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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
321

Sobre a termodinâmica dos espectros / On the spectrum thermodynamic

Carnovali Junior, Edelver 18 April 2008 (has links)
Três ensembles, respectivamente relacionados com as distribuições Gaussiana, Lognormal e de Levy, são abordados neste trabalho primordialmente do ponto de vista da termodinâmica de seus espectros. Novas expressões para as grandezas termodinâmicas sao encontradas para os ensembles de Stieltjes e de Bertuola-Pato, e a conexão destes com os ensembles Gaussianos e estabelecida. Esta tese também se compromete com a continuação do desenvolvimento e aprimorarão do ensemble generalizado de Bertuola-Pato, estendendo alguns resultados para os ensembles simplifico e unitário generalizados, alem do ortogonal generalizado já introduzido anteriormente por A. C. Bertuola e M. P. Pato. / Three ensembles, related to the Gaussian, the Lognormal and the L´evy distributions respectively, have been studied in this work and were investigated most of all in what concerns their spectral thermodynamics. New expressions for the thermodynamics quantities were found for the Stieltjes and the Bertuola-Pato ensembles, and the connection with the gaussian ensembles is established. This work concerned with the development continuity and with the improvement of Bertuola-Pato generalized ensemble, extending some of the results to the simplectic and unitary generalized ensembles, besides the orthogonal generalized ensemble introduced before by A. C. Bertuola and M. P. Pato.
322

Implementação do método Parallel Tempering Monte Carlo para o estudo de propriedades termodinâmicas de nanoclusters / Implementation of the Parallel Tempering Monte Carlo method to the study of thermodynamic properties of nanoclusters

Cezar, Henrique Musseli 24 February 2015 (has links)
O uso de nanomateriais em aplicações como catálise e medicina, despertou nos últimos anos o interesse no estudo das propriedades de nanoclusters. O estudo das propriedades termodinâmicas desses sistemas é essencial, pois mudanças estruturais originadas de mudanças de fase podem alterar propriedades como atividade catalítica, momento magnético e propriedades óticas. A dinâmica molecular vêm sendo utilizada para o estudo computacional das propriedades termodinâmicas de diversos nanomateriais, enquanto o uso de métodos de Monte Carlo (MC), nesse contexto, tem se restringido ao estudo de nanoclusters de Lennard-Jones (LJ). Para avaliar a viabilidade do uso de métodos de MC no estudo de propriedades de sistemas reais, uma implementação do método Parallel Tempering Monte Carlo (PTMC) utilizando algoritmos do estado da arte para realização de trocas, determinação de temperaturas e ajuste de deslocamentos foi construída. Através de testes, é mostrado que alguns dos algoritmos implementados podem não ser adequados ao estudo do problema em questão. A implementação foi validada com o estudo das propriedades termodinâmicas de nanoclusters de LJ com 38, 55 e 147 átomos, que possuem resultados conhecidos na literatura. Além disso, resultados para propriedades do nanocluster LJ98 são apresentados, e devido à características estruturais desse sistema, é observada uma transição sólido-sólido entre as estruturas tetraédricas e icosaédricas em temperatura abaixo da de fusão. A hipótese do uso do algoritmo PTMC para o estudo de propriedades de materiais reais, foi testada nas nanoligas (PtCo)55 e (PtNi)55, descritas pelo potencial de Gupta. Através da comparação das estruturas de mais baixa energia com resultados de teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT, do inglês), é mostrado que o uso do potencial de Gupta pode ser justificado, dados os baixos desvios no comprimento de ligação (menores que 2.4%) e a semelhança de outras características estruturais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o método PTMC é capaz de identificar as mudanças de fase das nanoligas estudadas. Essas mudanças são ilustradas e analisadas com o uso de um algoritmo para a comparação da similaridade de estruturas, com o qual foi possível analisar a fusão dos nanoclusters Co55, Ni55, Pt30Co25 e Pt40Ni15 (obtida em temperaturas entre 900 e 1100 K); além da fusão, a 727 K, e transição sólido-sólido, a 300 K, para a Pt55. Com as estruturas mais frequentes, encontradas através da análise de similaridade, e com a realização de cálculos DFT, foi possível observar um deslocamento do centro da banda d em direção ao HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) causado pelo aumento da temperatura. Esse deslocamento, segundo o modelo da banda d válido para superfícies, pode indicar uma maior reatividade dos nanoclusters nesses casos. / The use of nanomaterials in applications such as catalysis and medicine, aroused in the last years interest in studying properties of nanoclusters. The study of thermodynamic properties of these systems is essential, since structural changes originated from phase changes can alter properties such as catalytic activity, magnetic moment and optical properties. Molecular dynamics have been used for the computational study of thermodynamic properties of various nanomaterials, while the use of Monte Carlo methods (MC), in this context, has been restricted to the study of Lennard-Jones (LJ) nanoclusters. To evaluate the feasibility of using MC methods to study properties of real systems, an implementation of the Parallel Tempering Monte Carlo (PTMC) method using state of the art algorithms to perform exchanges, determine the temperature set and adjust the maximum displacement, was built. Through testing, it is shown that some of the implemented algorithms may not be suitable for the study of the problem in question. The implementation was validated by studying the thermodynamic properties of LJ nanoclusters with 38, 55 and 147 atoms, which have results known in the literature. In addition, results for the properties of the LJ98 nanocluster are reported, and due to the structural features of this system, a solid-solid transition between the tetrahedral and icosahedral structures in a temperature below melting is observed. The possibility of using the PTMC algorithm in the study of properties of real materials, is tested in the (PtCo)55 and (PtNi)55 nanoalloys, described by the Gupta potential. By comparing the lowest energy structures with density functional theory (DFT) results, it is shown that the use of the Gupta potential can be justified, given the small deviation in the bond lenght (less than 2.4%) and the similarity of other structural features. The results indicate that the PTMC method is able to identify the phase changes in the studied nanoalloys. These changes are illustrated and analyzed with the use of an algorithm for comparing the structure similarity, which made possible the analysis of the melting of the Co55, Ni55, Pt30Co25 e Pt40Ni15 nanoclusters (obtained at temperatures between 900 e 1100 K); and the melting at 727 K, and solid-solid transition at 300 K, for Pt55. With the most frequent structures, obtained by the similarity analysis, and through DFT calculations, it was possible to observe a shift in the d band center to the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) caused by the temperature increase. This shift, following the d band model valid for surfaces, may indicate a higher reactivity of the nanocluster in these cases.
323

Advanced control strategies for optimal operation of a combined solar and heat pump system

Ahmad, Muhammad Waseem January 2013 (has links)
The UK domestic sector accounts for more than a quarter of total energy use. This energy use can be reduced through more efficient building operations. The energy efficiency can be improved through better control of heating in houses, which account for a large portion of total energy consumption. The energy consumption can be lowered by using renewable energy systems, which will also help the UK government to meet its targets towards reduction in carbon emissions and generation of clean energy. Building control has gained considerable interest from researchers and much improved ways of control strategies for heating and hot water systems have been investigated. This intensified research is because heating systems represent a significant share of our primary energy consumption to meet thermal comfort and indoor air quality criteria. Advances in computing control and research in advanced control theory have made it possible to implement advanced controllers in building control applications. Heating control system is a difficult problem because of the non-linearities in the system and the wide range of operating conditions under which the system must function. A model of a two zone building was developed in this research to assess the performance of different control strategies. Two conventional (On-Off and proportional integral controllers) and one advanced control strategies (model predictive controller) were applied to a solar heating system combined with a heat pump. The building was modelled by using a lumped approach and different methods were deployed to obtain a suitable model for an air source heat pump. The control objectives were to reduce electricity costs by optimizing the operation of the heat pump, integrating the available solar energy, shifting electricity consumption to the cheaper night-time tariff and providing better thermal comfort to the occupants. Different climatic conditions were simulated to test the mentioned controllers. Both on-off and PI controllers were able to maintain the tank and room temperatures to the desired set-point temperatures however they did not make use of night-time electricity. PI controller and Model Predictive Controller (MPC) based on thermal comfort are developed in this thesis. Predicted mean vote (PMV) was used for controlling purposes and it was modelled by using room air and radiant temperatures as the varying parameters while assuming other parameters as constants. The MPC dealt well with the disturbances and occupancy patterns. Heat energy was also stored into the fabric by using lower night-time electricity tariffs. This research also investigated the issue of model mismatch and its effect on the prediction results of MPC. MPC performed well when there was no mismatch in the MPC model and simulation model but it struggled when there was a mismatch. A genetic algorithm (GA) known as a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) was used to solve two different objective functions, and the mixed objective from the application domain led to slightly superior results. Overall results showed that the MPC performed best by providing better thermal comfort, consuming less electric energy and making better use of cheap night-time electricity by load shifting and storing heat energy in the heating tank. The energy cost was reduced after using the model predictive controller.
324

Acoplamento termodinâmico mitocondrial e resposta  a insulina em células do músculo esquelético / Mitochondrial thermodynamic coupling and insulin response in skeletal muscle cells

Sampaio, Ígor Hayaxibara 15 October 2015 (has links)
O quadro de resistência à insulina em humanos está fortemente relacionado ao acumulo de lipídeos intracelulares, a inatividade física e ao aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o aumento na oferta de nutrientes incluindo glicose e ácido graxo palmítico pode alterar o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, a respiração, a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e a resposta a insulina em células do tecido muscular. Nossos resultados mostram que a exposição de células musculares a elevada disponibilidade de substratos resultou em diminuição do potencial de membrana mitocondrial, e aumento da respiração no estado IV e da expressão do RNAm da proteína desacopladora mitocondrial UCP-3. Mostrando a existência de um mecanismo de desacoplamento intrínseco em células do músculo esquelético ativado em situações de elevada oferta de nutrientes. Nessas condições observamos redução do acoplamento e da eficiência termodinâmica mitocondrial. Interessantemente, essa capacidade de desacoplamento parece ser perdida cronicamente como indicado pelos nossos resultados de consumo de oxigênio no período de 48h favorecendo uma menor atividade mitocondrial, aumento de EROs e redução da razão GSH/GSSG. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica em cultura primária e expressão gênica do PGC1-, um reconhecido gene regulador da biogênese mitocondrial, não demonstraram diferença entre controle e tratamento com palmitato. O ácido palmito resultou na redução da fosforilação de Akt, bem como, na captação de glicose estimulada por insulina. Nossos achados, portanto, sugerem que uma redução do acoplamento termodinâmico mitocondrial e do sistema antioxidante, juntamente com aumento do peróxido de hidrogênio, estão fortemente relacionados a redução da resposta a insulina. Deste modo, nosso estudo sugere um papel importante da mitocôndria na resposta a insulina. / The insulin resistance in human framework is strongly related to the accumulation of intracellular lipids, physical inactivity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to determine whether the increase in nutrient supply including glucose and palmitic fatty acid can change the mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, production of reactive oxygen species and the insulin response in muscle tissue cells. Our results show that exposure of muscle cells to high availability of the substrate resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, in increased respiration in the state IV and mRNA expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP-3. Showing the existence of an intrinsic uncoupling mechanism of skeletal muscle cells activated in situations of high supply of nutrients. However, under these conditions we observed a reduction of the coupling and mitochondrial thermodynamic efficiency. Interestingly, this decoupling capacity was chronically lost as indicated by our results in the 48 hours period favoring a lower mitochondrial activity, increase of ROS and reduced GSH / GSSG ratio. Images from electron microscopy and gene expression of PGC1-, a recognized regulatory gene of mitochondrial biogenesis, showed no difference between control and treatment with palmitate. The palm acid resulted in reduced phosphorylation of Akt, as well as glucose uptake stimulated by insulin. Our findings thus suggest that a reduction in mitochondrial antioxidant and thermodynamic coupling system, along with increase in the hydrogen peroxide, are closely related to reducing insulin response. Thus, our findings suggest a role of mitochondria in insulin response.
325

Formalismo termodinâmico para shifts de Markov enumeráveis topologicamente mixing / Thermodynamic formalism for topologically mixing countable Markov shifts

Torres, Jose Manuel Chauta 03 February 2017 (has links)
Nesta tese são estudados alguns tópicos sobre otimização ergódica e formalismo termodinâmico que generalizam resultados, de Contreras, Lopes e Thieullen (2006), Garibaldi e Lopes (2008) no primeiro caso e Baraviera, Lopes e Thieullen (2006), Bissacot, Mengue e Pérez (2006) no segundo, para contextos onde não existem medidas de Gibbs, ou, em outras palavras, não é satisfeita a propriedade BIP. É demonstrada a existência de subações calibradas para potenciais coercivos de variação finita em espaços shift transitivos de alfabeto enumerável. O método usado é a construção da barreira de Peierls nesse contexto. Provam-se algumas das propriedades da barreira de Peierls e, como consequência das construções, é mostrada uma classificação dos shifts que possuem subações calibradas e limitadas. Posteriormente é realizado um estudo do formalismo termodinâmico para potenciais somáveis de variação finita e pressão finita com medida maximizante única f em shifts topologicamente mixing. Fazendo uso dos resultados de Freire e Vargas (2015), são estudadas a famlia de estados de equilbrio correspondente com f e a famlia de funções 1/B log h_ B , onde h_B são auto vetores do operador de Ruelle para Bf . É demonstrado que os pontos de acumulação quando B vai para infinito são subações uniformemente contnuas. Finalmente é provada uma propriedade dos grandes desvios para a famlia de estados de equilbrio \\mu_B com hipóteses sobre a convergência de uma famlia de funções g_B que normaliza o operador de Ruelle para cada B> 1 (Veja seção 4.4) / In this thesis, the study of topics on ergodic optimization and thermodynamic formalism for countable Markov shifts is presented. It provides a generalization of the previous results, in Contreras, Lopes and Thieullen (2006), Garibaldi and Lopes (2008) for the first subject and Baraviera, Lopes and Thieullen (2006), Bissacot, Mengue e Pérez (2006) for the second one, to situations where there are no Gibbs measures, ie, the BIP property is not verified. The existence of calibrated subactions for coercive potentials with finite variation over transitive countable Markov shifts is proved. The method is based on the construction of the Peierls barrrier in this context. Some properties of the Peierls barrier are proved and, as consequence of the proof, a classification of the Markov shifts which support calibrated and limited subactions is shown. Subsequently, the thermodynamic formalism for topologically mixing Markov shift and summable potentials with finite variation, finite pressure and unique maximizing measure f is studied. Using results in Freire and Vargas (2015), the class of equilibrium states corresponding with f and the class of functions 1/ log h_B are studied where h_B are the eigenfunctions for the Ruelle operator. It is proved that its accumulation points, as goes to infinity, are uniformly continuous subactions. Finally, it is proved a large deviation principle for the equilibrium states family \\mu_B , assuming a hypothesis about the convergence in a family of functions that normalizes the Ruelle operator (See section 4.4 for more details).
326

Resíduo sólido de depilação como adsorvente de corantes para tingimento de couro

Mella, Bianca January 2017 (has links)
Nas etapas de processamento do couro, de limpeza da pele, de recortes e ajuste da espessura do couro, diferentes tipos de resíduos sólidos são gerados. Dentre esses resíduos, os pelos provenientes da etapa de depilação são descartados. Além disso, nas etapas finais do acabamento molhado do couro, em especial no tingimento, são adicionados corantes e outros produtos químicos com o objetivo de dar ao couro características superficiais, como cor e textura, gerando, consequentemente, efluentes de difícil tratamento devido ao potencial recalcitrante dos produtos químicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma alternativa ao uso do pelo proveniente da etapa de depilação, possibilitando assim uma extensão no ciclo de vida deste resíduo como um adsorvente alternativo para remoção de corantes empregados na indústria do couro. O pelo (CHW) foi caracterizado através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de raios X dispersiva de energia (EDS), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), bem como sua área superficial específica e distribuição de tamanho de poro por análises de BET/BJH. A capacidade de remoção dos corantes Azul Ácido 161 (AB-161) e Preto Ácido 210 (AB-210) em soluções aquosas foi estudada emfaixas de pH de 1,0 a 10,0 e também a dosagem ótima de adsorvente. Nas isotermas de adsorção,o modelo de Liu foi o que melhor apresentou resultados para os dois corantes estudados em todas as temperaturas analisadas (30, 40 e 50ºC) No estudo cinético, o modelo de ordem-geral apresentou o melhor ajuste dos dados, com menor tempo de contato para remoção do corante AB-161 de 600 min com o pelo (CHW) e 90 min com o carvão ativado comercial (CAC), nos valores de pH 3,0 e pH 4,0, respectivamente. Para o corante AB-210 o menor tempo de contato para atingir o equilíbrio foi de 120 min e 90 min para CHW e o CAC, nos valores ótimos de pH de 2,0 e 4,0, respectivamente. O carvão produzido (AC-CHW) a partir do pelo residual foi ativado com H3PO4, caracterizado e testado em efluentes reais para remoção dos corantes Laranja Ácido 142 (AO-142) e Marrom Ácido 414 (AB-414). O carvão produzido apresentou um elevado diâmetro de poro (140,70 A), o que favoreceu a adsorção de moléculas maiores e mais complexas, como as presentes nos efluentes reais. Através do MEV e do FTIR observou-se a presença dos compostos estudados no AC-CHW após aadsorção, onde os resultados indicaram que os grupos funcionais de -CH=CH- participaram ativamente do processo de remoção. O pHzero obtido do AC-CHWfoi de 3,65, o que favoreceu a remoção desses compostos já que o efluente real apresenta um pH inferior a 4,0. Os percentuais de remoção obtidos de área sob as curvas de adsorção indicam uma remoção de 51,94% e 49,73% dos efluentes contendo AB-414 e AO-142, respectivamente. / In the stages of leather processing, skin cleansing, trimming and leather thickness adjustment, different types of solid waste are generated. Among these residues, hairs from the depilation stage are discarded. In addition, in the final stages of the wet finishing of leather, in particular in dyeing, dyes and other chemical products are added with the aim of giving the leather surface characteristics, such as color and texture, thus generating effluents that are difficult to treat due to the potential recalcitrant of chemicals. The objective of this work is to present an alternative to the use of hair from the depilation stage, thus allowing an extension in the life cycle of this residue as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of dyes used in the leather industry. The hair (CHW) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as its specific surface area and pore size distribution by analysis of BET/BJH. The ability to remove Acid Blue 161 (AB-161) and Acid Black 210 (AB-210) dyes in aqueous solutions was studied in pH ranges from 1 to 10 and also the optimum dosage of adsorbent. In the adsorption isotherms, Liu model presented the best results for the two dyes studied at all temperatures (30, 40 and 50ºC). In the kinetic study, the general-order model presented the best fit of the data, with a lowest contact time to remove the AB-161 dye of 600 min with the hair (CHW) and 90 min with the commercial activated charcoal (CAC) at pH 3.0 and pH 4.0, respectively For the dye AB-210, the lowest contact time to reach equilibrium was 120 min and 90 min for CHW and CAC, at the optimum pH values of 2.0 and 4.0, respectively. The charcoal produced (AC-CHW) from the residual was activated with H3PO4, characterized and tested in actual effluents to remove the Acid Orange 142 (AO-142) and Acid Brown 414 (AB-414) dyes. The carbon produced had a high pore diameter (140,70 A), which favored the adsorption of larger and more complex molecules, such as those present in the actual effluents. The presence of the compounds studied in the AC-CHW after adsorption was observed through the SEM and the FTIR, where the results indicated that the functional groups of -CH = CH- actively participated in the removal process. The obtained pHzero of AC-CHW was 3.65, which favored the removal of these compounds since the actual effluent had a pH lower than 4.0. The percentages of removal obtained from area under the adsorption curves indicate a 51.94% and 49.73% removal of the effluents containing AB-414 and AO-142, respectively.
327

Contributions aux systèmes de stockage d’énergie en utilisant des systèmes hybrides à partir de sources d’énergie alternatives / Contributions to energy storage using hybrid systems from alternative energy sources

Ciocan, Alexandru 17 October 2017 (has links)
La thèse intitulée «Contributions aux systèmes de stockage d’énergie en utilisant des systèmes à partir de sources d’énergie alternatives» propose une étude des technologies de stockage d'énergie en sachant qu'elles sont considérées comme l'une des options qui peuvent faciliter une forte pénétration de sources renouvelables. Dans ce contexte, le travail présenté vise à comprendre les défis liés au stockage de l'énergie et à développer un modèle général d'étude utilisant l'air comprimé comme moyen de stockage d'énergie.La thèse est structurée dans dix chapitres dont les quatre premiers sont consacrés à la présentation potentielle des sources d'énergie renouvelables, à l'évolution du secteur de l'énergie au cours des dernières décennies et aux technologies de stockage d'énergie, notamment sous forme d'air comprimé. Les six autres chapitres concernent les calculs thermodynamiques théoriques dans la mesure où il s'agit d'étudier les performances d'un système de stockage d'énergie hybride et de présenter un modèle mathématique contenant les étapes prises en compte dans la conversion de l'énergie renouvelable en énergie mécanique, stockées dans une forme d'air comprimé et plus tard reconvertis en électricité. De plus, ces chapitres présentent des données expérimentales obtenues sur une installation de laboratoire qui ont contribué à la validation des résultats théoriques obtenus suite à une simulation Matlab, et enfin une étude de cas pour une application à petite échelle, 30 kWh d'énergie stockée, où vise à trouver une configuration optimale. De l'ensemble du système en termes de pression de travail de l'air, analysé sous deux points de vue, technique et économique. La thèse se termine par un chapitre de conclusions générales et nous constatons qu'il reste encore quelques défis à surmonter pour que le stockage de l'énergie sous forme d'air comprimé soit une solution possible d'une perspective économique. / The thesis entitled «Contributions to energy storage using hybrid systems from alternative energy sources» proposes a study of the energy storage technologies knowing the fact that these are considered one of the options that can facilitate a high penetration of renewable sources. In this context, the presented work aims to understand challenges in terms of energy storage and to develop a general studying model using compressed air as an energy storage medium.The thesis is structured in ten chapters from which the first four are dedicated to the presentation of the renewable energy sources potential, to the energy sector evolution in the last decades and to the energy storage technologies, especially in the form of compressed air. The other six chapters are dealing with the theoretical thermodynamic calculations as far as that goes in investigating the performances of a hybrid energy storage system and presenting a mathematical model containing the steps taken into account in the renewable energy conversion into mechanical energy, stored in a form of compressed air and later reconverted into electricity. In addition these chapters present experimental data obtained on a laboratory installation which helped in validating the theoretical results obtained following a Matlab simulation, and finally a case study for a small scale application, 30 kWh of energy stored, where is aiming to find an optimal configuration of the whole system in terms of air working pressure, being analyzed from two points of view, technical and economic. The thesis ends with a chapter of general conclusions and indicates that there are still challenges that must be overcome in order to make the energy storage in a form of compressed air a feasible solution from an economic perspective.
328

Procédés de fabrication des eaux mères et des sels à valeur ajoutée : application aux eaux minérales naturelles chlorurées sodiques fortes - Modélisation thermodynamique et étude expérimentale. / Production processes of value-added mother liquors and salts : applications to highly chlorinated natural waters - Thermodynamic modeling end experimental study

Coussine, Charlotte 26 October 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude et la mise au point d’un procédé de fabrication, par cristallisation, de sel thermal enrichi en magnésium, à partir d’eaux minérales naturelles chlorurées sodiques fortes. Un modèle dynamique a d’abord été développé pour la simulation du procédé. Ce modèle est basé sur la description des phénomènes physico-chimiques intervenant dans les équilibres thermodynamiques multiphasiques (liquide, vapeur, solides). Puis, un pilote de laboratoire a été mis en place pour vérifier la faisabilité du procédé et valider le modèle développé. Le pilote proposé est constitué de deux réacteurs en série entre lesquels est placé un système de filtration. Une étude expérimentale et par modélisation du procédé avec l’eau thermale de Salies-de-Béarn a ensuite été réalisée. Cette étude montre qu’il est possible de produire un sel thermal ou une eau-mère naturellement enrichis en magnésium. / The aim of this thesis is the study and the development of a production process, by cristallization, of thermal salt enriched in magnesium, from highly chlorinated natural waters. At first, a dynamic model was developed for the process simulation. This model is based on the description of physical-chemical phenomena occurring in multiphase thermodynamic equilibrium (liquid, vapor, solids). Then, a laboratory pilot was set up to check the process feasibility and to validate the developed model. The proposed pilot is a series of two reactors between which is placed a filtration system. Finally, an experimental and modeling study of the process has been realized with thermal water of Salies-de-Béarn as raw-material. This study shows that it is possible to produce a thermal salt or mother liquor naturally enriched in magnesium.
329

Formalismo termodinâmico para shifts de Markov enumeráveis topologicamente mixing / Thermodynamic formalism for topologically mixing countable Markov shifts

Jose Manuel Chauta Torres 03 February 2017 (has links)
Nesta tese são estudados alguns tópicos sobre otimização ergódica e formalismo termodinâmico que generalizam resultados, de Contreras, Lopes e Thieullen (2006), Garibaldi e Lopes (2008) no primeiro caso e Baraviera, Lopes e Thieullen (2006), Bissacot, Mengue e Pérez (2006) no segundo, para contextos onde não existem medidas de Gibbs, ou, em outras palavras, não é satisfeita a propriedade BIP. É demonstrada a existência de subações calibradas para potenciais coercivos de variação finita em espaços shift transitivos de alfabeto enumerável. O método usado é a construção da barreira de Peierls nesse contexto. Provam-se algumas das propriedades da barreira de Peierls e, como consequência das construções, é mostrada uma classificação dos shifts que possuem subações calibradas e limitadas. Posteriormente é realizado um estudo do formalismo termodinâmico para potenciais somáveis de variação finita e pressão finita com medida maximizante única f em shifts topologicamente mixing. Fazendo uso dos resultados de Freire e Vargas (2015), são estudadas a famlia de estados de equilbrio correspondente com f e a famlia de funções 1/B log h_ B , onde h_B são auto vetores do operador de Ruelle para Bf . É demonstrado que os pontos de acumulação quando B vai para infinito são subações uniformemente contnuas. Finalmente é provada uma propriedade dos grandes desvios para a famlia de estados de equilbrio \\mu_B com hipóteses sobre a convergência de uma famlia de funções g_B que normaliza o operador de Ruelle para cada B> 1 (Veja seção 4.4) / In this thesis, the study of topics on ergodic optimization and thermodynamic formalism for countable Markov shifts is presented. It provides a generalization of the previous results, in Contreras, Lopes and Thieullen (2006), Garibaldi and Lopes (2008) for the first subject and Baraviera, Lopes and Thieullen (2006), Bissacot, Mengue e Pérez (2006) for the second one, to situations where there are no Gibbs measures, ie, the BIP property is not verified. The existence of calibrated subactions for coercive potentials with finite variation over transitive countable Markov shifts is proved. The method is based on the construction of the Peierls barrrier in this context. Some properties of the Peierls barrier are proved and, as consequence of the proof, a classification of the Markov shifts which support calibrated and limited subactions is shown. Subsequently, the thermodynamic formalism for topologically mixing Markov shift and summable potentials with finite variation, finite pressure and unique maximizing measure f is studied. Using results in Freire and Vargas (2015), the class of equilibrium states corresponding with f and the class of functions 1/ log h_B are studied where h_B are the eigenfunctions for the Ruelle operator. It is proved that its accumulation points, as goes to infinity, are uniformly continuous subactions. Finally, it is proved a large deviation principle for the equilibrium states family \\mu_B , assuming a hypothesis about the convergence in a family of functions that normalizes the Ruelle operator (See section 4.4 for more details).
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Modelo de comportamento termodinâmico de uma bomba multifásica do tipo duplo parafuso. / Thermodynamic model of a twin-screw multiphase pump.

Celso Yukio Nakashima 04 December 2000 (has links)
Esse trabalho apresenta um modelo termodinâmico de uma bomba multifásica do tipo duplo parafuso. Para uma dada condição de operação, o modelo calcula a potência consumida, as condições do fluido na descarga e o perfil de pressão ao longo da bomba. Ao invés de simular diretamente o escoamento dentro da bomba, simulou-se os processos que ocorrem dentro das suas câmaras. Para tanto, dividiu-se o processo de bombeamento multifásico em uma seqüência de processos simples, facilitando-se a construção do modelo no simulador de processos Hysys.Process v2.1. Os resultados de potência e temperatura de descarga obtidos com a simulação mostram uma boa concordância com valores experimentais, principalmente para FVG’s baixos. Para FVG’s elevados, o modelo passa a superestimar a potência consumida indicando que as fendas, nesses casos, já não se encontram totalmente preenchidas com líqüido. Dos resultados obtidos para o refluxo, conclui-se que, das equações sugeridas na literatura, aquelas para escoamento turbulento liso são mais adequadas para os números de Reynolds envolvidos. O perfil de pressão e a vazão de refluxo quando o escoamento é multifásico aproxima-se qualitativamente das medições experimentais. Estudou-se a influência de diversos parâmetros na eficiência exergética da bomba. Os resultados mostram que a otimização da eficiência depende das condições de operação da bomba: FVG, tipo de líqüido, diferença de pressão, entre outros. / The goal of this project was to develop a thermodynamic model of a twin-screw multiphase pump. With given operation conditions the model can determine the absorbed power, discharge conditions and the pressure profile along the screw. An alternative approach was suggested to overcome the complex flow problem and the processes inside the pump were simulated instead of direct simulation of the flow. For this purpose, the multiphase pumping process was divided in a sequence of simple processes so the model could be developed in an easier way. The power and temperature values calculated by the model are in good agreement with experimental data, mainly when the gas fraction is low. With higher gas fractions, the model overestimates the absorbed power indicating that screw gaps are not completely filled with liquid anymore. Concerning about the backflow rate, the results show that the equations for turbulent flow in smooth ducts fits better the Reynolds number range in the gaps. The pressure profile and backflow rate for multiphase flow agree qualitatively with experimental results. The influence of several parameters in the exergetic eficiency of the pump were analysed and results show that the efficiency optimization depends on pump operation conditions: gas fraction, liquid type, pressure difference and others.

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