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Philosophical and physiological investigations define thought to be the result of thinking. psychological Inquiry has mainly focused on discovery of the mechanisms and topology of thought. Philosophical Inquiry either has explored the mind-body problem or has analyzed the linguistics of the expression of a thought. However, neither has Investigated adequately phenomenal characteristics of thought Itself, the Intermediary between the production and the expression of a thought. The use of thought to analyze phenomenal characteristics of thought engenders a paradox. If the expression of thought requires finite series of linked words with rules governing syntax, then analysis of both the thought and the expression of the thought must necessarily transcend the linguistic level. During the last century many examples of logical paradoxes In linguistics of thought have been given. The culminating difficulty of dealing with a finite structure, a characteristic of any language, Is Godel's Incompleteness Theorem, which says in essence that in order to render all decisions about a finite system requires the use of material outside the system. Thus, a potentially complete interpretation of thought must use some technique which is basically non-linguistic . Wittgenstein proposed such a method with his "Picture theory. " This technique solves the major paradoxical problem generated by investigation of a reflective system using the system itself , but leaves unsolved the question of ultimate resolution . Using pictorial models with examples to assist in understanding phenomenal characteristics of thought, this paper investigates basic units of thought, attempting to identify properties of a basic unit of thought and of the collection of thoughts for a person, and analyzes relationships and interactions between units of thought.

This thesis argues against the Humean theory of practical reasons, criticising its foundations in philosophical and moral psychology. It develops a realist account of value-based reasons, underpinned by a distinctive cognitivist moral psychology, and a non-causalist account of the rational explanation of action. Contemporary Humeans reject Hume's own theory of thought, but this leaves the Humean theory of practical reasons without justification for a conception of desire as non-cognitive and not open to fundamental rational evaluation. Two possible strategies for filling this justificatory gap are (i) an appeal to grammatical considerations about the attribution of desires and their content, or (ii) an appeal to distinctions in respect of direction of fit. I argue that neither is successful. Kant's moral psychology provides the key to an alternative account, but is unsatisfactory due to its acceptance of a theory of thought which is relevantly similar to Hume's, and of non-compulsory rationalist presuppositions. Separated from these aspects, Kant's insights open a path to developing a conception of desire as essentially rationally evaluable. I argue that, in addition to such a conception, we should accept an account of rational attitudes as constitutively normative. On the basis of these two views, I argue that desire is a kind of evaluative belief. An independently plausible account of reasons takes them to be evaluative facts, and this neatly connects to the normative philosophical psychology. I consider the implications of such a view for the rational explanation of action, arguing that while causal theories of action and action-explanation are unacceptable, the normative philosophical psychology allows the development of non-causal alternatives to them. The non-causal account of action and action-explanation leaves space for an explanatory role for reasons themselves, beyond that provided by merely psychological explanation, as well as an explanatory role for an agent's character and emotions.

Kwong Yuk Yee, Jessica. / "June 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-97). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed April 10, 2007). Advisor: Jon F. Wergin . Keywords: leadership, concept mapping, educational administration, teachers' thinking, cognitive map. Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-159).

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2004.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 330-340). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Previous research in the field of speech has indicated that critical thinking can be improved through training in discussion, debate, argumentation, and the basic speech class. Critical thinking has also been related to fluency in extemporaneous speaking. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between students' grades in Speech 210 and their scores on the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. Can the Watson-Glaser Test predict the students' grades in a public speaking class? The hypothesis is also treated with respect to sex, class, selected majors, and delayed acceptance and regular students.The study employed seven statistical tests: the Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test of Significance, the Chi Square Test for Two Independent Samples, the Fisher Exact Probability Test, the Median Test, the T Test for Unmatched Pairs, and the Chi Square Test for "Goodness of Fit" with (a) expected values equal and (b) expected values unequal. The teats, programmed on a Monroe 1766 electronic calculator, were applied to the five null hypotheses. The tests indicate significant correlations in two areas: Watson-Glaser raw scores with respect to psychology majors and marketing majors, and Watson-Glaser raw scores with respect to delayed acceptance and selected sample students. No statistically significant correlation was found between Watson-Glaser scores and final grades given in Speech 210 as a whole, class, sex, and selected majors.

This thesis has explored the nature of the relationship between Piaget's concept of conservation and performance on standardized achievement and intelligence tests for Kindergarten, first and second grade Ss. The Pearson product-moment correlations indicated a positive and significant relationship between conservation and achievement at the Kindergarten level. The first grade, which suffered from a lack of variability on the conservation variable, failed to show a significant relationship between conservation and any other variables. The second grade correlations indicated a positive and significant relationship between conservation and both IQ and mathematics achievement. Partial and multiple correlations also indicated that conservation had a positive and significant relationship with mathematics achievement.