E-health is an emerging field in the intersection of information systems, healthcare and business management, referring mainly to healthcare services delivered and enhanced through the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). In a broader sense, the term characterizes not only a technical development, but also a wider way of thinking, an attitude, and a commitment for a network to improve and connect provider, patients and governments. Such a network will be used to educate and inform healthcare professionals, managers and healthcare users; to stimulate innovation in care delivery and health system management; and to improve the healthcare system locally, regionally, and globally. The evaluation of e-health services in both theory and practice has proved to be important and complex. E-health evaluation will help achieve better user services utilization, justify the enormous investments of governments on delivering e-health services, and address the aspects that are hampering healthcare services from embracing the full potential of ICT towards successful e-health initiatives. The complexity of evaluation is mostly due to the challenges faced at the intersection of three areas, each well-known for its complexity; healthcare services, information systems, and evaluation methodologies. However, despite the importance of the evaluation of e-health services, literature shows that e-health evaluation is still in its infancy in terms of development and management. The aim of this research study is to develop, and assess a cross disciplinary evaluation framework for e-health services and to propose evaluation criteria for better user’s utilization and satisfaction of e-health services. The evaluation framework is criteria based, while the criteria are determined by an evaluation matrix of three elements, the evaluation rationales, the evaluation timeframes, and the evaluation stakeholders. The evaluation criteria have to be multi-dimensional as well as grounded in, or derived from, one or more specific perspectives or theories. The framework is designed to deal effectively with the challenges of e-health evaluation and overcome the limitation of existing evaluation frameworks. The cross disciplinary evaluation framework has been examined and validated by adopting an interpretive case study methodology. The chosen case study is NHS direct which is currently one of the largest e-health services in the world. The data collection process has been carried out by using three research methods; archival records, documentation analysis and semi-structured interviews. The use of multiple methods is essential to generate comparable data patterns and structures, and enhance the reliability of conclusions through data triangulation. The contribution of the research study is in bridging the gap between the theory and practice in the evaluation of e-health services by providing an efficient evaluation framework that can be applied to a wide range of e-health application and able to answer real-world concerns. The study also offers three sets of well-argued and balanced hierarchies of evaluation criteria that influence user’s utilization and satisfaction of e-health services. The evaluation criteria can be used to help achieve better user services utilization, to serve as part of e-health evaluation framework, and to address areas that require further attention in the development of future e-health initiatives.

Yes / All successful programmes share goal-setting as a standard practice, and many write their goal statements to satisfy the S.M.A.R.T. criteria. To be SMART, objective statements should be constructed to specify four components: Outcome, Indicator, Target-level and Timeframe (O.I.T.T.). This study reviewed the goal framework of published objective statements to determine the extent to which they are SMART. The statements of 17 published examples of SMART objectives found in literature of mainly four major health organisations: CDC, WHO, NHS and Save the Children, were structurally analysed to measure the completeness of their goal framework according to the OITT components. Only four examples are outcome objectives. 13 (76%) are process or task oriented. The structure of two thirds of the statements shows the similar objective-writing templates used within CDC. All objective statements have an incomplete set of OITT components. The commonest framework has 3 components of indicator, target and timeframe (75% completeness) in 12 statements. Almost all statements specify a timeframe; three-quarter of them mention a target and three-fifth an indicator, but less than 1 in 5 state an outcome. Thus, none of the objective statement is really SMART, and goal-setters are significantly less likely to specify an outcome, than indicator, target or timeframe in their objectives. A high prevalence of non-SMART objectives with low potential for goal attainment in healthcare projects is proposed.

Ett pågående problem på den svenska byggmarknaden är bristen på färdigställda och genomförda byggprojekt då de oftast ej håller tidsramen eller budgeten. Flertalet medier tar upp ofullständiga projekt och arbeten som kostat samhället och skattebetalarna enorma summor. Detta är anledning till varför en närmare granskning behöver göras hos byggföretagens arbetssätt med fokus på det första stadiet i budgeteringen och planeringen. Syftet är att undersöka hur de 50 största byggföretagen aktiva på den svenska marknaden budgeterar för oönskade kostnader, dess marginal av budgeten, intäktsförluster, samt hur de planerar för den begränsade tidsramen inför byggprojekt. Historisk data är den mest använda metoden för vad man baserar marginalen på samt när kalkylering av eventuellt minskade intäkter görs. Däremot är kontinuerlig övervakning av risker den mest använda metoden för budgeteringsprocessen för oönskade kostnader samt prioritering av kritiska aktiviteter för beräkning av tidsramen. En annan slutsats är att bland de 50 största byggföretagen är marginalen för oönskade kostnader generellt sett inte över 10 % i budgeten. / An ongoing problem on the Swedish construction market is the lack of finished and completed construction projects due to extended timeframe and going over budget. Swedish media reports about uncompleted construction projects that cost the society and the taxpayers a great deal of money. This is why it is important to do a closer examination of their working method for budgeting and planning the project. The purpose is to examine how the 50 largest construction companies active on the Swedish market are budgeting for contingency costs, its margin of the budget, revenue loss and also how they manage the limited timeframe for the project.  Historic data is the most common used method when deciding the margin and also when calculating eventual income losses. On the other hand the companies prefer continuous monitoring of risks in the process of budgeting for contingency costs and prioritizing of critical activities when setting the timeframe. Another conclusion is that among the 50 largest construction companies, the margin for contingency costs is in general not above 10 % of the budget.

This study investigates the effects of the digital marketing channels Search engine optimization (SEO) and SEM, focusing on Google Ads, in the context of the consumer decision funnel in the Swedish market. This was done through a single-case study with a medium-sized digital marketing bureau in Sweden. Our research was summarized in a conceptual framework that aims to create a foundational understanding of best practices and strategies for companies to establish a robust and profitable online presence. The research shows that SEO and SEM has different main focuses within the digital marketing landscape where SEO has a more holistic approach and covers areas further up in the consumer funnel, and SEM operated more targeted with a high focus on measurable conversions. However, our research also finds how the respective channels both have the capacity to be used in all parts of the funnel. Concepts such as budget, strategy, timeline, and consumer behavior are key concepts within our research. The research highlights the importance of tailoring a digital marketing strategy to a company’s specific goals and circumstances. This research takes such aspects into consideration, and strategies depending on budget constraints and company size are explored separately. This paper thus provides marketers with a foundational understanding of how to approach digital marketing, and how to best tailor a digital marketing strategy to align with company goals. Effectively combining SEO and SEM creates a great opportunity for companies to establish a good online presence, which in today's society serves as a very effective media to reach out to consumers.