Submitted by Raquel Vergara Gondran (raquelvergara38@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-25T20:04:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kelly de moraes - secagem de anchoita engraulis anchoita nas formas de fil e pasta modificada enzimaticamente propriedades termodinmicas e caractersticas do produto.pdf: 2747332 bytes, checksum: ab754f5cd42a22ad7b534668c49b496e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by dayse paz (daysepaz@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-26T14:58:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kelly de moraes - secagem de anchoita engraulis anchoita nas formas de fil e pasta modificada enzimaticamente propriedades termodinmicas e caractersticas do produto.pdf: 2747332 bytes, checksum: ab754f5cd42a22ad7b534668c49b496e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kelly de moraes - secagem de anchoita engraulis anchoita nas formas de fil e pasta modificada enzimaticamente propriedades termodinmicas e caractersticas do produto.pdf: 2747332 bytes, checksum: ab754f5cd42a22ad7b534668c49b496e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a secagem de filés de anchoita in natura e modificados enzimaticamente, em secadores de leito fixo (camada delgada) e leito móvel (leito de jorro), sendo avaliadas as propriedades termodinâmicas e as características do produto final. Em relação às propriedades termodinâmicas, a modificação enzimática dos filés de anchoita promoveu aumento da umidade de monocamada e das constantes relacionadas às multicamadas. Isto levou a um aumento de até 170% na intensidade da ligação da água, mostrada através das entalpias diferencial e integral, e uma diminuição 193% no número de sítios ativos livres e 520% da mobilidade molecular, mostrada através das entropias diferencial e integral, respectivamente. Com a hidrólise também ocorreu aumento, em média, de 29% na área superficial de sorção e diminuição do tamanho dos poros. O processo de dessorção mostrou ser controlado pela entalpia, sendo espontâneo para o filé in natura e não espontâneo para o modificado. Com respeito à cinética de secagem, o aumento da intensidade da ligação da água e diminuição do tamanho dos poros, com a modificação enzimática, acarretou maior dificuldade remoção de água, o que foi comprovado pela diminuição da difusividade efetiva de umidade (Def) do material modificado (0,74×10-10 a 1,84×10-10 m2 /s) em relação aos filés in natura com pele voltada para baixo (3,3×10-10 a 8,6×10-10 m2 /s), nas temperaturas estudadas (50, 60 e 70ºC). Na secagem dos filés, a menor alteração ocorreu na condição de 60ºC para as amostras secas pelos dois lados. Nesta condição, a solubilidade, digestibilidade in vitro e atividade antioxidante específica (AAE) diminuiram 25%, 6% e 10%, respectivamente; os conteúdos de lisina e metionina disponíveis foram de 7,21 e 2,64 g/100gproteína, respectivamente; o índice de TBA de 1,16 mgMDA/kg; a atividade antioxidante específica de 1,91 µMDPPHseq/gptna solmin. Em relação à secagem da pasta modificada enzimaticamente, a melhor condição de operação foi a uma temperatura de 60 ºC e espessura de 2,5 mm. Nestas condições os produtos apresentaram baixa oxidação lipídica (0,93mgMDA/kg), redução na lisina disponível de 16%, estando dentro do limite recomendado para pescado, e perda de 20% na AAE. Na secagem em leito de jorro da suspensão protéica modificada enzimaticamente (SPME), a menor redução no conteúdo de lisina disponível (9%) e a menor perda na AAE (8%) ocorreram a temperatura do ar de entrada de 90ºC, concentração da suspensão de 6,5% e vazão de alimentação da suspensão de 200 mL/h. O produto desidratado em leito de jorro caracterizou-se como uma fonte protéica de elevado valor biológico, considerando o perfil de seus aminoácidos essenciais, pois foi capaz de atender às recomendações nutricionais recomendadas pela FAO/WHO. / The aims of this work was to study the drying of in natura anchovy fillets and enzymatic modified in fixed bed (thin layer) and moving bed (spouted bed) dryers, it was being evaluated the thermodynamic properties and the final product characteristics. In relation to the thermodynamic properties, the enzymatic modification of anchovy fillets showed an increase in monolayer moisture and in constant related to multilayer. Which led to an increase of 170% the intensity of water bound, shown through the differential and integral enthalpies, and a decrease of 193% in the number of free active sites and 520% of the molecular mobility, shown through the differential and integral entropies, respectively. With the enzymatic hydrolysis was also increased of 29% on sorption surface area and consequent reduction in pore size. The desorption process showed to be controlled by enthalpy, being spontaneous for the fillet and non-spontaneous for the modified. With respect to drying kinetics, the increased intensity of water bound and decreased pore size, with the enzymatic modification, resulted in a more difficult removal of water, which can be shown by decreased effective moisture diffusivity (Def) of the modified material (from 0.74×10-10 to 1.84×10-10 m2 /s) in relation to in natura fillet with skin side down (from 3.3×10-10 to 8.6×10-10 m2 /s) at studied temperatures (50, 60 and 70 ºC). In the drying anchovy fillets the lower change was in condition at 60 °C with air flow for two sides of the samples. In this condition, the solubility, in vitro digestibility and specific antioxidant activity decrease 25%, 6% and 10%, respectively; the contents of available lysine and methionine were 7.21 and 2.64 g/100protein, respectively; the TBA value was 1.16 mgMDA/kg. With respect the drying of enzymatic modified fillet (paste), the best drying condition was obtained at 60 ºC and thickness sample 2.5 mm, in which the TBA value was 0.93 mgMDA/kgsample, reduction in available lysine about 16% and specific antioxidant activity loss of 20.2%. Drying in spouted bed of paste, the lower reduction in available lysine (9%) and loss of specific antioxidant activity (8%) occurred at 90 °C, 6.5% and 200 mL/h. In these operation conditions, the dehydrated product was characterized as a high biological protein source value, taking into account the essential amino acids profile, it was able meet to recommended by FAO/WHO.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09634.pdf: 20502766 bytes, checksum: d7ca137617708ba2e112264b734dcd6e (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Com o propósito de melhorar a estabilidade dimensional, melhorar propriedades de resistência elétrica, mecânica, ao calor entre outras dos polímeros, novas cargas e reforços são testados com esse propósito. As cargas mais utilizadas, para propiciar as características mencionadas anteriormente, são as fibras de vidro e de carbono, as cargas minerais como o carbonato de cálcio precipitado, o talco e a micro esfera de vidro. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar as potencialidades da cinza da casca de arroz (CCA) como uma carga, já que ela é constituída em 96% de dióxido de silício e compará-la com o talco que é a carga mineral mais utilizada. Estes estudos foram realizados a partir da elaboração de um composto formado pela cinza da casca de arroz refinada e a poliamida 6 (PA 6) que é um dos principais plásticos de engenharia com aplicações em todas as áreas produtivas. As amostras foram injetadas e irradiadas em um acelerador de elétrons. Posteriormente suas propriedades mecânicas e térmicas foram medidas. Também foram injetadas peças automotivas para verificar a processabilidade da PA 6 com CCA. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização da cinza da casca de arroz como carga para compostos de poliamida 6 é tecnicamente e economicamente viável. A irradiação do composto estudado (PA 6 com 30% de cinza da casca de arroz) não trouxe melhorias significativas nas propriedades mecânicas e térmicas avaliadas. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La demande en énergie ne cesse d'augmenter et elle satisfaite essentiellement par les énergies fossiles qui présentent une contrainte environnementale vue ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Considéré comme vecteur énergétique, l'hydrogène possède l'immense avantage de ne pas émettre de gaz à effet de serre et notamment du CO2. Son stockage dans des intermétalliques permet d’obtenir des capacités massiques et volumiques supérieures à celles obtenues en voie liquide ou sous pression. Dans ce travail, nous avons élaboré le composé intermétallique quaternaire LaCaMgNi9 par mécanosynthèse et ce selon différents schémas réactionnels. Ce procédés de synthèse est employé pour la première fois, pour la synthèse de cet intermétallique, afin de s'affranchir des difficultés que présentent les autres techniques de synthèse (co-fusion, frittage). Les caractérisations structurales et morphologiques des alliages obtenus ont été réalisées afin de tester leurs performances en tant que matériaux pour électrode négative d’accumulateur Ni-MH par divers techniques de caractérisation électrochimiques et solide-gaz / The increasing energy demand is mainly supplied by fossil sources which had environmental drawback essentially greenhouse gas emission. Considered as an energy carrier, hydrogen has the huge advantage to be clean. Its storage in intermetallic compound leads too higher hydration capacities than liquid and compressed storage. In this work, LaCaMgNi9 quaternary type alloy has been synthesized, for the first time, by mechanical alloying in order to avoid the inherent difficulties of the fusion technique. The structural and morphological characterization of the obtained alloys were performed. Their hydrogen related properties were examined (solid-gas and electrochemical reactions) in order to study their performance as negative electrode material in Ni-MH batteries

La diminution de l'impact environnemental de l'industrie des transports par l'allégement des structures des véhicules passe par une utilisation accrue de matériaux à base de magnésium. Ces matériaux peuvent bénéficier d'un développement accéléré par le biais de simulations numériques s'appuyant sur des bases de données thermodynamiques. En ce qui concerne le système Al-C-Mg, les bases de données thermodynamiques commerciales sont incomplètes à cause du nombre insuffisant de données disponibles. Cette lacune est notamment synonyme de l'absence de guide dans l'identification des mécanismes régissant l'affinement de microstructures d'alliages Mg-Al par inoculation de carbone débattus dans la littérature. Par conséquent, l'objectif de cette étude a été d'aboutir à une évaluation thermodynamique complète du système ternaire Al-C-Mg. Dans un premier temps, une étude critique de la littérature concernant le système Al-C-Mg et ses sous-systèmes a été menée. Cette revue a mis en lumière des désaccords et des manques à propos des données relatives aux systèmes Al-C et Al-C-Mg. Dans un second temps, une démarche expérimentale basée sur l'utilisation de creusets scellés en Ta a été développée. La méthodologie mise en place est prometteuse puisqu'elle a permis de travailler avec le magnésium jusqu'à 2094 K (1821°C) et 41 bars de pression. Dans un troisième temps, la détermination expérimentale ainsi que par le calcul DFT de données relatives aux systèmes Al-C et Al- C-Mg a été entreprise. La capacité thermique ainsi que l'enthalpie et l'entropie standard de formation des carbures Al4C3 et T2-Al2MgC2 ont été obtenues. De plus, la structure cristallographique de la phase T2-Al2MgC2 a été confirmée par DRX sur monocristal, et la nature et la température de la décomposition invariante du carbure ternaire ont été déterminées. Dans un dernier temps, une modélisation CALPHAD des systèmes Al-C et Al-C-Mg a été conduite sur la base des données de la littérature sélectionnée de façon critique et de celles nouvellement obtenues. Des descriptions thermodynamiques cohérentes de la phase Al2MgC2, de la solution de Mg dans Al4C3 ainsi que du liquide Al-C-Mg ont été obtenues. Ces descriptions vont alimenter les bases de données thermodynamiques et vont favoriser le développement des alliages Mg-Al et des composites à matrice Mg-Al renforcés par des matériaux carbonés. Cette étude apporte un argument fort supportant le fait que la phase Al2MgC2 est responsable de l'affinement de microstructures d'alliages Mg-Al par inoculation de carbone / To reduce its environmental footprint by lightweight vehicles design, the transportation sector relies on an increased use of magnesium based materials. Computational approaches relying on the use of thermodynamic databases can enable the accelerated development of such materials. Commercial thermodynamic databases regarding the Al-C-Mg are unreliable due to a lack of data. As a result, no guidance can be provided regarding the underlying mechanisms of the grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys by carbon inoculation which are debated in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a reliable thermodynamic assessment of the Al-C-Mg system. First of all, the literature regarding the Al-C-Mg system and its subsystems was critically reviewed. This review highlighted disagreements and shortages regarding the data related to the Al-C and Al-C-Mg systems. Secondly, an experimental procedure based on the use of sealed Ta crucibles was developed. This procedure is promising as it allowed working with magnesium up to 2094 K (1821°C) and 41 bars of pressure. Thirdly, experimental investigation and ab-initio calculations of data related to the Al-C and Al-C-Mg systems were conducted. The heat capacity as well as the standard enthalpy and entropy of formation of Al4C3 and Al2MgC2 were obtained. Furthermore, the crystal structure of Al2MgC2 was confirmed on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, and the thermal stability of the ternary carbide was determined. Lastly, CALPHAD optimization of the Al-C and Al-C-Mg systems was conducted on the basis of the critically assessed literature data as well as of those freshly obtained. Self-consistent thermodynamic descriptions of Al2MgC2, (Al,Mg)4C3 as well as the Al-C-Mg liquid phase were obtained. Those descriptions will fuel the thermodynamic databases and will enable the development of Mg-Al alloys and Mg-Al matrix carbon materials reinforced composites. This study provides a convincing argument supporting the fact that Al2MgC2 is responsible for the grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys by carbon inoculation

This Diploma thesis describes design of the computational model of Uehara power cycle, with ammonia-water mixture used as working fluid. First part is dedicated to issue of determination working mixture thermodynamic properties, which are essential for computational model design. The second part of this thesis describes the methodology of computing power cycle by system matrix solving method. For purposes of methodology testing, model of Kalina power cycle was also created. Computational models of Uehara and Kalina cycles are designed in Excel and are an integral part of this thesis. Text part also includes a description of their user interface, calculation algorithm and detailed description of the design methodology.

L'utilisation du CO2 comme matière première pour la synthèse de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, comme les carbonates cycliques, est aujourd'hui l'une des alternatives proposées dans la réduction des émissions gazeuses à effet de serre. Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre et concevoir un procédé de valorisation de CO2 à partir de la modélisation de la thermodynamique et des cinétiques de transfert de matière et de réactions, qui sont engendrées dans la synthèse de carbonates cycliques à partir des époxydes et un composé hétérocyclique comme catalyseur. Grâce à ce nouveau système, les carbonates cycliques très utilisés dans l'industrie de polymères, cosmétique ou pharmaceutique, sont obtenus avec de bons rendements, dans des conditions opératoires douces et en absence de solvants. Des propriétés thermodynamiques telles que la solubilité et la constante de Henry ont été estimées pour les systèmes binaires CO2/époxyde. L'étude du transfert de matière sans ou avec réactions a permis de déterminer respectivement le coefficient de transfert de matière en phase liquide et le régime de la réaction. Des suivis cinétiques ont été réalisés afin de proposer un modèle cinétique capable de représenter la réaction et d'estimer les paramètres cinétiques. Ces derniers ont été utilisés pour la conception préliminaire et la simulation du procédé de production du carbonate d' épichlorohydrine sur Aspen Hysys. / Today, the utilisation of CO2 as raw material for the synthesis of high-value added products like cyclic carbonates, is one of the alternatives used for reducing greenhouse gases. This thesis aims to understand and design a CO2 valorisation process by modelling the thermodynamic and the mass transfer/reaction kinetics generated during the cyclic carbonates synthesis from CO2, epoxides and a heterocyclic compound as catalyst. By using this new catalytic system, cyclic carbonates, which are used in the polymeric, pharmaceutic or cosmetic industry, can be produced with good yields at low temperatures and pressures and without any solvent. Thermodynamic properties as solubility and Henry's law constant have been estimated for CO2/epoxide binary systems. Mass transfer occurring without and with reaction has been studied in order to determine respectively the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the reaction regime. A kinetic study has been performed to propose a model able to represent the reaction and to estimate the kinetic parameters. This information has been used in the design and the simulation of the production process of epichlorohydrin carbonate on Aspen Hysys.

The intermittent nature of renewable energy, variations in energy demand, and fluctuations in oil and gas prices have all contributed to variable demand for power generation from coal-burning power plants. The varying demand leads to load-follow and on/off operations referred to as cycling. Cycling causes transients of properties such as pressure and temperature within various components of the steam generation system. The transients can cause increased damage because of fatigue and creep-fatigue interactions shortening the life of components. The data-driven model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) is developed for the first time to estimate properties of the steam generator components during cycling operations of a power plant. This approach utilizes data from the Coal Creek Station power plant located in North Dakota, USA collected over 10 years with a 1-hour resolution. Cycling characteristics of the plant are identified using a time-series of gross power. The ANN model estimates the component properties, for a given gross power profile and initial conditions, as they vary during cycling operations. As a representative example, the ANN estimates are presented for the superheater outlet pressure, reheater inlet temperature, and flue gas temperature at the air heater inlet. The changes in these variables as a function of the gross power over the time duration are compared with measurements to assess the predictive capability of the model. Mean square errors of 4.49E-04 for superheater outlet pressure, 1.62E-03 for reheater inlet temperature, and 4.14E-04 for flue gas temperature at the air heater inlet were observed.

No description available.

<p>Combination of the Calphad method and theoretical calculations provides new possibilities for the study of materials science. This work is a part of the efforts within the CCT project (Centre of Computational Thermodynamics) to combine these methods to facilitate modeling and to extend the thermodynamic databases with critically assessed volume data. In this work, the theoretical calculations refer to first-principles and Debye-Grüneisen calculations. The first-principles (i.e. ab initio) electronic structure calculations, based on the Density- Functional Theory (DFT), are capable of predicting various physical properties at 0 K, such as formation energy, volume and bulk modulus. The ab initio simulation software, VASP, was used to calculate the binding curves (i.e. equation of state at 0 K) of metallic elements, cubic carbides and nitrides. From the binding curves, the equilibrium volumes at 0 K were calculated for several metastable structures as well as stable structures. The vibrational contribution to the free energy was calculated using the Debye-Grüneisen model combined with first-principles calculations. Two different approximations for the Grüneisen parameter, γ, were used in the Debye-Grüneisen model, i.e. Slater’s and Dugdale-MacDonald’s expressions. The thermal electronic contribution was evaluated from the calculated electronic density of states. The calculated thermal expansivities for metallic elements, cubic carbides and nitrides were compared with Calphad assessments. It was found that the experimental data are within the limits of the calculations using the two approximations for γ. By fitting experimental heat capacity and thermal expansivity around Debye temperatures, we obtained optimal Poisson’s ratio values and used them to evaluate Young’s and Shear moduli. In order to reach a reasonable agreement with the experiments, it is necessary to use the logarithmic averaged mass of the constitutional atoms. The agreements between the calculations and experiments are generally better for bulk modulus and Young’s modulus than that for shear modulus. A new model describing thermodynamic properties at high pressures was implemented in Thermo-Calc. The model is based on an empirical relation between volume and isothermal bulk modulus. Pure Fe and solid MgO were assessed using this model. Solution phases will be considered in a future work to check the model for compositional dependence.</p>