As smart homes become increasingly common and concerns over Internet of Things (IoT) security grow, this study delves into the vulnerabilities of smart thermostats. These devices offer convenience but also comes with increased risk of cyber attacks. This study evaluates the susceptibility of the Shelly Thermostatic Radiator Valve (TRV) and the Meross Smart Thermostat to potential threats across various attack vectors – encompassing firmware, network, radio, and cloud – through penetration testing guided by the PatrIoT methodology. Findings reveal four unknown vulnerabilities in the Meross Smart Thermostat and two in the Shelly TRV. These vulnerabilities consist of insecure firmware updates, lack of network encryption, exploitable radio communication, and cloud-related gaps. Recommendations aiming at mitigating the found vulnerabilities include implementing secure Wi-Fi access points for both models during setup, and ensuring strong encryption for the Meross Smart Thermostat’s radio communication. The study contributes to an increased awareness of potential security risks associated with these devices, though the extent of vulnerabilities across all smart thermostat models cannot be definitively concluded. / I takt med att smarta hem blir allt vanligare och med växande medvetenhet om säkerhet för Internet of Things (IoT), undersöker denna studie potentiella sårbarheter hos smarta termostater. Dessa enheter förenklar användares vardag, men ger också upphov till nya cyberhot. Denna studie granskar Shelly TRV och Meross Smart Thermostat för potentiella hot inom attackvektorerna firmware, nätverk, radio och moln, genom penetreringstestning som vägleds av PatrIoT-metodiken. Resultatet är fyra upptäckta sårbarheter i Meross-modellen och två i Shelly Thermostatic Radiator Valve (TRV) inklusive osäkra firmware-uppdateringar, brist på nätverkskryptering, utnyttjbar radiokommunikation och molnrelaterade problem. Rekommendationer med syfte att mitigera de upptäckta sårbarheterna inkluderar att implementera säkra Wi-Fi-åtkomstpunkter för båda modellerna under installationen och att säkerställa stark kryptering för Meross Smart Thermostat:s radiokommunikationen. Studien bidrar till en ökad medvetenhet om potentiella säkerhetsrisker som är förknippade med dessa enheter, även om det inte kan fastställas hur vanligt det är med sårbarheter i smarta termostater

Les propriétés magnétiques des matériaux sont fortement connectées à leur structure cristallographique. Nous proposons un modèle atomique de la dynamique d'aimantation capable de rendre compte de cette magnétoélasticité. Bien que ce travail s'inscrive dans une thématique générale de l'étude des matériaux magnétiques en température, nous la particularisons à un seul élément, le Cobalt. Dans ce modèle effectif, les atomes sont décrits par 3 vecteurs classiques qui sont position, impulsion et spin. Ils interagissent entre eux via un potentiel magnéto-mécanique ad hoc. On s'intéresse tout d'abord à la dynamique de spin atomique. Cette méthode permet d'aborder simplement l'écriture des équations d'évolution d'un système atomique de spins dans lequel la position et l'impulsion des atomes sont gelées. Il est toutefois possible de définir une température de spin permettant de développer naturellement une connexion avec un bain thermique. Montrant les limites d'une approche stochastique, nous développons une nouvelle formulation déterministe du contrôle de la température d'un système à spins.Dans un second temps, nous développons et analysons les intégrateurs géométriques nécessaires au couplage temporel de la dynamique moléculaire avec cette dynamique de spin atomique. La liaison des spins avec le réseau est assurée par un potentiel magnétique dépendant des positions des atomes. La nouveauté de ce potentiel réside dans la manière de paramétrer l'anisotropie magnétique qui est la manifestation d'un couplage spin-orbite. L'écriture d'un modèle de paires étendu de l'anisotropie permet de restituer les constantes de magnétostriction expérimentales du hcp-Co. En considérant un système canonique, où pression et température sont contrôlées, nous avons mis en évidence la transition de retournement de spin si particulière au Co vers 695K.Nous finissons par l'étude des retournements d'aimantation super-paramagnétiques de nanoplots de Co permettant de comparer ce couplage spin-réseau aux mesures récentes. / The magnetic properties of materials are strongly connected to their crystallographic structure. An atomistic model of the magnetization dynamics is developed which takes into account magneto-elasticity. Although this study is valid for all magnetic materials under temperatures, this study focuses only on Cobalt. In our effective model, atoms are described by three classical vectors as position, momentum and spin, which interact via an ad hoc magneto-mechanical potential.The atomistic spin dynamics is first considered. This method allows us to write the evolution equations of an atomic system of spins in which positions and impulsions are first frozen. However, a spin temperature is introduced to develop a natural connection with a thermal bath. Showing the limits of the stochastic approach, a genuine deterministic approach is followed to control the canonical temperature in this spin system.In a second step, several geometrical integrators are developed and analyzed to couple together both the molecular dynamics and atomic spin dynamics schemes. The connection between the spins and the lattice is provided by the atomic positions dependence of the magnetic potential. The novelty of this potential lies in the parameterization of the magnetic anisotropy which originates in the spin-orbit coupling. Using a dedicated pair model of anisotropy, the magnetostrictive constants of hcp-Co are restored. In a canonical system where pressure and temperature are controlled simultaneously, the transition of rotational magnetization of Co is found.Finally the magnetization reversals of super-paramagnetic Co nanodots is studied to quantify the impact of spin-lattice coupling respectively to recent measurements.

This bachelor's thesis deals with problematics of technological procedures and techniques for modification of microelectrodes with nanostructures. Furthermore, it describes a device needed for automated production of nanosensors, their properties and communication with computer. These devices communicate through RS-232 and USB interfaces.

Thermostated time evolutions are on a firm ground and widely used in classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Hamilton´s equations of motion are supplemented by time-dependent pseudofriction terms that convert the microcanonical isoenergetic time evolution into a canonical isothermal time evolution, thus permitting the calculation of canonical ensemble averages by time averaging. However, similar methods for quantum MD schemes are still lacking. Given the rich dynamical behavior of ultracold trapped quantum gases depending on the value of the s-wave scattering length, it is timely to investigate how classical thermostating methods can be combined with powerful approximate quantum dynamics schemes to deal with interacting quantum systems at finite temperature. In this work, the popular method of Nose and Hoover to create canonically distributed positions and momenta in classical MD simulations is generalized to a genuine quantum system of infinite dimensionality. We show that for the quantum harmonic oscillator, the equations of motion in terms of coherent states may be modified in a Nose-Hoover manner to mimic the coupling of the system to a thermal bath and create a quantum canonical ensemble. The method is developed initially for a single particle and then generalized to the case of an arbitrary number of identical quantum particles, involving entangled distribution functions. The resulting isothermal equations of motion for bosons and fermions contain additional terms leading to Bose-attraction and Pauli-blocking, respectively. Questions of ergodicity are discussed for different coupling schemes. In the many-particle case, the superiority of the Nose-Hoover technique to a Langevin approach is demonstrated. In addition, the work contains an investigation of the Grilli-Tosatti thermostating method applied to the harmonic oscillator, and calculations for quantum wavefunctions moving with a time-invariant shape in a harmonic potential.

No description available.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objet l'étude de modèles markoviens qui résultent de la prise en compte d'incertitudes dans des systèmes possédant une dynamique hybride : entrées bruitées, dynamique mal connue, ou évènements aléatoires par exemple. De tels modèles, parfois qualifiés de Systèmes Hybrides Stochastiques (SHS), sont utilisés principalement en automatique et en recherche opérationnelle.<br /><br />Nous introduisons dans la première partie du mémoire la notion de processus diffusif par morceaux, qui fournit un cadre théorique général qui unifie les différentes classes de modèles "hybrides" connues dans la littérature. Différents aspects de ces modèles sont alors envisagés, depuis leur construction mathématique (traitée grâce au théorème de renaissance pour les processus de Markov) jusqu'à l'étude de leur générateur étendu, en passant par le phénomène de Zénon.<br /><br />La deuxième partie du mémoire s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la question de la "propagation de l'incertitude", c'est-à-dire à la manière dont évolue la loi marginale de l'état au cours du temps. L'équation de Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) usuelle est généralisée à diverses classes de processus diffusifs par morceaux, en particulier grâce aux notions d'intensité moyenne de sauts et de courant de probabilité. Ces résultats sont illustrés par deux exemples de modèles multidimensionnels, pour lesquels une résolution numérique de l'équation de FPK généralisée a été effectuée grâce à une discrétisation en volumes finis. La comparaison avec des méthodes de type Monte-Carlo est également discutée à partir de ces deux exemples.

Theme of diploma thesis is the heating of the indoor swimming pool. The thesis is departed to three parts. In the first part, there is a theoretical solution indoor climate of swimming pool. In the second part, there is a calculation solution of the project. Project solves heating of the indoor swimming pool. The last part is an experimental part. Theme of the experiment is measurement of temperature and relative humidity of the swimming pool.

No description available.

<p>With rising temperatures, urbanization, population growth, improving economic wellbeing, decarbonization and electrification efforts, the demand for space cooling and heating equipment is continuously increasing around the world. To counteract the effect of rising demand for air conditioners and heat pumps on total energy consumption, peak electricity demand, and emissions, it is crucial to promote the development and market penetration of energy-efficient systems. Establishing minimum energy performance standards (MEPS), energy labeling and utility programs are some of the effective and tested methods for achieving this goal. The technical basis for these energy efficiency standards is a testing and rating procedure for estimating equipment seasonal performance from laboratory tests. Although the current rating procedures provide standardized metrics to compare different equipment performances, they fail to appropriately characterize the field representative performance of systems by not considering the effects of: 1) test unit embedded controls, thermostat, and realistic interactions with the building load and dynamics; 2) different climate zones and building types; and 3) and other integrated accessories for improving energy efficiency such as economizer for rooftop units (RTUs). Therefore, current approaches for performance ratings neither incentives the development and implementation of improved system and control designs nor consumers with a metric that represents the advanced systems' actual energy savings. To address this, a load-based testing methodology that enables dynamic performance evaluation of equipment with its integrated controls, thermostat, and other accessories was recently proposed. The test methodology is based on the concept of emulating the response of a representative building conditioned by the test unit in a test lab using a virtual building model. </p> <p>In this work, the proposed load-based testing methodology was further extended, evaluated, and validated for residential heat pumps to integrate it into next-generation energy efficiency testing and rating procedures and to serve as a tool for engineers to develop and validate improved control algorithms in a laboratory setting. Further, a load-based testing method for evaluating the dynamic performance of RTUs with integrated economizers was also developed and demonstrated.</p> <p>A load-based testing approach previously developed for residential cooling equipment is extended for heat pump heating-mode and demonstrated for a variable-speed system. The heat pump's typical dynamic behaviors are captured along with controller imperfections that aren't reflected in current testing approaches. Further, a comprehensive comparison was performed between the proposed load-based testing approach to the current steady-state testing approach in the U.S., AHRI 210/240, based on performance evaluation of three residential variable-speed heat pumps to understand the differences and their significance for the next-generation rating procedure. For cooling mode, steady-state testing estimates higher seasonal performance, but for heating mode, the steady-state testing approach estimates higher seasonal performance for warmer climates and is comparable for colder climates. The load-based testing methodology was validated by comparing the laboratory performance of a heat pump to that of a residential building in a controlled environment. The virtual building modeling approach for building loads and thermal dynamics effectively captured these characteristics of the house. The heat pump's cycling rate response with run-time fraction, which represents the unit's overall dynamic response, matched well between lab load-based tests and house tests. The test unit's COP difference for cooling and heating tests was within 3% between the two facilities, except for 9% in 95°F and 6% in 104°F cooling dry-coil test intervals. To evaluate the applicability of the developed load-based testing methodology as next-generation rating standards, its repeatability and reproducibility were assessed based on multiple heat pump round-robin tests conducted in two labs. Overall, reasonable to good repeatability was observed in load-based test results in both labs, however, poor reproducibility was observed except for one heat pump heating mode results. A root cause analysis of the observed differences along with recommendations for a next-generation rating approach are presented. This work aided in the development of a CSA (Canadian Standards Association) standard EXP07:19 and its subsequent revision for equipment rating based on load-based testing.</p> <p>The application of the load-based testing methodology as a tool for the development and evaluation of a residential heat pump controller design was demonstrated. Further, a load-based testing methodology was developed and demonstrated for the dynamic performance evaluation of RTUs with integrated economizers in a test laboratory setting. Recommendations for future work to further develop and improve the repeatability, reproducibility, and representativeness of the load-based testing and rating approach for residential and commercial air conditioners and heat pumps are summarized at the end of the dissertation. </p>