In this work several decomposition strategies for the synthesis / design optimization of highly coupled, highly dynamic energy systems are formally presented and their implementation illustrated. The methods are based on the autonomous optimization of the individual units (components, sub-systems or disciplines), while maintaining energy and cost links between all units, which make up the overall system. All of the approaches are designed to enhance current engineering synthesis / design practices in that: they support the analysis of systems and optimization in a modular way, the results at every step are feasible and constitute an improvement over the initial design state, the groups in charge of the different unit designs are allowed to work concurrently, and permit any level of complexity as to the modeling and optimization of the units. All of the decomposition methods use the Optimum Response Surface (ORS) of the problem as a basis for analysis. The ORS is a representation of the optimum objective function for various values of the functions that couple the system units1. The complete ORS or an approximation thereof can be used in ways, which lead to different methods. The first decomposition method called the Local Global Optimization (LGO) method requires the creation of the entire ORS by carrying out multiple unit optimizations for various combinations of values of the coupling functions. The creation of the ORS is followed by a system-level optimization in which the best combination of values for the coupling functions is sought The second decomposition method is called the Iterative Local Global Optimization (ILGO) scheme. In the ILGO method an initial point on the ORS is found, i.e. the unit optimizations are performed for initial arbitrary values of the coupling functions. A linear approximation of the ORS about that initial point is then used to guide the selection of new values for the coupling functions that guarantee an improvement upon the initial design. The process is repeated until no further improvement is achieved. The mathematical properties of the methods depend on the convexity of the ORS, which in turn is affected by the choice of thermodynamic properties used to charecterize the couplings. Examples in the aircraft industry are used to illustrate the application and properties of the methods. / Ph. D.

Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) systems in conjunction with a primary gas turbine and a secondary steam turbine can provide advanced modern power generation with high thermal efficiency at low cost. To achieve such low cost efficiencies, near optimal settings of parameters of the HRSG must be employed. Unfortunately, current approaches to obtaining such parameter settings are very limited. The published literature associated with the Tabu Search (TS) metaheuristic has shown conclusively that it is a powerful methodology for the solution of very challenging large practical combinatorial optimization problems. This report documents a hybrid TS-direct pattern search (TS-DPS) approach and applied to the thermoeconomic optimization of a three pressure level HRSG system. To the best of our knowledge, this algorithm is the first to be developed that is capable of successfully solving a practical HRSG system. A requirement of the TS-DPS technique was the creation of a robust simulation module to evaluate the associated extremely complex 19 variable objective function. The simulation module was specially constructed to allow the evaluation of infeasible solutions, a highly preferable capability for methods like TS-DPS. The direct pattern search context is explicitly embodied within the TS neighborhoods permitting different neighborhood structures to be tested and compared. Advanced TS is used to control the associated continuum discretization with minimal memory requirements. Our computational studies show that TS is a very effective method for solving this HRSG optimization problem. / text

A typical approach to the synthesis/design optimization of energy systems is to only use steady state operation and high efficiency (or low total life cycle cost) at full load as the basis for the synthesis/design. Transient operation as reflected by changes in power demand, shut-down, and start-up are left as secondary tasks to be solved by system and control engineers once the synthesis/design is fixed. However, transient regimes may happen quite often and the system response to them is a critical factor in determining the system's feasibility. Therefore, it is important to consider the system dynamics in the creative process of developing the system. A decomposition approach for dynamic optimization developed and applied to the synthesis/design and operation/control optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based auxiliary power unit (APU) is the focus of this doctoral work. Called DILGO (Dynamic Iterative Local-Global Optimization), this approach allows for the decomposed optimization of the individual units (components, sub-systems or disciplines), while taking into account the intermediate products and feedbacks which couple all of the units which make up the overall system. The approach was developed to support and enhance current engineering synthesis/design practices by making possible dynamic modular concurrent system optimization. In addition, this approach produces improvements in the initial synthesis/design state at all stages of the process and allows any level of complexity in the unit's modeling. DILGO uses dynamic shadow price rates as a basis for measuring the interaction level between units. The dynamic shadow price rate is a representation of the unit's cost rate variation with respect to variations in the unit's coupling functions. The global convergence properties of DILGO are seen to be dependent on the mathematical behavior of the dynamic shadow price rate. The method converges to a "global" (system-level) optimum provided the dynamic shadow price rates are approximately constant or at least monotonic. This is likely to be the case in energy systems where the coupling functions, which represent intermediate products and feedbacks, tend to have a monotonic behavior with respect to the unit's local contribution to the system's overall objective function. Finally, DILGO is a physical decomposition used to solve system-level as well as unit-level optimization problems. The total system considered here is decomposed into three sub-systems as follows: stack sub-system (SS), fuel processing sub-system (FPS), and the work and air recovery sub-system (WRAS). Mixed discrete, continuous, and dynamic operational decision variables are considered. Detailed thermodynamic, kinetic, geometric, physical, and cost models for the dynamic system are formulated and implemented. All of the sub-systems are modeled using advanced state-of-the-art tools. DILGO is then applied to the dynamic synthesis/design and operation/control optimization of the SOFC based APU using the total life cycle cost as objective function. The entire problem has a total of 120 independent variables, some of which are integer valued and dynamic variables. The solution to the problem requires only 6 DILGO iterations. / Ph. D.

A proposta do método de análise da composição do custo da eletricidade gerada é baseada nos processos de utilização de energia e destruição da exergia contida no combustível através dos diversos processos termodinâmicos que compõe uma usina termelétrica de ciclo combinado. O método utiliza a termoeconomia para valorar e alocar o custo da degradação da exergia ao longo dos processos, considerando os custos referentes aos insumos e equipamentos utilizados. Embora o conceito possa ser aplicado a qualquer tipo de usina termelétrica em ciclo combinado ou cogeração, é desenvolvida neste trabalho a modelagem matemática para o caso de configurações com três níveis de pressão na caldeira de recuperação e condensação total do vapor produzido. É possível estudar qualquer configuração da forma n x 1 (n conjuntos de turbinas a gás e caldeiras de recuperação, com uma turbina a vapor e condensador) com a modelagem apresentada, desde que todos os conjuntos operem de forma idêntica e em regime permanente. A modelagem apresentada neste trabalho foi concebida a partir de um modelo complexo de usina, sobre o qual podem ser feitas variações para adaptá-lo a uma determinada configuração que se deseja estudar. As variação e adaptações incluem, por exemplo, uso de reaquecimento, queima suplementar e operação em cargas parciais, além de análises de sensibilidade quanto a parâmetros geométricos dos equipamentos. São apresentados e estudados do ponto de vista da termoeconomia, os resultados obtidos para uma termelétrica 2x1 em ciclo combinado operando com gás natural. / The proposal of the method for analyzing the composition of the electricity cost is based on the energy conversion processes and destruction of the exergy contained in the fuel through the several thermodynamic processes that comprise a combined cycle power plant. The method uses thermoeconomics to evaluate and allocate the cost of exergy degradation throughout the processes, considering the costs related to the used inputs and equipment. Although the concept may be applied to any combined cycle power plant or cogeneration one, this work develops only the mathematical modeling for three-pressure heat recovery steam generator configurations and total condensation of the produced steam. It is possible to study any n x 1 plant configuration (n trains of gas turbine and heat recovery steam generators associated to one steam turbine generator and condenser) with the presented model, since every train operates identically and in steady state. The presented model was conceived from a complex configuration of power plant, over which variations may be applied in order to adapt it to a defined configuration under study. The variations and adaptations include, for instance, use of reheat, supplementary firing and partial load operation, besides sensibility analysis of geometrical equipment parameters. The results obtained for a 2x1-combined cycle power plant using natural gas are presented and analyzed from the thermoeconomic point of view.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Atilio Barbosa Lourenco.pdf: 1281099 bytes, checksum: 30b11e22aaae3c126ccd46522b08d45e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma abordagem termoeconômica alternativa cuja aplicação em ciclos de refrigeração deve isolar equipamentos dissipativos, como condensadores e válvulas, na estrutura produtiva de modo que os resultados gerados sejam coerentes. A abordagem, chamada de Modelo UFS, é baseada no conceito de desagregação da exergia física, no caso, em três componentes, a saber, termo de energia interna, termo de trabalho de fluxo e termo entrópico e é aplicada a cinco ciclos de refrigeração, a saber, ciclo reverso de Carnot, ciclo simples por compressão de vapor, ciclo multipressão por compressão de vapor em cascata, ciclo multipressão por compressão de vapor com interresfriamento e ciclo por absorção de simples efeito. Os balanços de custo são avaliados em nível dos componentes dos ciclos e os custos exergéticos unitários dos fluxos internos e do produto são obtidos. Também é feito o balanço de exergia e comparado com a diferença entre insumo e produto para cada unidade física dos ciclos, além da avaliação das razões produto-insumo. Os resultados mostram que os custos exergéticos unitários nunca são menores que a unidade e que as razões produto-insumo nunca são maiores que 100%, além da análise exergética gerar os mesmos valores de irreversibilidades que a diferença entre insumo e produto. Por fim, comentários são tecidos, bem como sugestões para trabalhos futuros / The goal of this work is to present an alternative thermoeconomic approach whose application to refrigeration cycles should isolate dissipative components, as condensers and valves, in the productive structure so the yielded results are consistent. The approach, called UFS Model, is based on the concept of physical exergy splitting into three components, namely, internal energy term, flow work term and entropic term and is applied to five refrigeration cycles, namely, Carnot s reverse cycle, vapor-compression simple cycle, vaporcompression cascade cycle, vapor-compression cycle with intercooling and simple-effect absorption cycle. The cost balances are assessed at the components level and the exergetic unit costs of both internal flows and plant product are obtained. Also, the exergy analysis is done and compared with the difference of fuel (or resource) and product of each physical unit, besides the assessment of the product-resource ratios. The results show that the exergetic unit costs are never less than one and the product-resource ratios are never greater than 100%. Besides, the exergy analysis yields same irreversibility values of the difference of resource and product. Finally, some remarks are done as well as suggestions for future works

The provision of a sustainable energy supply is one of the most importantissues facing humanity at the current time, and solar thermal power hasestablished itself as one of the more viable sources of renewable energy. Thedispatchable nature of this technology makes it ideally suited to forming thebackbone of a future low-carbon electricity system.However, the cost of electricity from contemporary solar thermal power plantsremains high, despite several decades of development, and a step-change intechnology is needed to drive down costs. Solar gas-turbine power plants are apromising new alternative, allowing increased conversion efficiencies and asignificant reduction in water consumption. Hybrid operation is a furtherattractive feature of solar gas-turbine technology, facilitating control andensuring the power plant is available to meet demand whenever it occurs.Construction of the first generation of commercial hybrid solar gas-turbinepower plants is complicated by the lack of an established, standardised, powerplant configuration, which presents the designer with a large number ofchoices. To assist decision making, thermoeconomic studies have beenperformed on a variety of different power plant configurations, includingsimple- and combined-cycles as well as the addition of thermal energy storage.Multi-objective optimisation has been used to identify Pareto-optimal designsand highlight trade-offs between costs and emissions.Analysis of the simple-cycle hybrid solar gas-turbines revealed that, whileelectricity costs were kept low, the achievable reduction in carbon dioxideemissions is relatively small. Furthermore, an inherent trade-off between thedesign of high efficiency and high solar share hybrid power plants wasidentified. Even with the use of new optimised designs, the degree of solarintegration into the gas-turbine did not exceed 63% on an annual basis.In order to overcome the limitations of the simple-cycle power plants, twoimprovements were suggested: the integration of thermal energy storage, andthe use of combined-cycle configurations. Thermal energy storage allowed thedegree of solar operation to be extended, significantly decreasing carbondioxide emissions, and the addition of a bottoming-cycle reduced the electricitycosts. A combination of these two improvements provided the bestperformance, allowing a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of up to 34%and a reduction in electricity costs of up to 22% compared to a combination ofconventional power generation technologies. / Hållbar energiförsörjning är för närvarande en av de viktigaste frågorna förmänskligheten. Koncentrerad solenergi är nu etablerad som en tillförlitlig källaav förnybar energi. Den reglerbara karaktären hos tekniken gör den specielltintressant för uppbyggnaden av ett framtida koldioxidsnålt elsystem.Kostnaden för elektricitet från nuvarande termiska solkraftverk är hög trottsflera decennier av utveckling. Ett genombrått på tekniknivå krävs för att drivaned kostnaderna. Sol-gasturbiner är ett av de mest lovande alternativen, somger en ökad verkningsgrad samtidigt som vattenkonsumtionen reducerasdrastiskt. Sol-gasturbintekniken gör det möjligt att blandköra solenergi ochandra bränslen för att möta efterfrågan vid alla tidpunkter, en attraktiv aspekt iförhållande till alternativa lösningar.Uppbyggnaden av första generationens kommersiella hybrida solgasturbinkraftverkförsvåras dock av bristen på etablerade och standardiseradekraftverkskonfigurationer. Dessa ger planeraren ett stort antal valmöjlighetersom underlag för beslutsfattande. Termoekonomiska studier har genomförtsför ett flertal olika kraftverkskonfigurationer, däribland kraftverk med enkelcykel, kombikraftverk samt möjligheten att utnyttja termisk energilagring.Pareto-optimala konfigurationer har identifierats med hjälp av multiobjektsoptimeringför att belysa balansen mellan kostnader och utsläpp.Analysen av det enkla hybrida sol-gasturbinkraftverket visade attelektricitetskostnaden hållits på en låg nivå, men att den möjliga minskningen avkoldioxidutsläpp är relativt liten. Dessutom identifierades en inre balans mellanatt bibehålla en hög verkningsgrad hos konfigurationen och en hög andelsolenergi i produktionen. Andelen av solenergi i gasturbinen överskred aldrig63% på årlig bas, även med optimerade kraftverkskonfigurationer.Två förbättringar föreslås för att övervinna begränsningarna hos kraftverk medenkel cykel: integration av termisk energilagring samt nyttjande avkombikraftverkskonfigurationer. Termisk energilagring tillåter en ökad andelsolenergi i driften och reducerar koldioxidutsläppen drastiskt, medan denytterligare cykeln hos kombikraftverket reducerar elektricitetskostnaden.Kombinationen av dessa förbättringar ger den bästa prestandan, med enreduktion av koldioxidutsläppen på upp till 34% och reducerade elektricitetskostnaderpå upp till 22% i jämförelse med andra kombinationer avkonventionella kraftverkskonfigurationer. / <p>QC 20130503</p>

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In this thesis, several configurations of combined cycle cogeneration systems proposed by the author and an existing system, the Bilkent Combined Cycle Cogeneration Plant, are investigated by energy, exergy and thermoeconomic analyses. In each of these configurations, varying steam demand is considered rather than fixed steam demand. Basic thermodynamic properties of the systems are determined by energy analysis utilizing main operation conditions. Exergy destructions within the system and exergy losses to environment are investigated to determine thermodynamic inefficiencies in the system and to assist in guiding future improvements in the plant. Among the different approaches for thermoeconomic analysis in literature, SPECO method is applied. Since the systems have more than one product (process steam and electrical power), systems are divided into several subsystems and cost balances are applied together with the auxiliary equations. Hence, cost of each product is calculated. Comparison of the configurations in terms of performance assessment parameters and costs per unit of exergy are also given in this thesis.

A proposta do método de análise da composição do custo da eletricidade gerada é baseada nos processos de utilização de energia e destruição da exergia contida no combustível através dos diversos processos termodinâmicos que compõe uma usina termelétrica de ciclo combinado. O método utiliza a termoeconomia para valorar e alocar o custo da degradação da exergia ao longo dos processos, considerando os custos referentes aos insumos e equipamentos utilizados. Embora o conceito possa ser aplicado a qualquer tipo de usina termelétrica em ciclo combinado ou cogeração, é desenvolvida neste trabalho a modelagem matemática para o caso de configurações com três níveis de pressão na caldeira de recuperação e condensação total do vapor produzido. É possível estudar qualquer configuração da forma n x 1 (n conjuntos de turbinas a gás e caldeiras de recuperação, com uma turbina a vapor e condensador) com a modelagem apresentada, desde que todos os conjuntos operem de forma idêntica e em regime permanente. A modelagem apresentada neste trabalho foi concebida a partir de um modelo complexo de usina, sobre o qual podem ser feitas variações para adaptá-lo a uma determinada configuração que se deseja estudar. As variação e adaptações incluem, por exemplo, uso de reaquecimento, queima suplementar e operação em cargas parciais, além de análises de sensibilidade quanto a parâmetros geométricos dos equipamentos. São apresentados e estudados do ponto de vista da termoeconomia, os resultados obtidos para uma termelétrica 2x1 em ciclo combinado operando com gás natural. / The proposal of the method for analyzing the composition of the electricity cost is based on the energy conversion processes and destruction of the exergy contained in the fuel through the several thermodynamic processes that comprise a combined cycle power plant. The method uses thermoeconomics to evaluate and allocate the cost of exergy degradation throughout the processes, considering the costs related to the used inputs and equipment. Although the concept may be applied to any combined cycle power plant or cogeneration one, this work develops only the mathematical modeling for three-pressure heat recovery steam generator configurations and total condensation of the produced steam. It is possible to study any n x 1 plant configuration (n trains of gas turbine and heat recovery steam generators associated to one steam turbine generator and condenser) with the presented model, since every train operates identically and in steady state. The presented model was conceived from a complex configuration of power plant, over which variations may be applied in order to adapt it to a defined configuration under study. The variations and adaptations include, for instance, use of reheat, supplementary firing and partial load operation, besides sensibility analysis of geometrical equipment parameters. The results obtained for a 2x1-combined cycle power plant using natural gas are presented and analyzed from the thermoeconomic point of view.

A decomposition methodology based on the concept of "thermoeconomic isolation" applied to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of an advanced tactical fighter aircraft is the focus of this research. Conceptual, time, and physical decomposition were used to solve the system-level as well as unit-level optimization problems. The total system was decomposed into five sub-systems as follows: propulsion sub-system (PS), environmental control sub-system (ECS), fuel loop sub-system (FLS), vapor compressor and PAO loops sub-system (VC/PAOS), and airframe sub-system (AFS) of which the AFS is a non-energy based sub-system. Configurational optimization was applied. Thus, a number of different configurations for each sub-system were considered. The most promising set of candidate configurations, based on both an energy integration analysis and aerodynamic performance, were developed and detailed thermodynamic, geometric, physical, and aerodynamic models at both design and off-design were formulated and implemented. A decomposition strategy called Iterative Local-Global Optimization (ILGO) developed by Muñoz and von Spakovsky was then applied to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of the advanced tactical fighter aircraft. This decomposition strategy is the first to successfully closely approach the theoretical condition of "thermoeconomic isolation" when applied to highly complex, highly dynamic non-linear systems. This contrasts with past attempts to approach this condition, all of which were applied to very simple systems under very special and restricted conditions such as those requiring linearity in the models and strictly local decision variables. This is a major advance in decomposition and has now been successfully applied to a number of highly complex and dynamic transportation and stationary systems. This thesis work presents the detailed results from one such application, which additionally considers a non-energy based sub-system (AFS). / Master of Science