight in healthy individuals by reviewing studies that have tried to induce blindsight with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We found that TMS might be able to induce blindsight type I of side detection. We also found that TMS might be able to induce blindsight type II of colour, orientation, and trustworthiness. Further, we found that both conscious and unconscious perception of shapes are dependent on processing in early visual cortex (EVC) in healthy individuals. We conclude that the full capacity seen in blindsight is most probable caused by neural reorganisation post trauma. The visual pathways bypassing V1 are, if present in healthy individuals, too weak to influence behaviour with the possible exception of side detection. Additionally, we conclude that the use of a binary awareness scale in blindsight studies fails to capture vaguely seen stimuli.

In this dissertation, I develop and defend a kind of somatic theory of the emotions; namely, a somatic-perceptual theory of the emotions. On this account, emotions are perceptions of physiological changes. The majority of emotion theorists, however, hold some kind of a cognitive theory of the emotions. I argue, in opposition to these theories, that cognition is never necessary for emotion. Somatic theories of the emotions have never been well-received in philosophy and psychology. This is mainly because they are often perceived as being ill-equipped to explain many of the things that a theory of the emotions ought to account for. In particular, it is argued that somatic theories of the emotions fail to take into account the fact that emotions are typically directed toward an intentional object. Somatic theories, it is argued, are also unable to explain how to distinguish between different emotions associated with identical physiological responses. Moreover, since on my view emotions are a form of perception, my view would seem to allow for the bodily perceptions constituting emotions to occur unconsciously. However, in philosophy, the notion of unconscious emotions is problematic, because in ordinary language, emotions just are feelings – and feelings are, by definition, conscious. Using philosophical arguments and empirical evidence from neuroscience and psychology, I argue that my somatic-perceptual theory of the emotions is able to account both for the intentional nature of the emotions and the distinctiveness of different emotions just as well as leading cognitive theories of the emotions. This is significant because these objections have not yet been adequately met by other somatic theories of the emotions. I also embrace the implication that on my view, emotions can be unconscious, and show that my somatic-perceptual theory provides a framework for thinking about poorly understood psychological conditions, such as alexithymia. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Attribution theory holds that the affective reaction and mood that people develop in response to a situation is to a great degree dependent on what they perceive has caused the situation. Self-blame is a specific result of certain attributions and often leads to depression. The main purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between a specific, character-related linguistic bias and an increased risk for, and an elevated level of, depression. This is accomplished by comparing subjects' test results in a measure of linguistic bias with the Beck Depression Inventory score and with a measurement of attributional style. Further, by drawing on the philosophical basis of cognitive therapeutic practices, it is argued that self-blame is only related to depression if it is characterological in nature and that such characterological self-blame is implicit in the linguistic style of the individual. Elevated usage of the verb "to be" in evaluating a negative life event was found to correlate with an above-average level of the somatic symptoms of depression. Subjects who preferred "to be" sentences also made more attributions of stability in regard to the hypothetical negative scenarios. Very little correlation was obtained between depression levels and depressogenic attributions. It is argued that while the usage of specific words and the application of depressogenic attributions are confounded, the use of two separate questionnaires both related to a common vignette permits some separation. While linguistic bias does not explain the development of depression, it is at least as good a correlate as attributional style. Depressogenic biases in word usage may be the conscious expression of attributional style. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

While social constructionist understandings of the self have stressed the importance of the self—other relation, placing emphasis on what happens in dialogues and relations with others rather than psychological processes “in the head,” I suggest here that we can build on this tradition to reintroduce notions of a dialogue with the self, or micro-dialogue, as an important part of an understanding of persons. I use the term “microdialogue,” rather than the more familiar notion of “internal conversation” or “society of mind,” to refer to a silent and invisible series of dialogues we hold for ourselves with the images and voices of others, which can emerge in surprising and unwilled ways. I suggest that this micro-dialogue is important in understanding the dialogical interactions between persons, as not all aspects of the self will enter into dialogue with others, leading to miscommunication, misunderstanding, and misrecognition. It is also possible for people to fail to articulate all the latent voices or vocal tones in their own micro-dialogue, leading to an understanding of how voices and selves can become divided and allowing us to take a different perspective on a dialogical unconscious.

The Giant Dream Chamber is an underworld figure chanting Aperspectival intuition, the image arrives. Matter undresses, interiority silhouetted. / Master of Architecture

The artist uses herself as the object of study. Her subjective position is validated within a theoretical framework provided by feminism, existentialism and Freudian theory. The three world views provide the context for an analysis of sculpture produced between the years 1988 and 1997. Three one-person exhibitions held in 1990, 1993 and 1996, are examined in terms of their iconographic emphasis and their theoretical bias. The role of the unconscious in the genesis of the sculptures and the problem of author/reader dichotomies in interpretation are dealt with as thematic threads throughout the dissertation. / Department of History of Art and Fine Arts / M.A. (Fine Arts)

D. H. Lawrence believed the individual psyche to consist of two parts: the active unconsciousness and the mental consciousness. The active unconsciousness is a sort of life force within the individual, and one that allows the individual a true connection to the world. It is also closely related to the body, and sometimes called “blood-being” or “blood-consciousness.” The mental consciousness could be said to be the “intellect” in the individual psyche, dealing with abstractions and ideas. Lawrence insists that contemporary society’s prioritizing of the functions of the mental consciousness leads individuals to allow it too much influence over their life. This ultimately leads them to become dominating, willful and deadly. Lawrence’s 1920 novel Women in Love is an allegory of what Lawrence saw as the detrimental effect on individuals by the over-emphasis on rationality in contemporary society, and also of the struggle to find a way back to a more natural way of existing in the world. This essay argues that the processes of, and struggle between, the mental consciousness and active unconsciousness, are illustrated in images of water. Surface and merging imagery connotes denial of or loss of contact with the active unconsciousness, eventually leading the individual to seek death. Flood and submersion imagery connotes a possibility to find a way back to a life lived in and through the active unconsciousness. Fountain imagery and images of water connoting growth and openness connote the strong, creative life force inherent in the active unconsciousness. However, some water imagery in the novel also contradicts any notion of a stable balance—Lawrence universe is one where death and destruction is a necessary component of life and creativity.

The artist uses herself as the object of study. Her subjective position is validated within a theoretical framework provided by feminism, existentialism and Freudian theory. The three world views provide the context for an analysis of sculpture produced between the years 1988 and 1997. Three one-person exhibitions held in 1990, 1993 and 1996, are examined in terms of their iconographic emphasis and their theoretical bias. The role of the unconscious in the genesis of the sculptures and the problem of author/reader dichotomies in interpretation are dealt with as thematic threads throughout the dissertation. / Department of History of Art and Fine Arts / M.A. (Fine Arts)

Sjöfartsverket är idag huvudansvarigt för all sjöräddning i Sverige där lotsbåten är ett av de fartyg som deltar. Det nuvarande systemet för bärgning anses dock ha vissa brister beträffande räddning av personer som i vattnet är medvetslösa eller svårt skadade. Syftet med studien var att efter en inledande kartläggning av olika system för bärgning av medvetslösa eller svårt skadade personer, undersöka vad besättningsmän från Sjöfartsverkets lotsbåtar anser om systemen samt svårigheterna vid bärgning. I intervjuerna framkom det att dagens system varken är byggt för övning eller för räddning av någon som är medvetslös eller svårt skadad. Resultatet visar även att rådande väderförhållanden samt tiden är avgörande faktorer för en lyckad räddning. Majoriteten av besättningsmännen anser att ett system placerat i aktern tillsammans med det nuvarande systemet är den kombination av system som skulle kunna göra räddningsarbetet ombord på lotsbåtarna både enklare och effektivare. / The Swedish Maritime Administration is today the authority with the main responsibility inSweden regarding search and rescue where the pilot boat is one of the vessels involved.However, the current system of salvage is considered to have some deficiencies regarding therescue of persons from the water whom are unconscious or severely injured. The purpose of this study was that after an initial survey of the different systems for rescuing unconscious or severely injured people, examine what crew members from the Swedish Maritime Administrations pilot boats thinks about the systems and the difficulties surrounding the salvage. The interviews revealed that today's current system is not built to be practiced with orfor the rescue of someone who is unconscious or badly injured. The investigation also shows that the prevailing weather conditions and time are crucial factors for a successful rescue. The majority of the crewmembers consider that a system located in the stern with today's existing system is the combination of systems that could make the rescue work aboard the pilot boats easier and more efficient.