Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union, 1975. / Bibliography: leaf 111.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-183).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University, Dept. of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on November 12, 2007). Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-115).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007. / Joyce E. Many, committee chair; Mona W. Matthews, Dana L. Fox, Lori N. Elliott, committee members. Electronic text (190 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 19, 2008; title from file title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-187).

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Esta dissertação toma como objeto o manuscrito “La traduction, la langue et l’intelligence”, de Émile Benveniste, cuja publicação, em 2016, amplia as possibilidades de pensar a tradução a partir do ponto de vista dos estudos benvenistianos. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, é analisar esse manuscrito, considerando-o em relação à reflexão sobre linguagem já estabelecida de Benveniste, estabelecendo, por conseguinte, uma abordagem que toma as teorizações desse linguista enquanto teoria da linguagem e que reflete sobre o lugar que a tradução ocupa dentro desse contexto e sobre as contribuições que ela fornece para tal perspectiva de pensamento, além de buscar estabelecer um outro entendimento da tradução a partir desse contexto. Para isso, o trabalho inicia com a apresentação e análise das menções teóricas e práticas que Benveniste faz à tradução em diversas situações e com a exposição de trabalhos prévios que abordam a tradução do ponto de vista da teoria benvenistiana, traçando um panorama dos modos e contextos em que o fenômeno tradutório e Benveniste se relacionam. Em seguida, estabelecem-se paralelos e distinções entre o conteúdo do manuscrito “La traduction, la langue et l’intelligence” e outras teorizações de Benveniste, especialmente aquelas apresentadas nos Problemas de linguística geral, para então arrolar e detalhar os três modos como esse teórico se refere ao fenômeno tradutório. Esses procedimentos levam, em primeiro lugar, à percepção da forte presença da tradução na reflexão de Benveniste, o que permite determinar o seu papel de operador nesse contexto, desempenhando a função de evidenciar hipóteses acerca da linguagem e, em especial, de revelar a propriedade de significância da língua. Finalmente, o contraste das perspectivas acerca da tradução permite identificar a relação entre a linguagem e a realidade extralinguística – seja através da designação ou da instância subjetiva de apropriação da língua e o estabelecimento de uma relação com o mundo daí derivada – como o elemento agregador das abordagens, o que aponta para a percepção da tradução de um outro ponto de vista, não meramente como transposição de uma língua para outra, mas como fenômeno de linguagem que demonstra a diversidade antropológica, linguística, social e cultural do mundo. / This study takes Émile Benveniste’s manuscript “La traduction, la langue et l’intelligence” as its object, since its publication in 2016 opens up more possibilities to think about translation from the point of view of studies on Benveniste. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze this manuscript, considering it in relation to what is already established of Benveniste’s reflection on language, thus instituting an approach that regards his theorizations as a theory of language and that thinks about the place that translation occupies within this context and about the contributions it provides for such a standpoint, in addition to seeking to establish another understanding regarding translation within this context. In order to do this, the research begins with the presentation and analysis of the theoretical and practical references to translation that Benveniste makes in diverse situations and with the citation of previous works that address translation from the point of view of Benveniste’s theory, offering a panorama of the modes and contexts in which it is possible to establish an association between the translation phenomenon and Benveniste. Subsequently, we establish parallels and distinctions between the content of the manuscript “La traduction, la langue et l'intelligence” and other propositions by Benveniste, especially those presented in Problems of General Linguistics, to then list and detail the three ways he refers to the translation phenomenon. These procedures lead, at first, to the perception of the strong presence of the translation in Benveniste’s reflection, which allows determining its role of operator in this context, fulfilling the function of demonstrating hypotheses about language and, in particular, of revealing the property of significance language has. Finally, by contrasting the perspectives about translation it is possible to identify the relationship between language and extra-linguistic reality—whether through designation or through the subjective instance of language appropriation and the resulting establishment of a relationship with the world—as the element that brings the approaches together, which points to the perception of translation from another point of view, not merely as the transfer from one language into another but as a language phenomenon that demonstrates the anthropological, linguistic, social, and cultural diversity of the world.

This thesis concerns the nature of knowledge-how, in particular the question of how we ought to combine philosophical and linguistic considerations to understand what it is to know how to do something. Part 1 concerns the significance of linguistic evidence. In chapter 1, I consider the range of linguistic arguments that have been used in favour of the Intellectualist claim that knowledge-how is a species of propositional knowledge. Chapter 2 considers the idea that sentences of the form ‘S knows how to V' involve a free relative complement, and the relation between this claim and the Objectualist claim that knowledge-how is a kind of objectual knowledge. Chapter 3 argues that Intellectualism about knowledge-how faces a problem of generality in accounting for the kinds of propositions that are known in knowledge-how, which is analogous to the generality problem for Reliabilism. Part 2 turns to philosophical considerations, offering an extended inquiry into the point of thinking and talking about knowledge-how. Chapter 4 considers why we should want to work with a concept of knowledge, isolating two hypotheses: i) that thinking and talking about knowledge-how helps us to pool skills, and ii) that thinking and talking about knowledge-how helps us to engage in responsible practices of co-operation. Chapter 5 criticises the former hypothesis by arguing against the suggestion that there is a knowledge-how norm on teaching. Chapter 6 offers an indirect argument for the latter hypothesis, arguing for a knowledge-how norm on intending. Part 3, which consists of chapter 7, offers a positive account of knowledge-how which takes into account both philosophical and linguistic considerations. According to what I will call the Interrogative Capacity view, knowing how to do something consists in a certain kind of ability to answer the question of how to do it.

Esta dissertação reserva-se à analise do conceito de intradutibilidade presente na teoria da linguagem desenvolvida por John Locke, no Livro III, das palavras, de seu Ensaio sobre o entendimento humano, de 1690. Essa teoria visa rejeitar conceitos em voga no séc. XVII, especialmente o inatismo, advogando em favor do argumento de que o entendimento é adquirido por meio da experiência sensorial, sendo esta particular a cada indivíduo. Nesse sentido, a forma como as ideias são apreendidas na mente de cada indivíduo é também particular; a linguagem, portanto, é vista pelo autor como o instrumento responsável por socializar essas ideias particulares e permitir a comunicação. Entretanto, somada à crítica ao inatismo, Locke, no Livro III, questiona i. o emprego abusivo das palavras no contexto científico, ao elencar uma série de ações realizadas por debatedores para impressionar seu ouvinte muito mais do que transmitir um conhecimento e refletir sobre a Verdade e ii. a natureza imperfeita das palavras que compõem a linguagem especialmente devido ao seu comportamento arbitrário, ou seja, sua relação com as ideias que devem representar não é natural, mas imposta pelo homem. Ademais, Locke afirma, também como contraposição às discussões da época, haver duas essências: a nominal, acessível à nossa apreensão e delimitada pelas palavras, e a real, cuja totalidade é inapreensível pela experiência e, por extensão, pelas palavras. Assim, ao defender a intradutibilidade, argumenta em favor de um novo método de investigação filosófica, que leva em consideração a particularidade do falante, a arbitrariedade na relação entre as palavras e as ideias e a impossibilidade de 7 se acessar a realidade em sua totalidade. A afirmação da intradutibilidade não exclui a prática da tradução, reconhecida por John Locke no mesmo livro III, defende apenas o supracitado. Por isso, esta dissertação também apresenta uma tradução desse Livro III para uma demonstração prática da teoria predicada por esse autor e uma reflexão das escolhas realizadas no intuito de adequar-se aos argumentos levantados e analisados ao longo de toda a dissertação. / It is intended to analyse the concept of translatability in John Lockes theory of language, which is developed in the Book III, of words, of his Essay concerning human understanding, in 1690. He rejects the 17th century scholars and the inatism theory claiming that the knowledge is apprehended by sense experiences, which are particular to each one. Hence the ideas are also particular, the language, by that means, is the main instrument used by the humans to convey their thoughts and whose chief end is communication. Locke also rejects other two things: i. the abuse of words causing obscure discourses whose only purpose is to impress the hearer, not to present the truth and ii. the imperfection inherent to the nature of words, because its relation to the ideas is arbitrary and not based on any pattern in nature. Thus, Locke arguments that there are two types of essences: a nominal defined by words and a real, which is impossible to describe, because we have only access to reality through our senses. By defending intranslatability Locke is actually defending a new philosophical method which includes the fact that language is particular to each speaker, the arbitrary relation between words and ideas and the impossibility to comprehend thoroughly reality. However it does not excludes translation itself, recognized by Locke in the same Book III; translating it portrays his theory and proposes a debate concerning the choices made to better convey his view.

This thesis analyzes how Afro-Caribbean poets writing in English appropriate language and use memory as a thematic tool to articulate postcolonial identities. The present study is organized in three parts: the first part provides the necessary theoretical background regarding postcolonial theory, the politics of hybridity and resistance / the second part examines poets&rsquo / struggles over language and social forms of poetry / the third part deals with the site of memory as a revisionary tool in rewriting history poetically, binding pre-colonial and colonial identities, and healing the fractured psyches of postcolonial societies. The struggle over language and the use of memory enable the Afro-Caribbean poet to reconfigure individual and collective identities. For these purposes, Grace Nichols&rsquo / i is a long memoried woman (1983), Edward Kamau Brathwaite&rsquo / s X/Self (1987) and Linton Kwesi Johnson&rsquo / s Tings&rsquo / an Times (1991) will be analyzed.

Language is part of nature, and as such, certain general principles that generate the form of natural systems, will also create the patterns found within linguistic form. Since network theory is one of the best theoretical frameworks for extracting general principles from diverse systems, this thesis examines how a network perspective can shed light on the characteristics and the learning of syntax. It is demonstrated that two word co-occurrence networks constructed from adult and child speech (BNC World Edition 2001; Sachs 1983; MacWhinney 2000a) exhibit three non-atomic syntactic primitives namely, the truncated power law distributions of frequency, degree and the link length between two nodes (the link representing a precedence relation). Since a power law distribution of link lengths characterises a hubterranean structure (Kasturirangan 1999) i.e. a structure that has a few highly connected nodes and many poorly connected nodes, both the adult and the child word co-occurrence networks exhibit hubterranean structure. This structure is formed by an optimisation process that minimises the link length whilst maximising connectivity (Mathias & Gopal 2001 a&b). The link length in a word co-occurrence network is the storage cost of representing two adjacently co-occurring words and is inversely proportion to the transitional probability (TP) of the word pair. Adjacent words that co-occur often together i.e. have a high TP, exhibit a high cohesion and tend to form chunks. These chunks are a cost effective method of storing representations. Thus, on this view, the (multi-) power law of link lengths represents the distribution of storage costs or cohesions within adjacent words. Such cohesions form groupings of linguistic form known as syntactic constituents. Thus, syntactic constituency is not specific to language and is a property derived from the optimisation of the network. In keeping with other systems generated by a cost constraint on the link length, it is demonstrated that both the child and adult word co-occurrence networks are not hierarchically organised in terms of degree distribution (Ravasz and Barabási 2003:1). Furthermore, both networks are disassortative, and in line with other disassortative networks, there is a correlation between degree and betweenness centrality (BC) values (Goh, Kahng and Kim 2003). In agreement with scale free networks (Goh, Oh, Jeong, Kahng and Kim 2002), the BC values in both networks follow a power law distribution. In this thesis, a motif analysis of the two word co-occurrence networks is a richly detailed (non-functional) distributional analysis and reveals that the adult and child significance profiles for triad subgraphs correlate closely. Furthermore, the most significant 4-node motifs in the adult network are also the most significant in the child network. Utilising this non-functional distributional analysis in a word co-occurrence network, it is argued that the notion of a general syntactic category is not evidenced and as such is inadmissible. Thus, non-general or construction-specific categories are preferred (in line with Croft 2001). Function words tend to be the hub words of the network (see Ferrer i Cancho and Solé 2001a), being defined and therefore identified by their high type and token frequency. These properties are useful for identifying syntactic categories since function words are traditionally associated with particular syntactic categories (see Cann 2000). Consequently, a function word and thus a syntactic category may be identified by the interception of the frequency and degree power laws with their truncated tails. As a given syntactic category captures the type of words that may co-occur with the function word, the category then encourages consistency within the functional patterns in the network and re-enforces the network’s (near-) optimised state. Syntax then, on this view, is both a navigator, manoeuvring through the ever varying sea of linguistic form and a guide, forging an uncharted course through novel expression. There is also evidence suggesting that the hubterranean structure is not only found in the word co-occurrence network, but within other theoretical syntactic levels. Factors affecting the choice of a verb that is generalised early relate to the formation and the characteristics of hubs. In that, the property of a high (token) frequency in combination with either a high degree (type frequency) or a low storage cost, point to certain verbs within the network and these highly ‘visible’ verbs tend to be generalised early (in line with Boyd and Goldberg forthcoming). Furthermore, the optimisation process that creates hubterranean structure is implicated in the verb-construction subpart network of the adult’s linguistic knowledge, the mapping of the constructions’ form-to-meaning pairings, the construction inventory size as well as certain strategies aiding first language learning and adult artificial language learning.