A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo. / The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.

A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo. / The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelo cortez.pdf: 4361880 bytes, checksum: 150bc50dbe3b3de3ec4fd19c5d48292c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work intends to present a contribution to the discussions about the social and environmental sustainability of extractive production of nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) played by traditional communities. Are described and analyzed two production systems in communities of Manicoré, in the Amazon: the Traditional, representing the Mocambo and the New, represented by the community Democracia The data analyzed correspond to two years: 2008 and 2009 and were obtained during interviews with Brazil nut gatherers and rural leaders with the help of semi-structured questionnaires and digital recorder, as well as direct observation and consultation documents. The communities have similar issues with regard to the number of families, primary forest product and time of existence of the community differ in regard to the social organization of work and production. The results demonstrate that different factors, including the opening of social participation, the adoption of new technologies, new forms of territorial management, new tools for land tenure, support from external agents governmental organizations were instrumental in the transformation of Traditional system (Community Mocambo) to a New System Community (Democracia). The systems have very contrasting and structural differences in this study were evaluated by three factors: production, income and expenses of the organization. The traditional system can be depicted as low-governance resulting from debt collectors using the instruments of subordination used by employers and hucksters which is aggravated by the non-adoption of technological advances that improve the quality and value of the product. The fruit of the new system of coordinating collective action, needed to be consolidated high investment in human capital formation and financial resources to support training activities and effective participation of all involved in decision making processes that resulted in the empowerment of communities. From the standpoint of the costs of social organization, collective action has proved advantageous when compared to individual action, as both individual and collective costs were higher than in Mocambo in Democracia. The annual household production and considering all factors of production, the linear regression model explains 87% of the variation and the production system, as an explanatory variable, was highly significant (p = 0.004). What supports the hypothesis that increased production observed in Democracy is associated with more efficient production system. From the standpoint of income and Brazil nut gatherers household budget, it was found that in Democracia families have a higher income that is invested primarily in the acquisition of durable goods and home repairs (57%), while income from the Mocambo Brazil nut gatherers is used mainly in food and clothing (90%) So, clearly demonstrates the importance of the high-governance from the standpoint of social and economic establishment of a new dynamic where social and environmental results are significant for biodiversity protection and transformation of social organization extraction and production.This work intends to present a contribution to the discussions about the social and environmental sustainability of extractive production of nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) played by traditional communities. Are described and analyzed two production systems in communities of Manicoré, in the Amazon: the Traditional, representing the Mocambo and the New, represented by the community Democracia The data analyzed correspond to two years: 2008 and 2009 and were obtained during interviews with Brazil nut gatherers and rural leaders with the help of semi-structured questionnaires and digital recorder, as well as direct observation and consultation documents. The communities have similar issues with regard to the number of families, primary forest product and time of existence of the community differ in regard to the social organization of work and production. The results demonstrate that different factors, including the opening of social participation, the adoption of new technologies, new forms of territorial management, new tools for land tenure, support from external agents governmental organizations were instrumental in the transformation of Traditional system (Community Mocambo) to a New System Community (Democracia). The systems have very contrasting and structural differences in this study were evaluated by three factors: production, income and expenses of the organization. The traditional system can be depicted as low-governance resulting from debt collectors using the instruments of subordination used by employers and hucksters which is aggravated by the non-adoption of technological advances that improve the quality and value of the product. The fruit of the new system of coordinating collective action, needed to be consolidated high investment in human capital formation and financial resources to support training activities and effective participation of all involved in decision making processes that resulted in the empowerment of communities. From the standpoint of the costs of social organization, collective action has proved advantageous when compared to individual action, as both individual and collective costs were higher than in Mocambo in Democracia. The annual household production and considering all factors of production, the linear regression model explains 87% of the variation and the production system, as an explanatory variable, was highly significant (p = 0.004). What supports the hypothesis that increased production observed in Democracy is associated with more efficient production system. From the standpoint of income and Brazil nut gatherers household budget, it was found that in Democracia families have a higher income that is invested primarily in the acquisition of durable goods and home repairs (57%), while income from the Mocambo Brazil nut gatherers is used mainly in food and clothing (90%) So, clearly demonstrates the importance of the high-governance from the standpoint of social and economic establishment of a new dynamic where social and environmental results are significant for biodiversity protection and transformation of social organization extraction and production. / Este trabalho pretende apresentar uma contribuição para as discussões a cerca da sustentabilidade socioambiental da produção extrativista de Castanha da Amazônia (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) desempenhada por comunidades tradicionais. São descritos e analisados dois sistemas sociais de produção em comunidades de Manicoré, no Amazonas: o Tradicional, representando pela Comunidade Mocambo, e o Novo, representado pela comunidade Democracia Os dados analisados correspondem aos dois anos safra 2008 e 2009, e foram obtidos durante entrevistas com os castanheiros e lideranças rurais com auxílio de formulários semi-estruturados, além de observações diretas e da consulta de documentos. As comunidades apresentam aspectos semelhantes no que diz respeito ao número de famílias, produto extrativista principal e tempo de existência da comunidade, diferindo quanto à organização social do trabalho e da produção. Os resultados demonstram que diferentes fatores, entre eles a abertura da participação social, a adoção de novas tecnologias, as novas formas de gestão territorial, os novos instrumentos de regularização fundiária, o apoio de agentes externos governamentais e não governamentais foram fundamentais para a transformação do Sistema tradicional (Comunidade Mocambo) para um Sistema Novo (Comunidade Democracia). Os Sistemas possuem diferenças estruturais bastante contrastantes e foram avaliados neste estudo por três fatores: produção, renda e custos da organização. O Sistema tradicional pode ser retratado como de baixa governança decorrente do endividamento dos coletores por meio dos instrumentos de subordinação utilizados por patrões e regatões, o que é agravado pela não adoção dos avanços tecnológicos que melhoram a qualidade e a valorização do produto. O Sistema novo, fruto da coordenação de ações coletivas, para ser consolidado necessitou de alto investimento em formação de capital humano e recursos financeiros para subsidiar atividades de capacitação e a participação efetiva dos envolvidos em todos os processos de decisão que resultaram no empoderamento da comunidade. Do ponto de vista dos custos da organização social, a ação coletiva demonstrou ser vantajosa quando comparada a ação individual, visto que tanto os custos individuais como coletivos em Mocambo foram maiores que em Democracia. Quanto à produção anual das famílias e considerando-se todos os fatores de produção, o modelo de regressão linear explica 87% da variação e o sistema de produção, como variável explicativa, foi altamente significativo (p=0,004). O que corrobora a hipótese de que a maior produção observada em Democracia está associada à maior eficiência do sistema de produção. Do ponto de vista da renda da castanha e orçamento doméstico, constatou-se que em Democracia as famílias apresentam uma maior renda que é investida principalmente na aquisição de bens duráveis e reforma das casas (57%), enquanto que Mocambo a renda oriunda da castanha é empregada majoritariamente em alimentação e o vestuário (90%). Portanto, fica demonstrada a importância dos sistemas de alta governança do ponto de vista social e econômico, no estabelecimento de uma nova dinâmica socioambiental onde resultados têm impactos consideráveis na produção extrativista.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_Evely.pdf: 12250111 bytes, checksum: 6ff6a66ab98aa111cbd39471fbad523e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The basic objectives of sustainable use Conservation Units is to promote biodiversity conservation, assuring the conditions and the means necessary for the social reproduction and the enhancement of the life quality of traditional populations. Natural resource use by these populations is often associated with the knowledge and management techniques adopted in their exploitation. However, in order that management be done effectively, specific research on the techniques is necessary to identify gaps, avoiding that the sustainability of the use of those resources be compromised. Many extractive products are not only resources that supply subsistence needs, they are also part of the political, institutional, and cultural life of the families who are involved in their harvest and consumption. Among the nontimber forest products that are managed by Amazonian populations, the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is considered an important resource, with high potential for sustainable use. The study was conducted in the communities Divino Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré and São João do Uauaçu, located in the Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-Piagaçu-Purus). The methodological procedure used combined qualitative and quantitative aspects in the execution of the following phases: socioeconomic description of the families, survey of the management practices adopted in Brazil nut extractivism, description of the productive processes, and characterization of the exploited Brazil nut tree groves (condominiums and roads) by the communities in primary and secondary forest areas. 30% of the families in each studied commuty were interviewed. The health, education, and infrastructure sectors were observed to receive little or no assistance. Brazil nut extractivism encompasses three main steps: nut harvest, storage, and commercialization. Brazil nut extractivism is identified as an important source of income in the Reserve communities, having obtained a mean production of 1,8 tons of coated nut per community in three years of production. The activity is performed using family manpower, and is associated with other production activities, like agriculture and small livestock raising. The techniques adopted by the people in Brazil nut extractivism remain the same as in the beginning of its exploitation, when no technological strategies were adapted for the gathering and storage towards the achievement of better fruit quality. The main uses identified in the studied communities are: food, medicine, energy production, and handicraft. In Brazil nut tree groves, extractivists eliminate lianas, termites, and other undesired species, and enrich secondary forest areas with Brazil nut trees. / As Unidades de Conservação de uso sustentável têm como objetivo básico promover a conservação da biodiversidade, assegurando as condições e os meios necessários para a reprodução social e melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações tradicionais. O uso dos recursos naturais por essas populações está frequentemente associado a conhecimentos e técnicas de manejo adotadas em sua exploração. No entanto, para que o manejo seja realizado de forma efetiva, é necessário que se realize de estudos específicos sobre as técnicas empregadas a fim de identificar a existência de lacunas, evitando o comprometimento da sustentabilidade do uso desses recursos. Muitos produtos extrativistas são, não apenas recursos para suprir necessidades de subsistência, como também fazem parte da vida política, institucional e cultural das famílias envolvidas na sua coleta e consumo. Entre os produtos florestais não-madeireiros manejados por populações amazônicas, destaca-se a castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa), considerada importante recurso e apresentando alto potencial para uso sustentável. A pesquisa foi realizada nas comunidades Divino Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré e São João do Uauaçu, localizadas na Área Focal da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu-Purus (RDS Piagaçu-Purus). O procedimento metodológico utilizado combinou aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos na execução das seguintes etapas: descrição sócio-econômica das famílias, levantamento de práticas de manejo adotadas no extrativismo da castanha, descrição dos processos produtivos, e caracterização dos castanhais explorados (condomínios e estradas) pelas comunidades em áreas de floresta primária e secundária. Foram entrevistadas 30% das famílias em cada uma das comunidades pesquisadas. Observou-se que os setores de saúde, educação e infra-estrutura recebem pouca ou nenhuma assistência. O extrativismo da castanha passa por três fases principais: coleta, armazenamento e comercialização. O extrativismo da castanha-do-brasil é identificado como importante fonte de renda nas comunidades da reserva, tendo obtido produção média de 1,8 toneladas de castanha com casca por comunidade, em três anos de produção. A atividade é exercida utilizando mão-de-obra familiar e está associada a outras atividades produtivas, como agricultura e criação de pequenos animais. As técnicas adotadas pelos moradores no extrativismo da castanha permanecem as mesmas desde o início de sua exploração, onde nenhuma estratégia tecnológica foi adaptada quanto a colheita e armazenamento para melhoria da qualidade dos frutos. Os principais usos identificados nas comunidades pesquisadas são: alimentício, medicinal, energético e artesanato. No manejo dos castanhais, os extrativistas realizam eliminação de cipós, cupins e outras espécies indesejáveis, e enriquecem áreas de floresta secundária com castanheiras.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19783号 / 農博第2179号 / 新制||農||1041(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4999(農学部図書室) / 32819 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 神﨑 護, 教授 井鷺 裕司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important in rural southwest Virginia as a source of household sustenance and supplemental income. The trade in NTFPs from this region is centuries old and now helps supply growing worldwide demands. Although marketing is a vital part of optimizing the value of these products, it has been ignored in rural natural resource development. This research analyzes marketing systems for selected NTFPs in southwest Virginia by describing marketing chains, interpreting data on important marketing elements, and comparing results within and between different groups of NTFPs. Product categories selected for emphasis are crafts (grapevine wreaths, baskets, furniture, and birdhouses), medicinal and herbal products, specialty wood products (musical instruments), and edible forest products. This qualitative, exploratory study utilizes direct interviews with fifty market players at various levels in marketing chains. Results provide information on NTFP products, value addition, market outlets, pricing, promotion, distribution, and marketing chains. Hundreds of people are involved with the NTFP trade in southwest Virginia and marketing can help ameliorate negative effects of job scarcity. The greatest opportunity for local level marketing exists for market players of crafts and specialty wood products. Medicinal and herbal products are the only category which very little local value addition takes place within the region and as a result, market players have minimal control over marketing. Edible forest products are not marketed but are collected only for consumption in the household. Several opportunities for marketing include improving market access for crafts and specialty wood products, increasing production through cultivation for medicinal and herbal products, and developing capacity for edible product cultivation. / Master of Science

Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is a growing appreciation of the importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and the role they play in the socio-economic wellbeing of rural communities and other stakeholders. Harvest systems to ensure sustainable harvesting are largely still lacking and overutilisation is of growing concern worldwide. In this study the science needed to underwrite management for sustainable use of NTFPs was explored. This was done using case studies of three different products harvested from natural forest in the southern Cape, South Africa viz. fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) fronds (leaves) as greenery in the florist industry, medicinal tree bark, and the corm (stem) of the geophyte Bulbine latifolia for medicinal use. The research approach enabled insight into the complexities of developing harvest systems for NTFPs, the input and expertise required to conduct applied research, and the variation in approach required for different products and plant growth forms. The study on R. adiantiformis showed that the adaptive management approach can be followed effectively with the development of harvest prescriptions for a species. Goalorientated, long-term monitoring, assessing harvest impact on the resource and natural fluctuations in population dynamics, are essential to verify that harvest prescriptions are sound and ecologically sustainable. However, if all relevant aspects are covered, the input required to develop and refine harvest systems through such monitoring may be extensive. Experimental stripping of medicinal tree bark showed that species respond differently to wounding, in terms of both bark regrowth and susceptibility to fungal and insect damage. The conceptual model and decision tree developed, demonstrated that tree response to wounding could be used effectively when choosing a management system for bark harvesting, and in informing prescriptions for strip harvesting. The proposed harvest system for the target species, as well as alternative options to meet the demand for bark can be successfully integrated with the existing multiple-use forest management system in the southern Cape. The study of the ecology and dynamics of B. latifolia showed that the species has a complex population dynamics and is abundant on the fynbos/forest ecotone, where it is associated with dry scrub forest communities. Although regeneration is sound, it has a slow rate of renewal in terms of corm diameter and length growth, limiting its harvest potential. The difference between ecotone and forest populations – in terms of population dynamics, plant demography and regeneration phenology – requires that consideration be given to differential harvest prescriptions for ecotone and forest populations. It was concluded that a simple generic process that provides for research to be focused on the relevant fields can be followed effectively with the development of harvest systems for NTFPs. However, sustainability also has a socio-economic and political dimension, further influenced by institutional arrangements. Considering the wide range of NTFPs used, socioeconomic circumstances and the dependence of rural communities on natural resources, a major challenge awaits forest managers in South Africa to develop harvest systems for sustainable use. Policy and decision makers need to appreciate the scientific skills and expertise, and financial resources required to realise this. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van bosprodukte anders as hout en die rol wat dit in die sosio-ekonomiese welstand van landelike gemeenskappe en ander belanghebbendes kan speel, word toenemend besef. Oesstelsels om standhoudende benutting te verseker is grootliks afwesig en oorbenutting is wêreldwyd ’n toenemende bron van kommer. In hierdie studie word die wetenskaplike insette benodig om oesstelsels vir nie-houtbosprodukte te onderskryf, betrag. Dit is gedoen aan die hand van gevallestudies van drie bosprodukte wat uit natuurlike woud in die Suid-Kaap, Suid-Afrika, benut word, naamlik die blare van die varing Rumohra adiantiformis vir blommerangskikkings, medisinale boombas en die stam van die geofiet Bulbine latifolia vir medisinale doeleindes. Die navorsingsbenadering laat toe om insig te bekom in die kompleksiteit met die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir nie-houtbosprodukte, die insette en kundigheid benodig vir toegepaste navorsing, en die verskillende benaderings met verskillende bosprodukte en plantgroeivorms. Die studie oor R. adiantiformis dui aan dat ’n aanpasbare bestuursbenadering suksevol gevolg kan word met die ontwikkeling van oesvoorskrifte vir ’n spesie. Doelgerigte langtermynmonitering om die impak van inoesting op die bron en natuurlike fluktuasies in populasiedinamika te bepaal, is noodsaaklik om te kan aandui of oesvoorskrifte ekologiese standhoudendheid verseker. Die insette benodig om oesstelsels te ontwikkel en deur langtermynmonitering te verfyn, kan egter aansienlik wees. Eksperimentele basstroop dui aan dat boomspesies verskillend reageer op basverwydering in terme van bashergroei en vatbaarheid vir insek- en swamskade. ’n Konsepmodel en vloeidiagram vir besluitneming is ontwikkel en dui aan dat ’n boomspesie se reaksie op basverwydering effektief aangewend kan word in die keuse van ’n oesstelsel en die ontwikkeling van voorskrifte vir strookbenutting. Die voorgestelde oesstelsel vir die teikenspesies en ander alternatiewe om in die behoefte vir bas te voorsien, kan doeltreffend geintegreer word met die bestaande meervoudige-benutting woudbestuurstelsel in plek in die Suid-Kaap. Die studie oor die ekologie en dinamika van B. latifolia dui aan dat die soort goed verteenwoordig is in die fynbos/woud-ekotoon, dat dit geassosieer is met droë struikwoud, en ’n komplekse populasiedinamika het. Alhoewel dit goed verjong, het dit, gemeet aan stamdeursnee- en -lengtegroei, ’n lae groeitempo wat die benuttingspotensiaal van die spesie beperk. Die verskille tussen ekotoon- en woudpopulasies – in terme van populasiedinamika, demografie en reproduksiefenologie – vereis dat oorweging geskenk word aan verskillende oesvoorskrifte vir ekotoon- en woudpopulasies. ’n Eenvoudige, generiese proses wat verseker dat navorsing gefokus is op die toespaslike velde kan suksesvol gevolg word met die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir niehoutbosprodukte. Standhoudendheid het egter ook ’n sosio-ekonomiese en politieke komponent wat verder beinvloed word deur institusionele strukture. Inaggenome die wye verskeidenheid van nie-houtbosprodukte wat benut word, sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede en die afhanklikheid van landelike gemeenskappe van natuurlike hulpbronne, is die ontwikkeling van oesstelsels vir standhoudende benutting ’n groot uitdaging vir woudbestuursinstansies. Beleidmakers en besluitnemers moet ’n waardering ontwikkel vir die wetenskaplike kundigheid en kennis, en finansiële hulpbronne, wat benodig word om dit te bewerkstellig.

Os Produtos Florestais Não Madeireiros (PFNM) são entendidos como uma fonte importante de renda agregada às atividades de subsistência das populações moradoras de áreas protegidas. Porém, a governança de seus territórios e cadeias é complexa, contemplando diferentes pressões, ilegalidades, interesses e organizações. Com base nesse contexto, as teorias relacionadas à governança florestal e de cadeias de valor de PFNM apontam para a necessidade de criação de ambientes multistakeholders para promover parcerias e melhorias na governança de territórios e cadeias. A teoria de Redes de Cooperação trazem elementos de organização e estruturação de processos cooperativos para a promoção de setores econômicos em diferentes realidades, podendo contribuir também para o entendimento e melhoria de redes voltadas para a promoção de cadeias de valor de PFNM. O estudo de caso realizado na Rede Terra do Meio (RTM) possibilitou o entendimento das contribuições das redes de cooperação para a melhoria da governança das cadeias de valor de PFNM. Percebe-se que a organização em rede na Terra do Meio permitiu a estruturação de processos de melhoria e monitoramento de cadeias de valor de PFNM com base em subredes organizadas pelo tripé \"grupos extrativistas - grupos interinstitucionais - organizações de mercado\" em paralelo a ações direcionadas ao acesso a políticas públicas, proteção do território, educação e saúde. Essas subredes de operação de melhorias são ligadas a ambientes mais amplos de promoção da cooperação interinstitucional, como a RTM, que potencializam o diálogo, planejamento, monitoramento e coordenação de processos cooperativos no território. A cooperação interinstitucional em rede observada na Terra do Meio contribuiu para o ganho de confiança nas relações entre as comunidades, instituições, organizações de mercado e financiadores, potencializando laços, ações conjuntas e obtenção de recursos. A presente tese apresenta a descrição do funcionamento da Rede Terra do Meio, suas subredes e cadeias de valor, analisando o funcionamento da rede como um todo em paralelo às teorias de redes de cooperação encontradas na literatura, buscando entendimento sobre os processos de governança e as influências sobre as cadeias de valor de PFNM. De forma complementar os aprendizados da pesquisa são sistematizados como diretrizes de governança, que visam facilitar o entendimento e melhoria do processo de cooperação na Terra do Meio e em territórios com características semelhantes. / Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are seen as an important source of income combined with livelihood activities of protected areas population. However, the governance of their territories and chains is complex, beholding different pressures, illegalities, interests and organizations. Based on this context, theories related to forest governance and NTFP value chains point to the need to create environments to promote multi-stakeholder partnerships and improvements in governance of territories and chains. The Cooperation Networks theory brings organization and structuring elements of cooperative processes for the promotion of economic sectors in different realities, contributing also to the understanding and improvement of networks focused on the promotion of NTFP value chains. The case study in Rede Terra do Meio (RTM) enabled the understanding of the cooperation networks contributions to the NTFPs value chains governance. It is noticed that the network organization in Terra do Meio allowed the structuring of process improvement and monitoring of NTFP value chains based on subnetworks organized by the tripod \"extractivist groups - interinstitutional groups - market organizations\" in parallel with targeted actions to access public policies, territorial protection, education and health. These subnetworks directed to improvements operation are linked to broader environments of interinstitutional cooperation promotion, such as RTM, which enhance dialogue, planning, monitoring and coordination of cooperative processes in the territory. interinstitutional cooperation observed in Terra do Meio network contributed to gain trust among communities, institutions, market and financing organizations, enhancing ties, joint actions and resourcing. This thesis presents a description of Terra do Meio network, its subnetworks and value chains, analyzing the functioning of the network as a whole in parallel to cooperation networks theories found in literature, seeking the understandin of governance processes and the influences on NTFP value chains. Complementarily, the research learnings are systematized as governance guidelines, which are intended to facilitate the understanding and improvement of cooperation processes at Terra do Meio and at territories with similar characteristics.

Ao longo das últimas décadas, os processos de liberalização da economia brasileira e avanço do ambientalismo geraram novas representações e políticas relativas à floresta e aos povos indígenas amazônicos. Dentro desse movimento, a comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros através, em alguns casos, de parcerias entre a Fundação Nacional do Índio e empresas passou a ser apresentada como uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento indígena e para a conservação ambiental. Sob a perspectiva do etnodesenvolvimento, entretanto, a questão central que fundamenta a dissertação é se os regimes de produção, circulação e consumo engendrados por esse \'indigenismo público-privado\' são compatíveis com as economias políticas nativas. Para responder a esta questão, o estudo está baseado no caso dos Asuriní do Xingu, grupo Tupi incluído na parceria para a comercialização de óleo de castanha-do-pará entre a cooperativa Amazoncoop e a empresa britânica The Body Shop. A pesquisa de campo foi estruturada em dois níveis. No primeiro, por meio de entrevistas e conversas informais, foram levantadas informações sobre a história e a economia política da parceria. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a parceria foi incapaz de romper com a assimetria de poder que caracteriza a relação entre os indígenas e a economia de mercado. No segundo nível, por meio de técnicas qualitativas (entrevistas, conversas informais, diagnóstico rural participativo) e quantitativas (surveys e observações de alocação de tempo), foram levantadas informações relativas à participação dos Asuriní na parceria, bem como os impactos da atividade sobre a economia doméstica. Nesse caso, a incompatibilidade entre o regime indígena e aquele fomentado pela parceria foi evidenciada pela escassez de alimentos no período da coleta; pela distribuição desigual dos recursos monetários entre os grupos familiares; pela acentuação do conflito entre dinheiro e reciprocidade e pelo incremento da dependência por bens industrializados. A diversidade, entretanto, das estratégias econômicas familiares, a incorporação do dinheiro pelas concepções indígenas de riqueza e a continuidade das atividades de subsistência são expressões de que a maior participação na economia de mercado tem como corolário não a \'aculturação\', mas uma transformação na forma como a sociedade indígena se reproduz. / In the last two decades, the synchronous processes of liberalisation of the Brazilian economy and the advancement of environmentalism generated new representations and policies regarding Amazonian rainforests and indigenous peoples. Within this movement, the commercialisation of non timber forest products, through, in a few cases, the implementation of partnerships between the National Indian Foundation of Brazil and companies, began to be presented as a tool for the development of indigenous societies, as well as for environmental conservation. Adopting an ethnodevelopment perspective, however, the central question posed by this dissertation is whether the regimes of production, circulation and consumption devised by this form of \'public-private indigenism are compatible with their political economies. To advance this question, this study is based on the case of the Asuriní do Xingu, a Tupi group included in the partnership for the commercialisation of Brazil-nut oil between the Amazoncoop cooperative and the UK-based company, The Body Shop. Field research was structured into two levels. At the first level, information about the history and the political economy of the partnership were gathered by means of informal interviews. Results at this level indicate the partnership has been unable of breaking down the historical asymmetry of power which characterises the relationship between indigenous societies and the market economy. At the second level, by means of qualitative and quantitative techniques of data gathering, we collected information regarding Asurinís participation in the partnership, as well as the impacts of the trade activity to their domestic economy. In this case, the incompatibility between the indigenous economic regime and that promoted by the partnership implementation was evidenced by food shortages during the harvesting period; by the unequal distribution of monetary incomes among households; by uprising conflicts as regards monetary incomes and reciprocal exchanges of goods, and by their increasing dependence on industrialised goods. Notwithstanding that, the diversity of household economic strategies, the incorporation of money into indigenous conceptualisations of wealth and the continuity of traditional subsistence practices are evidences supporting the argument that an increase in market participation is not a corollary of indigenous peoples \'acculturation\', but a transformation in their form of social reproduction.

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