Avhandling--Stockholm, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 278-[292]. Résumé en anglais.

Sweden is a country that has made some progress in developing energy efficient solutions. The problem in Sweden is that many houses and apartment buildings are old and have inefficient ventilation- and heating systems. This energy is lost when systems are inefficient, which then results in huge economic costs. Luckily, more and more people are becoming aware of this, which means that Sweden is on track to become even better within energy efficiency.Energy use for the housing- and service sector amounts to 166 TWh of total use at 616 TWh. Without distribution and conversion losses, these figures show that the housing- and service sector accounts for almost 40 % of the country's total energy consumption. As a part of this sector, there is in downtown Umeå a building complex named Thor that is contributing significantly to the energy consumption of the area. Thor is a building complex whose first phase of construction began in 1963 and has since then been built on over the years. The complex has several inefficient parts that waste energy and thus gives rise to substantial economic costs. In the Thor-building there are numerous venues in place with a large variety of stores. On the groundfloor there are some business premises. The rest of the houses consist of either offices- or apartment spaces. This gives rise to large air handling units and heating systems that must be able to deliver suffiecient power when required.This work is an investigation of the building complex Thor and its purpose is to find parts that are inefficient energy-wise and be able to provide suggestions for various improvements that would reduce costs and create profit with a short payback time.The investigated parts are the following: • Roof insulation • Exhaust fan to the loading bay • Supply and exhaust fans, "Tower" • Supply and exhaust fans, Kungsgatan 58 • Comfort Cooling • Heating coils • Main fuses The energy consumption for the different areas have been divided into two different parts, electricity- and heat consumption. Electricity consumption is roughly 500 MWh per year and the heat consumption is around 1020 MWh per year. This is only the consumption of the areas that have been investigated. After the energy efficient actions will be made, the heat use will instead decrease to 213 MWh, which is a considerable improvement. Electricity consumption after the actions will increase, but because of the economical electricity agreement Thor possesses, it will ultimately pay off. Straight pay off for heat exchangers in the "Tower" and the supply- and exhaust fans at Kungsgatan 58 is 2,09 year and 2,11 years respectively.This proves that large amounts of energy are lost to the surroundings, and that there is a big need of change.   A future project is to improve energy efficiency throughout the majority in large parts of Thor, so that one saves money rather than "blowing" it away. Riksbyggen was unsure if there were ventilation aggregates large enough to clear off the necessary volume flows at Kungsgatan 58. This report proved that they did in fact exist. The result of this report bodes well for future efforts to improve energy efficiency at Thor. This report can serve as a basis for future work. / Sverige är ett land som har kommit en bit i utvecklingen gällande energieffektiva lösningar. Problemet i Sverige är att många villor och flerbostadshus är gamla och har ineffektiva ventilation- och värmesystem. Denna energi går förlorad när systemen är ineffektiva vilket sedan resulterar i stora ekonomiska kostnader. Som tur är har fler och fler fått upp ögonen för detta vilket gör att Sverige är på god väg att bli ännu mer energieffektiva.   Energianvändningen för bostads- och servicedelen uppgår till 166 TWh av landets totala användning på 616 TWh. Dessa siffror visar att bostads- och servicedelen står för nästan 40 % av landets totala energianvändning. Inom denna faktor har ett område i Umeå stad ”dragit sitt strå i stacken” av användingen och detta område heter Thor. Thor är en bostadsrättsförening och började byggas 1963 och sedan byggts på under årens lopp. Området har flera ineffektiva delar som slösar energi och detta ger upphov till stora ekonomiska kostnader. De hus som finns på plats idag har olika typer av lokaler. På bottenvåningarna finns affärslokaler och resten av husen består av antingen kontorslokaler eller lägenheter. Detta ger upphov till stora ventilationsaggregat och värmesystem som ska klara att leverera rätt effekt när det behövs.   Detta arbete är en utredning av området för att hitta delar som är ineffektiva och för att sedan kunna ge förslag på olika förbättringar som skulle minska framförallt energi, kostnader och skapa vinst inom kort. De delar som har undersökts är: Takisolering Frånluftsfläkt till lastbrygga Till- och frånluftsfläktar, ”Tornet” Till- och frånluftsfläktar, Kungsgatan 58 Komfortkyla Värmeslingor Huvudsäkringar     Energiförbrukningen för de olika områdena har delats in i två olika delar, Elförbrukning och Värmeförbrukning. Elförbrukning hamnar på 529 MWh per år och värmeförbrukningen hamnar på 1020 MWh per år. Detta är då enbart för de områden som har utretts. Efter energieffektivisering av dessa så hamnar värmeanvändningen istället på 213 MWh vilket är betydligt mindre. Elförbrukningen kommer att höjas efter installation av aggregaten, men på grund av elpriserna som bostadsrättsföreningen har så kommer det löna sig relativt fort. Rak payofftid för värmeväxlare på ”Tornet” och till- och frånluftsfläktarna på Kungsgatan 58 ligger på vardera område på cirka 2 år. Detta är då ett bevis på att stora mängder energi går förlorad på detta område och därmed är det i stort behov av förändring   Ett framtida arbete är att energieffektivisera på stora delar av Thor så man sparar pengar och energi istället för att ”blåsa” bort dem. Riksbyggen var osäkra om det fanns aggregat som klarade flödena på Kungsgatan 58, vilket denna rapport bevisade. Resultaten från denna rapport bådar gott för framtida arbete för att energieffektivisera Thor. Denna rapport kan då ligga som grund till arbetet.

Les blessures de l'abdomen représentent une faible proportion (5%) des blessures lors d'accidents de la route mais elle augmente fortement pour les blessures sérieuses à sévères (16%). L'abdomen du mannequin THOR (Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint), destiné aux futures réglementations de choc frontal, nécessite des améliorations de sa biofidélité et un critère de blessure. Le travail présenté est en trois parties :Premièrement, les paramètres principaux de la réponse mécanique de l'abdomen du THOR et de Sujets Humain Post Mortem (SHPM) sous chargements impacteur et ceinture furent identifiés à l'aide d'un modèle mécanique simplifié. La comparaison des paramètres mécaniques du THOR et des SHPM a mis en évidence les changements nécessaires pour l'amélioration de la biofidélité. Il apparaît que la viscosité équivalente du THOR doit être augmentée d'un facteur 5 et que l'interaction avec la pièce bassin doit être modifiée du fait qu'elle augmentait la rigidité d'un facteur 8. Ces changements furent inclus dans le modèle Éléments Finis (EF) d'un abdomen prototype incluant des capteurs de pression APTS (Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors) pour caractériser le chargement de l'abdomen.Deuxièmement, la réponse mécanique du prototype a été évaluée en simulations d'essais charriot, ce qui a montré que l'abdomen prototype a peu d'influence sur la cinématique globale du mannequin mais que la flexion du tronc peut faire augmenter la pression dans les APTS. Cela a mené à des recommandations supplémentaires au niveau de la conception de l'abdomen.Finalement, en vue de définir un critère de blessure pour l'abdomen, la pression des APTS a été corrélée aux blessures des organes décrites dans les études sur SHPM de la littérature ou prédites par le modèle EF humain THUMS / Abdominal injuries represent a small proportion (5%) of road crash injuries but their proportion increases considerably with regard to serious and severe injuries (16%). The abdomen of the Test device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR), intended to be used in future frontal impact assessments, needs further developments regarding its biofidelity and injury criterion. The work performed in this thesis project was in three folds: Firstly, the main parameters of the THOR and Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) abdomen responses under impactor and seatbelt loadings were identified using a lumped element model. The comparison between the THOR and the PMHS mechanical parameters highlighted desired changes for THOR abdomen biofidelity improvement. It was found that THOR material viscosity should be increased by 5 and that interaction with the pelvis flesh should be modified as it increased by 8 the abdomen stiffness. These changes were included in the Finite Element (FE) model of an existing abdomen prototype which is equipped with Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors (APTS) to quantify the abdomen load. Secondly, the response of the prototype was evaluated in sled test simulations which showed that the prototype abdomen had little influence on the dummy overall kinematics but that the torso flexion could increase the pressure in the APTS. This led to additional recommendations regarding the abdomen design. Finally, for the abdominal injury criterion definition, the APTS pressure was correlated with organ injuries as reported in published PMHS tests or as predicted by THUMS human FE model

Via kulturskribenters sätt att hänvisa till andra kulturella fenomen kan allt från kultursyn till läsartilltal utläsas. I denna uppsats kommer det redogöras för svenska kulturjournalisters bruk av kulturreferenser. Avsikten är att undersöka varför kulturskribenterna använder sig av detta grepp, vad de anser vara god kultur, hur läsarna tilltalas och hur referenser som bryter barriären mellan hög- och populärkultur används. Detta kommer att granskas utifrån ett kultursociologiskt perspektiv och de teorier som kommer appliceras på frågeställningarna är Pierre Bourdieus teorier om habitus, fältet och det kulturella kapitalet. Till det tillkommer ethosdiskussioner och resonemang kring den implicite läsaren och den implicite författaren. Materialel består av dagstidningarna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Svenska Dagbladets kultursidor under en nyhetsvecka. Undersökingen har både kvantitativa och kvalitativa aspekter. Resultaten visar att kulturreferenser i de flesta fallen är en rent estetisk utsmyckning av en text, alternativt används för att sätta in ett ämne i en viss historisk kontext. Detta kan vara ett sätt för skribenten att stärka sin trovärdighet. Vanligtvis refereras det till företeelser som är inom samma kulturella sfär som det som avhandlas, därefter är referenser till företeelser som förknippas med ett högre kapital vanligast. Att referera till kulturyttringar med ett lägre kulturellt kapital är ytterst ovanligt. Det som förknippas med ett högt kulturellt kapital betraktas oftast som bra kultur och när populärkulturella ämnen pryds med sådana referenser är det ett sätt att stärka det populärkulturella ämnets värde.

Digital credentials enable users to perform secure interactions by proving either their identity or that they posses certain attributes. Special care is taken to protect these credentials and their associated private keys during transaction time. However, protection of these items outside of the transaction is often delegated to a secure credential repository. A mobile environment creates significant challenges for secure repositories. We examine these challenges with respect to existing repository practices and produce a set of requirements that a repository must meet in order to cope with the harshness of a mobile environment. We also present the design and implementation of Thor (The hybrid online repository), a system that fulfills these requirements. Thor leverages preexisting local and remote repositories and enhances their usability and security through centralized management, credential context subsets, and credential identifier obfuscation.

Frontal motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) account for the majority of injuries and fatalities in MVCs according to the Fatality Analysis Reporting Systems (FARS). One of the most commonly injured regions of the body during MVCs is the thorax. While there are fewer adult passengers riding in the rear seat compared to the front seat, the number of adults in the rear seat may increase dramatically in the near future with the rise of ridesharing services and highly automated vehicles (HAVs). With the increase in exposure for adults riding in the rear seat, the safety of these passengers needs to be evaluated. Previous research has shown that occupant protection in the rear seat is disproportionately lower than that of the front seat in modern vehicles due to the focus on front seat occupants in both regulatory and market-driven crash tests. This has resulted in many of the occupant safety systems, e.g., pretensioners (PT), load limiters (LL), and airbags, being widely available in the front seat, but sparsely available in the rear seat. Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) have been developed to investigate occupant safety during frontal MVCs and can be utilized in the investigation of rear seat occupant injuries. However, the biofidelity and injury risk criteria used for these ATDs has only been validated when seated in the front seat. To validate the response and injury risk predictions of existing frontal ATDs in the rear seat it is necessary to generate new biomechanical data in the rear seat of modern vehicles. The purpose of this work is to quantify the biomechanical responses of two frontal ATDs, i.e., the Hybrid III and THOR-50M 50th percentile male ATDs, and 50th percentile male post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) seated in the rear seat of modern vehicles, which have various seat geometries and restraint types, during frontal MVCs. Emphasis is placed on comparisons between the thoracic responses of the three human surrogates e.g., thoracic deflection time histories, and thoracic injury risks, i.e., ATD injury risk prediction versus instances of PMHS injuries. A series of twenty-four frontal sled tests were first conducted with the HIII and THOR-50M ATDs seated in the rear seats of seven vehicle test bucks with varying seat geometries and two different restraint types. Three vehicles had advanced restraints while four had conventional restraints. Three different crash pulses were used derived from vehicle specific US New Car Assessment Program frontal crash data: Scaled (32kph), Generic (32kph), and NCAP85 (56kph). Thoracic injury metrics were not exceeded in the lower severity pulses for either ATD but were exceeded during some of the high severity tests. A matched comparison analysis between a front and rear seated Hybrid III 50th percentile male ATD is presented second that highlights the disparities between front and rear seat iii occupant safety of modern vehicles during frontal MVCs. The Hybrid III ATD data were used for this comparison. Thoracic injury risk was found to be higher for the rear seated HIII across all vehicles, while thoracic acceleration was lower in the rear than the front for some vehicles. PMHS thoracic responses and injury risk equations were then evaluated in four of the vehicles used for the ATD tests using the high severity sled pulse, i.e., NCAP85 (56kph). Thoracic acceleration and normalized deflection values were higher in vehicles with conventional restraints, and the location of maximum deflection was always inboard of the sternum. The resulting thoracic injuries ranged from AIS 3 to AIS 5. Additionally, there were a larger average number of rib fractures in vehicles with conventional restraints versus advanced restraints. A multi-point deflection injury risk equation predicted injury the best. However the less censored rib fracture data that were obtained suggest that all three of the injury equations evaluated could be improved. Lastly, the PMHS data were used to assess the similarities in thoracic response between the ATDs and PMHS. An objective rating metric was used for the response comparison. The HIII had a slightly better average score than the THOR-50M; however, the THOR-50M had a more biofidelic kinematic response during the tests. This analysis furthers the understanding of the effect of different occupant protection systems on thoracic injury risk in a rear seat environment and the biofidelity of frontal 50th percentile male ATDs in the rear seat. / Doctor of Philosophy / Frontal motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) account for the majority of injuries and fatalities in MVCs according to the Fatality Analysis Reporting Systems (FARS), a nationwide census of fatal injuries suffered during crashes. One of the most commonly injured regions of the body during MVCs is the thorax i.e. the chest. While there are fewer adult passengers riding in the rear seat compared to the front seat, the number of adults in the rear seat may increase dramatically in the near future with the rise of ridesharing services and in the future, the rise of highly automated vehicles (HAVs commonly called "driverless cars"). The safety of adult rear seat passengers needs to be evaluated due to the potential increase in occupancy rates. Previous research has shown that occupant protection in the rear seat is disproportionately lower than that of the front seat in modern vehicles. This is likely due to the focus on front seat occupants in both regulatory tests and market-driven crash tests such as the New Car Assessment Program and IIHS frontal overlap tests. This has resulted in many of the advanced occupant protection systems being widely available in the front seat, but sparsely available in the rear seat. Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), i.e., crash test dummies, have been developed to investigate occupant safety during frontal MVCs and can be utilized in the investigation of rear seat occupant injuries. However, the biofidelity (similarity of ATD response to a human surrogate) and injury risk criteria used for these ATDs has only been validated when seated in the front seat. To validate the thoracic response and injury risk predictions of the existing frontal ATDs when seated in the rear seat it is necessary to generate new biomechanical data in the rear seat of modern vehicles. The purpose of this work is to quantify the thoracic response of two current 50th percentile male frontal impact ATDs, i.e., the Hybrid III and THOR-50M, and similarly sized male post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) seated in the rear seat during a frontal MVC. Several vehicles were used and chosen to represent various seat geometries and restraint types. There are two restraint types in the rear seat within this body of work, conventional and advanced. A conventional restraint consists of a three point seat belt, while an advanced restraint consists of a three point seat belt with additional safety features installed. Emphasis is placed on the injury risk prediction from the ATD versus actual instances of injuries from the PMHS. A series of frontal sled tests were first performed with the Hybrid III and THOR-50M ATDs. Three different crash pulses derived from vehicle specific US New Car Assessment Program frontal crash data were used: Scaled (32kph), Generic (32kph), and NCAP85 (56kph). v These tests showed that the established injury metrics for the two ATDs were exceeded in some of the high severity tests. A matched comparison analysis between a front and rear seated Hybrid III 50th percentile male ATD is presented and highlights the disparities between front and rear seat occupant safety of modern vehicles during frontal MVCs. The thoracic injury risk was found to be higher in the rear compared to the front for all vehicles. A series of frontal sled tests were then performed with the mid-sized male PMHS using the high severity sled pulse (NCAP85) and four of the vehicles from the ATD tests. The thoracic deflections for the PMHS were normalized by the surrogate chest depth in order to compare them between different sized surrogates, and were found to be higher in vehicles with conventional restraints. All PMHS had severity thoracic injuries. Additionally, there were a larger average number of rib fractures in vehicles with conventional restraints versus advanced restraints. Finally, the thoracic response of each ATD was compared to the PMHS to further the understanding of the effect of different occupant protection systems on thoracic injury risk in a rear seat environment and investigate rear seat biofidelity of each ATD. The THOR-50M had a more biofidelic kinematic response, while the Hybrid III matched the PMHS thoracic deflections and accelerations more accurately when compared with an objective rating metric. The comparison between surrogate responses furthers the understanding of 50th percentile male ATD biofidelity, the ATD injury risk prediction capabilities, and effects of different occupant protection systems on thoracic injuries in the rear seat.

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