Alors que les hypothèses de valence et de dominance hémisphérique droite ont longtemps été utilisées afin d’expliquer les résultats de recherches portant sur le traitement émotionnel de stimuli verbaux et non-verbaux, la littérature sur le traitement de mots émotionnels est généralement en désaccord avec ces deux hypothèses et semble converger vers celle du décours temporel. Cette dernière hypothèse stipule que le décours temporal lors du traitement de certains aspects du système sémantique est plus lent pour l’hémisphère droit que pour l’hémisphère gauche. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner la façon dont les mots émotionnels sont traités par les hémisphères cérébraux chez des individus jeunes et âgés. À cet effet, la première étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’hypothèse du décours temporel en examinant les patrons d’activations relatif au traitement de mots émotionnels par les hémisphères gauche et droit en utilisant un paradigme d’amorçage sémantique et une tâche d’évaluation. En accord avec l’hypothèse du décours temporel, les résultats obtenus pour les hommes montrent que l’amorçage débute plus tôt dans l’hémisphère gauche et plus tard dans l’hémisphère droit. Par contre, les résultats obtenus pour les femmes sont plutôt en accord avec l’hypothèse de valence, car les mots à valence positive sont principalement amorcés dans l’hémisphère gauche, alors que les mots à valence négative sont principalement amorcés dans l’hémisphère droit. Puisque les femmes sont considérées plus « émotives » que les hommes, les résultats ainsi obtenus peuvent être la conséquence des effets de la tâche, qui exige une décision explicite au sujet de la cible. La deuxième étude a pour objectif d’examiner la possibilité que la préservation avec l’âge de l’habileté à traiter des mots émotionnels s’exprime par un phénomène compensatoire d’activations bilatérales fréquemment observées chez des individus âgés et maintenant un haut niveau de performance, ce qui est également connu sous le terme de phénomène HAROLD (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults). En comparant les patrons d’amorçages de mots émotionnels auprès de jeunes adultes et d’adultes âgés performants à des niveaux élevés sur le plan comportemental, les résultats révèlent que l’amorçage se manifeste unilatéralement chez les jeunes participants et bilatéralement chez les participants âgés. Par ailleurs, l’amorçage se produit chez les participants âgés avec un léger délai, ce qui peut résulter d’une augmentation des seuils sensoriels chez les participants âgés, qui nécessiteraient alors davantage de temps pour encoder les stimuli et entamer l’activation à travers le réseau sémantique. Ainsi, la performance équivalente au niveau de la précision retrouvée chez les deux groupes de participants et l’amorçage bilatéral observé chez les participants âgés sont en accord avec l’hypothèse de compensation du phénomène HAROLD. / While the right hemisphere and valence hypotheses have long been used to explain the results of research on emotional nonverbal and verbal stimuli processing, the literature on emotional word processing is highly inconsistent with both hypotheses, but appear to converge with the time course hypothesis. The time course hypothesis holds that in the processing of some parts of the semantic system the time course of activation is slower in the right hemisphere compared to the left hemisphere. The goal of this thesis was to find insight into the ways in which words with emotional words are processed in the cerebral hemispheres in young and older individuals. To this end, the first study investigated the time course hypothesis looking at the activation pattern of emotional words in the left and right hemispheres, using the priming paradigm and an evaluation task. Consistent with the time course hypothesis, the results in males revealed an early and later priming in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. The results for females, however, were consistent with the valence hypothesis, since positive and negative words were optimally primed in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. As females are considered more emotional than males, their results may be due to the nature of the task, which required an explicit decision concerning the target. The second study looked at the possibility that the preservation with age of the ability to process emotional words would follow the compensatory role of bilateral activation in high performing older individuals known as the HAROLD phenomenon (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults). Comparing the pattern of emotional word priming in a group of equally high performing older and younger, it was shown that while priming occurred unilaterally in young participants, the pattern of priming in older participants appeared to be bilateral. The occurrence of priming in older adults occurred with a tiny delay, though, that may be due to an increase in sensory thresholds that causes older adults to need more time to encode stimuli and start activation through the semantic network. Thus, the bilateral pattern of priming and the equivalent level of performance in older adults provide behavioral evidence supporting the compensatory role of the HAROLD phenomenon.

Notre système visuel extrait d'ordinaire l'information en basses fréquences spatiales (FS) avant celles en hautes FS. L'information globale extraite tôt peut ainsi activer des hypothèses sur l'identité de l'objet et guider l'extraction d'information plus fine spécifique par la suite. Dans les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA), toutefois, la perception des FS est atypique. De plus, la perception des individus atteints de TSA semble être moins influencée par leurs a priori et connaissances antérieures. Dans l'étude décrite dans le corps de ce mémoire, nous avions pour but de vérifier si l'a priori de traiter l'information des basses aux hautes FS était présent chez les individus atteints de TSA. Nous avons comparé le décours temporel de l'utilisation des FS chez des sujets neurotypiques et atteints de TSA en échantillonnant aléatoirement et exhaustivement l'espace temps x FS. Les sujets neurotypiques extrayaient les basses FS avant les plus hautes: nous avons ainsi pu répliquer le résultat de plusieurs études antérieures, tout en le caractérisant avec plus de précision que jamais auparavant. Les sujets atteints de TSA, quant à eux, extrayaient toutes les FS utiles, basses et hautes, dès le début, indiquant qu'ils ne possédaient pas l'a priori présent chez les neurotypiques. Il semblerait ainsi que les individus atteints de TSA extraient les FS de manière purement ascendante, l'extraction n'étant pas guidée par l'activation d'hypothèses. / Our visual system usually samples low spatial frequency (SF) information before higher SF information. The coarse information thereby extracted can activate hypotheses in regard to the object's identity and guide further extraction of specific finer information. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD) however, SF perception is atypical. Moreover, individuals with ASD seem to rely less on their prior knowledge when perceiving objects. In the present study, we aimed to verify if the prior according to which we sample visual information in a coarse-to-fine fashion is existent in ASD. We compared the time course of SF sampling in neurotypical and ASD subjects by randomly and exhaustively sampling the SF x time space. Neurotypicals were found to sample low SFs before higher ones, thereby replicating the finding from many other studies, but characterizing it with much greater precision. ASD subjects were found, for their part, to extract SFs in a more fine-to-coarse fashion, extracting all relevant SFs upon beginning. This indicated that they did not possess a coarse-to-fine prior. Thus, individuals with ASD seem to sample information in a purely bottom-up fashion, without the guidance from hypotheses activated by coarse information.

Apesar da sua importância e o grande número de estudos sobre a cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.), nas condições tropicais as pesquisas existentes sobre a nutrição mineral da batateira para produção de tubérculo-semente, tanto em campo quanto em ambientes protegidos, são escassas. A produção de tubérculo-semente em ambiente controlado, como o sistema utilizado pelo IAC, deve ser mais bem compreendido para ser sujeito de melhoras tecnológicas. Dentre os cultivares para uso industrial no Brasil, o cv. 'Atlantic' destaca-se por ser uma das poucas adaptadas a essa finalidade e pela elevada capacidade produtiva, ocupando cerca dos 80% do mercado nacional da batata processada como "chips". O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a nutrição mineral da batateira para produção de tubérculo-semente classe básica, cv. 'Atlantic' cultivada em ambiente protegido com argila expandida como substrato. Para isso foram realizados três experimentos em casade- vegetação com a finalidade de: a) avaliar doses de N e K e suas possíveis interações na produção de tubérculo semente, b) determinar a marcha de absorção de nutrientes ( macro e B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) de plantas na produção de tubérculo-semente, e c) determinar a forma preferencial de absorção de nitrogênio (NH4 ou NO3) pela planta da batata na produção de tubérculo-semente, usando nitrato de amônio marcado com 15N (15NH4 ou 15NO3). A produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nitrogênio nos tubérculos e na parte aérea foram diretamente relacionados com as doses de N na solução nutritiva. O acúmulo de potássio na parte aérea foi diretamente relacionado com o fornecimento de nitrogênio e potássio, enquanto que nos tubérculos apenas de K. Houve interação positiva entre nitrogênio e potássio, resultando em diminuição na perda de peso dos tubérculos após período de armazenagem. A menor desidratação obteve-se na combinação de doses de 12,65 mmol L-1 de N e 7,03 mmol L-1 de K. A seqüência de acúmulo máximo dos macronutrientes foi: potássio > nitrogênio > enxofre > cálcio > fósforo > magnésio, enquanto que em micronutrientes foi: ferro> manganês > cobre > zinco > boro. No inicio do ciclo de crescimento da planta de batata ocorreu maior aproveitamento do N-amoniacal, enquanto no final do ciclo há maior absorção da forma nítrica. A forma preferencial de absorção no estádio inicial de desenvolvimento foi a amoniacal, não tendo havido diferenças das formas nos estádios intermediários (28 e 49 dias após transplante), tornando-se a nítrica após 56 dias (formação de tubérculos). O aproveitamento de N pelas planta, porém, foi sempre maior com a forma amoniacal aplicada em todos os estádios, com exceção aos 28 dias e no final do ciclo. / In spite of its importance and the great number of studies on the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop, in the tropical conditions the existing researches on mineral nutrition of the potato plant grown for seed tuber production, in field and in protected conditions, are scarce. The seed tuber production in protected conditions, as the system used by IAC (São Paulo State Research Institute at Campinas), should be better understood to be subject of technological improvements. Among the cultivars for industrial use in Brazil, the cv. 'Atlantic' stands out for being one of few adapted ones for the purpose and with high yield potential, occupying around 80% of the national market of the potato processed as "chips". The objective of the present work was to study the mineral nutrition of potato plant, Atlantic cv, for the production of basic class seed tubers, in protected conditions with nutrient solution in expanded clay as substratum. Three experiments were carried out in greenhouse with the purpose: a) to evaluate N and K rates and their possible interactions on the seed tubers production; b) to determine the nutrients ( macro and B, Cu,Fe, Mn and Zn) absorption time course in potato plants for seed tuber production; and c) to determine the preferential nitrogen form taken up by potato plant for seed tuber production, using the 15N isotope. The production of dry matter and the accumulation of nitrogen in the tubers and in the shoot were directly related with the N rate in the nutrient solution. The potassium accumulation in the shoot was directly related with the supply of nitrogen and potassium, while in the tubers, only of K. There was positive interaction between nitrogen and potassium, resulting in decrease in the loss of weight of the tubers after storage period. The lowest dehydration of tubers was obtained with the combination of 12.65 mmol L-1 of N and 7.03 mmol L-1 of K.. The sequence of maximum accumulation of the macronutrients was: potassium> nitrogen> sulfur> calcium> phosphorus> magnesium, while of micronutrients was: iron> manganese> copper> zinc> boron. The preferential form of nitrogen absorption in the early stage of plant growth was the NH4, not having difference between the N forms at intermediate growth stages (28 and 49 days after transplanting), changing to NO3 after 56 days (tuber formation). The utilization of N by the plants was, however, always larger with NH4 form in all stages, with the exception at 28 days and the end of cycle.

Apesar da sua importância e o grande número de estudos sobre a cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.), nas condições tropicais as pesquisas existentes sobre a nutrição mineral da batateira para produção de tubérculo-semente, tanto em campo quanto em ambientes protegidos, são escassas. A produção de tubérculo-semente em ambiente controlado, como o sistema utilizado pelo IAC, deve ser mais bem compreendido para ser sujeito de melhoras tecnológicas. Dentre os cultivares para uso industrial no Brasil, o cv. 'Atlantic' destaca-se por ser uma das poucas adaptadas a essa finalidade e pela elevada capacidade produtiva, ocupando cerca dos 80% do mercado nacional da batata processada como "chips". O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a nutrição mineral da batateira para produção de tubérculo-semente classe básica, cv. 'Atlantic' cultivada em ambiente protegido com argila expandida como substrato. Para isso foram realizados três experimentos em casade- vegetação com a finalidade de: a) avaliar doses de N e K e suas possíveis interações na produção de tubérculo semente, b) determinar a marcha de absorção de nutrientes ( macro e B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) de plantas na produção de tubérculo-semente, e c) determinar a forma preferencial de absorção de nitrogênio (NH4 ou NO3) pela planta da batata na produção de tubérculo-semente, usando nitrato de amônio marcado com 15N (15NH4 ou 15NO3). A produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nitrogênio nos tubérculos e na parte aérea foram diretamente relacionados com as doses de N na solução nutritiva. O acúmulo de potássio na parte aérea foi diretamente relacionado com o fornecimento de nitrogênio e potássio, enquanto que nos tubérculos apenas de K. Houve interação positiva entre nitrogênio e potássio, resultando em diminuição na perda de peso dos tubérculos após período de armazenagem. A menor desidratação obteve-se na combinação de doses de 12,65 mmol L-1 de N e 7,03 mmol L-1 de K. A seqüência de acúmulo máximo dos macronutrientes foi: potássio > nitrogênio > enxofre > cálcio > fósforo > magnésio, enquanto que em micronutrientes foi: ferro> manganês > cobre > zinco > boro. No inicio do ciclo de crescimento da planta de batata ocorreu maior aproveitamento do N-amoniacal, enquanto no final do ciclo há maior absorção da forma nítrica. A forma preferencial de absorção no estádio inicial de desenvolvimento foi a amoniacal, não tendo havido diferenças das formas nos estádios intermediários (28 e 49 dias após transplante), tornando-se a nítrica após 56 dias (formação de tubérculos). O aproveitamento de N pelas planta, porém, foi sempre maior com a forma amoniacal aplicada em todos os estádios, com exceção aos 28 dias e no final do ciclo. / In spite of its importance and the great number of studies on the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop, in the tropical conditions the existing researches on mineral nutrition of the potato plant grown for seed tuber production, in field and in protected conditions, are scarce. The seed tuber production in protected conditions, as the system used by IAC (São Paulo State Research Institute at Campinas), should be better understood to be subject of technological improvements. Among the cultivars for industrial use in Brazil, the cv. 'Atlantic' stands out for being one of few adapted ones for the purpose and with high yield potential, occupying around 80% of the national market of the potato processed as "chips". The objective of the present work was to study the mineral nutrition of potato plant, Atlantic cv, for the production of basic class seed tubers, in protected conditions with nutrient solution in expanded clay as substratum. Three experiments were carried out in greenhouse with the purpose: a) to evaluate N and K rates and their possible interactions on the seed tubers production; b) to determine the nutrients ( macro and B, Cu,Fe, Mn and Zn) absorption time course in potato plants for seed tuber production; and c) to determine the preferential nitrogen form taken up by potato plant for seed tuber production, using the 15N isotope. The production of dry matter and the accumulation of nitrogen in the tubers and in the shoot were directly related with the N rate in the nutrient solution. The potassium accumulation in the shoot was directly related with the supply of nitrogen and potassium, while in the tubers, only of K. There was positive interaction between nitrogen and potassium, resulting in decrease in the loss of weight of the tubers after storage period. The lowest dehydration of tubers was obtained with the combination of 12.65 mmol L-1 of N and 7.03 mmol L-1 of K.. The sequence of maximum accumulation of the macronutrients was: potassium> nitrogen> sulfur> calcium> phosphorus> magnesium, while of micronutrients was: iron> manganese> copper> zinc> boron. The preferential form of nitrogen absorption in the early stage of plant growth was the NH4, not having difference between the N forms at intermediate growth stages (28 and 49 days after transplanting), changing to NO3 after 56 days (tuber formation). The utilization of N by the plants was, however, always larger with NH4 form in all stages, with the exception at 28 days and the end of cycle.

Alors que les hypothèses de valence et de dominance hémisphérique droite ont longtemps été utilisées afin d’expliquer les résultats de recherches portant sur le traitement émotionnel de stimuli verbaux et non-verbaux, la littérature sur le traitement de mots émotionnels est généralement en désaccord avec ces deux hypothèses et semble converger vers celle du décours temporel. Cette dernière hypothèse stipule que le décours temporal lors du traitement de certains aspects du système sémantique est plus lent pour l’hémisphère droit que pour l’hémisphère gauche. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner la façon dont les mots émotionnels sont traités par les hémisphères cérébraux chez des individus jeunes et âgés. À cet effet, la première étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’hypothèse du décours temporel en examinant les patrons d’activations relatif au traitement de mots émotionnels par les hémisphères gauche et droit en utilisant un paradigme d’amorçage sémantique et une tâche d’évaluation. En accord avec l’hypothèse du décours temporel, les résultats obtenus pour les hommes montrent que l’amorçage débute plus tôt dans l’hémisphère gauche et plus tard dans l’hémisphère droit. Par contre, les résultats obtenus pour les femmes sont plutôt en accord avec l’hypothèse de valence, car les mots à valence positive sont principalement amorcés dans l’hémisphère gauche, alors que les mots à valence négative sont principalement amorcés dans l’hémisphère droit. Puisque les femmes sont considérées plus « émotives » que les hommes, les résultats ainsi obtenus peuvent être la conséquence des effets de la tâche, qui exige une décision explicite au sujet de la cible. La deuxième étude a pour objectif d’examiner la possibilité que la préservation avec l’âge de l’habileté à traiter des mots émotionnels s’exprime par un phénomène compensatoire d’activations bilatérales fréquemment observées chez des individus âgés et maintenant un haut niveau de performance, ce qui est également connu sous le terme de phénomène HAROLD (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults). En comparant les patrons d’amorçages de mots émotionnels auprès de jeunes adultes et d’adultes âgés performants à des niveaux élevés sur le plan comportemental, les résultats révèlent que l’amorçage se manifeste unilatéralement chez les jeunes participants et bilatéralement chez les participants âgés. Par ailleurs, l’amorçage se produit chez les participants âgés avec un léger délai, ce qui peut résulter d’une augmentation des seuils sensoriels chez les participants âgés, qui nécessiteraient alors davantage de temps pour encoder les stimuli et entamer l’activation à travers le réseau sémantique. Ainsi, la performance équivalente au niveau de la précision retrouvée chez les deux groupes de participants et l’amorçage bilatéral observé chez les participants âgés sont en accord avec l’hypothèse de compensation du phénomène HAROLD. / While the right hemisphere and valence hypotheses have long been used to explain the results of research on emotional nonverbal and verbal stimuli processing, the literature on emotional word processing is highly inconsistent with both hypotheses, but appear to converge with the time course hypothesis. The time course hypothesis holds that in the processing of some parts of the semantic system the time course of activation is slower in the right hemisphere compared to the left hemisphere. The goal of this thesis was to find insight into the ways in which words with emotional words are processed in the cerebral hemispheres in young and older individuals. To this end, the first study investigated the time course hypothesis looking at the activation pattern of emotional words in the left and right hemispheres, using the priming paradigm and an evaluation task. Consistent with the time course hypothesis, the results in males revealed an early and later priming in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. The results for females, however, were consistent with the valence hypothesis, since positive and negative words were optimally primed in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. As females are considered more emotional than males, their results may be due to the nature of the task, which required an explicit decision concerning the target. The second study looked at the possibility that the preservation with age of the ability to process emotional words would follow the compensatory role of bilateral activation in high performing older individuals known as the HAROLD phenomenon (Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults). Comparing the pattern of emotional word priming in a group of equally high performing older and younger, it was shown that while priming occurred unilaterally in young participants, the pattern of priming in older participants appeared to be bilateral. The occurrence of priming in older adults occurred with a tiny delay, though, that may be due to an increase in sensory thresholds that causes older adults to need more time to encode stimuli and start activation through the semantic network. Thus, the bilateral pattern of priming and the equivalent level of performance in older adults provide behavioral evidence supporting the compensatory role of the HAROLD phenomenon.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-03-29T20:32:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJCO.pdf: 1890587 bytes, checksum: f5ba2243aee39af2e874e8fbef12403a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-13T18:18:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJCO.pdf: 1890587 bytes, checksum: f5ba2243aee39af2e874e8fbef12403a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-13T18:19:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJCO.pdf: 1890587 bytes, checksum: f5ba2243aee39af2e874e8fbef12403a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T18:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJCO.pdf: 1890587 bytes, checksum: f5ba2243aee39af2e874e8fbef12403a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Obesity is a metabolic disorder and its prevalence is increasing worldwide, which in turn significantly increase the morbidity and mortality rates associated. Obesity is associated with several diseases risk factors, the expand of adipose tissue lead a chronic inflammatory state, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The hallmark of obesity is the low grade inflammation, with increase of production and secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines that lead to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, which is a precursor to cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular outcome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of comorbidities together with obesity evolution. In this way, we fed Wistar male rats with a palatable high fat diet during twenty-four weeks and every 6 weeks was evaluate: The inflammatory state by measuring cytokines pro-inflammatory (interleukin -6 tumor necrosis factor –α, reactive C protein) and anti-inflammatory adiponectin; the endothelial function; the Nitric Oxide levels, blood pressure and cardiac contractile. Our results indicated that six weeks of high fat feeding rats increase visceral fat and triggers inflammatory state, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. At 12 weeks of high fat diet an increase in blood pressure and lipid peroxidation in aorta was observed and at 24 weeks an impaired on cardiac contractile was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the evolution of metabolic disorders in high-fat diet model. / A obesidade atualmente é um dos grandes problemas de saúde nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e esta associada com o desenvolvimento de várias doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares, que levam ao aumento nas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. A obesidade é marcada pela presença de inflamação crônica de baixo grau, que altera a produção e liberação de citocinas, que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de resistência à insulina e disfunção endotelial, a qual é precursora de vários problemas cardíacos. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste estudo foi traçar o time-course no surgimento da inflamação, disfunção endotelial, resistência à insulina, pressão arterial e força de contração ventricular durante a evolução da obesidade em ratos wistar alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica durante 24 semanas. Para identificar essa evolução, os animais foram avaliados a cada 6 semanas, mensurando as citocinas IL-6, TNF-α, PCR e adiponectina, resistência à insulina, função endotelial, pressão arterial e a força de contração em tiras isoladas do ventrículo esquerdo. Nossos resultados indicam que com apenas 6 semanas de dieta hiperlipídica ocorre aumento da gordura visceral total, com aumento das citocinas inflamatórias circulantes, diminuição na função endotelial e aumento da resistência à insulina. Com 12 semanas podemos observar aumento na pressão sanguínea com aumento na peroxidação lipídica na aorta, e finalmente com 24 semanas alterações morfológicas na aorta e diminuição na força de contração cardíaca. Desta maneira, este trabalho avaliou a cinética do desenvolvimento das alterações no perfil inflamatório, função endotelial e cardiovascular durante o desenvolvimento da obesidade.

Notre environnement visuel est riche en lumière, couleurs, traits, textures et formes. Pour appréhender cette richesse, nous déplaçons nos yeux tous les quarts de seconde à l'aide de mouvements très rapides appelés saccades. Une telle vision dite active a fait l’objet de multiples recherches, mais les interactions entre les systèmes visuel et oculomoteur ne sont pas clairement établies. Cette thèse vise à préciser ces interactions en étudiant si les délais temporels associés au traitement d'informations visuelles de plus en plus élaborées contraignent où et quand nos yeux bougent. Trois séries d'études comportementales menées chez l'homme et utilisant des paradigmes novateurs ont été réalisées. Elles nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que le traitement des contrastes d'orientation, tout comme le traitement des contrastes de luminance sont intégrés par le système saccadique. En effet, un stimulus (distracteur) différant d'un fond texturé par sa luminance ou son orientation dévie le regard de sa cible dans la même mesure, et ce, quelle que soit la latence des saccades. Néanmoins, le contraste de luminance conserve un rôle prédominant. Premièrement, il conduit au déclenchement plus précoce des saccades en comparaison avec le contraste d’orientation. Deuxièmement, dès lors qu'il entre en compétition avec des informations plus élaborées comme le contour, il suffit à déterminer la métrique des saccades. Ainsi, en accord avec l'architecture des systèmes visuel et oculomoteur, les traitements visuels influencent la programmation des saccades de manière ordonnée. / Our environment is rich in light, color, features, textures, and shapes. To extract this information, we move our eyes four times per second with rapid eye movements called saccades. This so-called active vision has been studied extensively, but the interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems have not been fully characterized yet. This thesis aims to clarify these interactions by investigating whether the delays in processing visual information of increasing complexity determine where and when our eyes move. The present work focuses on three types of basic visual processing for which the neural substrates are well established and predict a specific order in the programming of saccades at the level of the superior colliculus. We conducted three series of behavioral studies with human participants using novel experimental paradigms. These studies showed that orientation-contrast processing as well as early luminance-contrast processing are integrated in the saccadic system to the same extent. When aiming for a target stimulus, the eyes deviate toward a distractor stimulus in equal measure, irrespective of whether the distractor differed in luminance or orientation from a texture background and irrespective of saccade latency. However, the role of luminance contrast remains dominant. Firstly, luminance contrast triggers faster saccades than orientation contrast. Secondly, when luminance contrast competes with more complex information such as contour, solely luminance contrast determines saccade metrics. Therefore, visual processes influence saccade programming in a specific order that is consistent with the architecture of the visual and oculomotor systems.

No description available.

バイオマーカーはある特定の疾病や体質に関与する生体内分子のことであり，個別化医療の実現に貢献する．時系列の遺伝子発現プロファイルはバイオマーカーの探索に有用であるが，サンプルサイズに対して遺伝子数が多い，遺伝子間の多重共線性，時系列の複雑さなどの課題があった．本研究では，これらの課題に対応した時系列の遺伝子プロファイルを用いたバイオマーカーの探索手法を提案し，その有効性を示した． / Biomarkers contribute to designing the therapy. Time-course gene expression profiles were useful for biomarker discovery. However, biomarker discovery using time-course gene expression profiles suffered from three difficulties, including (1) high dimensional data with small sample size and a large number of genes, (2) multi-collinearity among genes, and (3) complexity of time-course. To solve these problems, expanding elastic net for consistent differentiation (eENCD) and consolidating probabilities of multiple time points (CPMTP) as new biomarker discovery methods using time-course gene expression profiles, were proposed and evaluated. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

<p>This dissertation details the creation, validation, and characterization of a porcine ex-vivo culture model to study subcuteneous tissue. The viability of the model was assessed over seven days of culture by digestion and the proliferation and death of cells was monitored by immunohistochmeical labelling and image analysis. The model was then used in a timecourse proteomics experiment to characterize the effect of culture on subcutaneous proteome. The model was then compared to a commercially available human ex-vivo model with respect to viability and changes to the subcutaneous proteome. </p>