<p>Vehicles have been around in our society for over a century, until recently they have been standalone systems. With increased amounts of initiatives to inter-network vehicles to avoid accidents and reduce environmental impact the view of a vehicle as a standalone system needs to be reconsidered. Networking and cooperation between vehicles requires that all systems and the information therein are trustworthy. Faulty or malicious vehicle systems are thus not limited to only affecting a single vehicle but also the entire network. The detection of anomalous behavior in a vehicle computer system is therefore of importance. To improve the vehicle systems we strive to achieve security awareness within the vehicle computer system. As a first step we will identify threats toward the vehicle computer system and what has been done to address them.</p><p>We perform a threat analysis consisting of fault trees and misuse cases to identify the threats. The fault trees provide away to connect the threats found with vehicle stakeholders' goals. The connection between stakeholder goals and threat highlights the need for threat mitigation.</p><p>Several research initiatives are discussed to find out what has been done to address the identified threats and to find the state of the research for security in vehicle computer system.</p><p>Lastly, an error model for the Controller Area Network (CAN) is proposed to model the consequences of threats applied to the CAN bus.</p>

Western nations continue to face potential attacks from violent extremist organizations waging a campaign of violence in the name of political Islam. Though these attacks are traditionally labeled as originating from abroad, leaders of these extremist organizations are utilizing a new tactic of radicalizing native or naturalized citizens from within Western countries in an effort to bypass the massive defensive security apparatus Western governments have put in place since the September 11 attacks. These undistinguishable citizens turned radical jihadists, better known as homegrown terrorists, represent a clear and present danger to the security of the United States. In an effort to understand the problem, this paper seeks to identify patterns common amongst these individuals and addresses the question "How does a Muslim youth become radicalized into a homegrown terrorist?" This research will use a case study approach to identify patterns of radicalization in convicted homegrown terrorist and test the hypothesis that a failure of integration will cause some Western Muslim youth to radicalize and in some cases, commit violent crimes of terrorism.

Vehicles have been around in our society for over a century, until recently they have been standalone systems. With increased amounts of initiatives to inter-network vehicles to avoid accidents and reduce environmental impact the view of a vehicle as a standalone system needs to be reconsidered. Networking and cooperation between vehicles requires that all systems and the information therein are trustworthy. Faulty or malicious vehicle systems are thus not limited to only affecting a single vehicle but also the entire network. The detection of anomalous behavior in a vehicle computer system is therefore of importance. To improve the vehicle systems we strive to achieve security awareness within the vehicle computer system. As a first step we will identify threats toward the vehicle computer system and what has been done to address them. We perform a threat analysis consisting of fault trees and misuse cases to identify the threats. The fault trees provide away to connect the threats found with vehicle stakeholders' goals. The connection between stakeholder goals and threat highlights the need for threat mitigation. Several research initiatives are discussed to find out what has been done to address the identified threats and to find the state of the research for security in vehicle computer system. Lastly, an error model for the Controller Area Network (CAN) is proposed to model the consequences of threats applied to the CAN bus.

This study aims to propose a knowledge base ontology for the ISO/SAE 21434 cybersecurity risk assessment activities in the automotive domain. The focus of the paper is to model how the standard views the tasks of Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) and cybersecurity concept. The model is supported by practical knowledge gained from a design science activity at a major organization for supplying automotive solutions and components. The scope is limited to matters of methodology in systems security assessment. The meta-model shows concepts, relationships, and axioms describing the different activities, stakeholders, and inter-dependencies. Based on the model knowledge, an integrated approach of TARA guideline is created, describing the steps of each of the activities in which it has been adapted by the organization participating in an applied study. Additionally, to increase the efficiency of the human resources involved in the creation of the security artifacts, a proposal to utilize the model relationships and the guideline to automate recurring TARA tasks. Lessons learned from the applied study are presented. The study has adapted an evaluation strategy based on technical evaluation and user evaluation. The guideline was evaluated through gathering expert’s opinions in a qualitative approach. The ontology meta-model has been qualified for consistency through technical evaluation.

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<p>Many embedded systems are complex, and it is often required that the firmware in these systems are updatable by the end-user. For economical and confidentiality reasons, it is important that these systems only accept firmware approved by the firmware producer.</p><p>This thesis work focuses on creating a security enhanced firmware update procedure that is suitable for use in embedded systems. The common elements of embedded systems are described and various candidate algorithms are compared as candidates for firmware verification. Patents are used as a base for the proposal of a security enhanced update procedure. We also use attack trees to perform a threat analysis on an update procedure.</p><p>The results are a threat analysis of a home office router and the proposal of an update procedure. The update procedure will only accept approved firmware and prevents reversion to old, vulnerable, firmware versions. The firmware verification is performed using the hash function SHA-224 and the digital signature algorithm RSA with a key length of 2048. The selection of algorithms and key lengths mitigates the threat of brute-force and cryptanalysis attacks on the verification algorithms and is believed to be secure through 2030.</p>

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is the next generation of telecommunication systems. The system is based on an IP network and uses technologies from the Internet. The IMS system is designed to evolve from a telephone system into a general information and communication system. It is meant to include television, Video on Demand (VoD), interactive services etc, etc. It is designed to simplify the implementation of newservices in telecom networks. This report investigates security aspects of VoD services when merging an IP Television (IPTV) system with IMS. The investigation covers security functions in IMS, transitionsolutions for authentication of the Set-Top-Box (STB) in IMS, and identifies problems inthe integration of IPTV and IMS. The report concludes that IMS has good solid Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) functions that will provide security and billing functionality. One problemis found in the media control between the STB and the streaming server. This interface lacked specification at the time of investigation, and some problems have been identified. These problems have to be solved before a system can be brought into service and beregarded as secure.

With the rapid development of connected vehicles, automotive security has become one of the most important topics. To study how to protect the security of vehicle communication, we analyze potential threats for connected vehicles and discuss countermeasures to mitigate these threats. In this thesis, we examine 25 services that connected vehicles can provide. Entities, connections, and message flows in these services are investigated and synthesized into a vehicle network structure. The 25 services are divided into six use cases including: infotainment service, remote monitoring, device control, Vehicle-toeverything (V2X), diagnostics service, and in-vehicle Intrusion Detection System (IDS). We establish communication models for these use cases and analyze the potential threats based on Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA) criteria. We discuss possible countermeasures that can mitigate these threats based on existing network security techniques. Each alternative countermeasure’s advantages and limitations are presented. To filter possible attacks, we investigate and design firewalls in four components of a vehicle: Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) module, gateway, Telematic Control Unit (TCU), and Human-Machine Interface (HMI). We also simulate a firewall for an HMI application by building a communication model in Python. / Med den snabba utvecklingen av anslutna fordon har bilsäkerhet blivit ett av de viktigaste ämnena. För att studera hur man skyddar säkerheten för fordonskommunikation analyserar vi potentiella hot mot anslutna fordon och diskuterar motåtgärder för att mildra dessa hot. I denna avhandling undersöker vi 25 tjänster som anslutna fordon kan tillhandahålla. Entiteter, anslutningar och meddelandeflöden i dessa tjänster undersöks och syntetiseras i en fordonsnätverksstruktur. De 25 tjänsterna är indelade i sex användarvägar, inklusive: infotainment service, fjärrövervakning, enhetskontroll, Fordon-tillallt (V2X), diagnostikservice och IDS-system (Intrusion Detection System). Vi etablerar kommunikationsmodeller för dessa användningsfall och analyserar de potentiella hot som baseras på CIA-kriterier (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability). Vi diskuterar eventuella motåtgärder som kan mildra dessa hot baserat på befintliga nätverkssäkerhetstekniker. Varje alternativ motåtgärds fördelar och begränsningar presenteras. För att filtrera eventuella attacker undersöker vi och utformar brandväggar i fyra delar av ett fordon: Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) -modul, gateway, Telematic Control Unit (TCU) och Human Machine Interface (HMI). Vi simulerar också en brandvägg för en HMI-applikation genom att bygga en kommunikationsmodell i Python.

In today's digital world, cybersecurity is becoming increasingly critical. Essential services that we rely on every day such as finance, transportation, and healthcare all rely on complex networks and computer systems. As these systems and networks become larger and more complex, it becomes increasingly challenging to identify and protect against potential attacks. This thesis addresses the problem of efficiently analysing large attack graphs and prioritizing defences in the field of cybersecurity. The research question guiding this study is whether PageRank, originally designed for ranking the importance of web pages, can be extended with additional parameters to effectively analyze large vulnerability-based attack graphs. To address this question, a modified version of the PageRank algorithm is proposed, which considers additional parameters present in attack graphs such as Time-To-Compromise values. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on various attack graphs to assess its accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. The evaluation shows that the algorithm exhibits relatively short running times even for larger attack graphs, demonstrating its efficiency and scalability. The algorithm achieves a reasonably high level of accuracy when compared to an optimal defence selection, showcasing its ability to effectively identify vulnerable nodes within the attack graphs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PageRank is a viable alternative for the security analysis of attack graphs. The proposed algorithm shows promise in efficiently and accurately analyzing large-scale attack graphs, providing valuable insight for identifying threats and defence prioritization. / I dagens digitala värld blir cybersäkerhet allt viktigare. Viktiga tjänster som vi förlitar oss på varje dag, inom t.ex. finans, transport och hälsovård, är alla beroende av komplexa nätverk och datorsystem. I takt med att dessa system och nätverk blir större och mer komplexa blir det allt svårare att identifiera och skydda sig mot potentiella attacker. Denna uppsats studerar problemet med att effektivt analysera stora attackgrafer och prioritera försvar inom cybersäkerhet. Den forskningsfråga som styr denna studie är om PageRank, ursprungligen utformad för att rangordna webbsidor, kan utökas med ytterligare parametrar för att effektivt analysera stora attackgrafer. För att besvara denna fråga föreslås en modifierad version av PageRank-algoritmen, som beaktar ytterligare parametrar som finns i attackgrafer, såsom ”Time-To-Compromise”-värden. Den föreslagna algoritmen utvärderas på olika attackgrafer för att bedöma dess noggrannhet, effektivitet och skalbarhet. Utvärderingen visar att den föreslagna algoritmen uppvisar relativt korta körtider även för större attackgrafer, vilket visar på hög effektivitet och skalbarhet. Algoritmen uppnår en rimligt hög nivå av noggrannhet jämfört med det optimala valet av försvar, vilket visar på dess förmåga att effektivt identifiera sårbara noder inom attackgraferna. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna studie att PageRank är ett potentiellt alternativ för säkerhetsanalys av attackgrafer. Den föreslagna algoritmen visar lovande resultat när det gäller att effektivt och noggrant analysera storskaliga attackgrafer, samt erbjuda värdefull information för att identifiera hot och prioritera försvar.

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