Time management is one of the critical modules of safety-critical systems. Applications need strong assurance from the operating system that their hard real-time requirements are met. Partitioned system has recently evolved as a means to provide protection to safety critical applications running on an Avionics computer resource. Each partition has an application running strictly for a specified duration. These applications use the CPU on a cyclic basis. Applications running on a real-time systems request the service of time management in one way or the other. An application may request for a time-out while waiting for a resource, may voluntarily relinquish the CPU for some delay time or may have deadline before which it is expected to complete its tasks. These requests must be handled in a deterministic and accurate way with lower overheads. Time management within an operating system uses the hardware timers to service the time-out requests. The three well-known approaches for handling timer requests are tick-based, one-shot and firm timer. Traditionally tick-based has been the most popular approach that relies on periodic interrupt timer, although it has a poor accuracy. One-shot timer approach provides better accuracy as the timer interrupt can be generated exactly when required. Firm timers use soft timers in combination with one-shot timer wherein the expired timers are checked at strategic points in the kernel. The thesis compares the performance of these three approaches for partitioned systems and provides an insight about the suitability of the approaches. The thesis presents tick-based and one-shot timer algorithms that handle time-out requests of real-time applications running on a partitioned system by adhering to time partitioning rules. It compares the performance of these algorithms. It presents an one-shot timer algorithm named hierarchical multiple linked lists and the experimental results proves that the algorithm performs better than other conventional linked list based one-shot timer algorithms. The thesis also analyzes the timing behavior of real-time applications for partitioned systems. The hard real-time system under consideration is avionics system and an indigenously developed ARINC-653 compliant real-time operating system has been used to measure the performance.

Opportunistic selection is a practically appealing technique that is often used in multi-node wireless systems such as scheduling and rate adaptation in cellular systems and opportunistic wireless local area networks, wireless sensor networks, cooperative communications, and vehicular networks. In it, each node maintains a local preference number called metric that is function of its channel gains, and the best node with the highest metric is selected. Identifying the best node is challenging as the information about a node's metric is available only locally at each node. In our work, we focus on the popular, simple, and low feedback timer scheme for selection. In it, each node sets a timer as a function of its metric and transmits a packet when the timer expires. The metric-to-timer mapping maps larger metric values to smaller timer values, which ensures that the best node's timer expires first. However, it can fail to select the best node if another node transmits a packet within D s of the transmission by the best node. In this thesis, we make three contributions to the design and understanding of the timer-based selection scheme. Firstly, we introduce feedback overhead-aware contention resolution in the timer-based selection scheme. The outcome is a novel selection scheme that is faster than the splitting scheme and more reliable than the timer-based selection scheme. We analyze and minimize the average time required by the scheme to select the best node. Secondly, we characterize the optimal metric-to-timer mapping when the number of nodes in the system is not known, as is the case in several practical deployments. When the prior distribution of the nodes is known, we propose an optimal mapping that maximizes the success probability averaged over the distribution on the number of nodes. When even the prior distribution is not known, we propose a robust mapping that maximizes the worst case average success probability over all possible probability distributions on the number of nodes. In both cases, we show that the timers can expire only at 0, D, 2D, ... in the optimal timer mapping. For the known prior case, we develop recursive techniques to effectively compute the optimal timer mapping for binomial and Poisson priors. Lastly, we consider a discrete rate adaptive system and design an optimal timer scheme to maximize the end-to-end performance measure of system throughput. We derive several novel, insightful results about the optimal mapping that culminate in an iterative algorithm to compute it. We show that the design of the selection scheme is intimately related to the rate adaptation rule and the selection policy used. In all cases, extensive benchmarking with several ad hoc schemes proposed in the literature shows the significant gains that the proposed designs can deliver.

Lund University (2020) describes that the material chosen for the construction of constructions significantly affects the environment. Due to the impact of the choice of construction materials on the environment, we have carried out an in-depth study where we examine the complex decision-making process when choosing frame materials concerning both external and internal factors where external influences become regulatory requirements related to global sustainability goals with the aim that the industrial construction industry can find sustainable solutions such as hybrid solutions in the choice of frame materials, while internal factors involve financial considerations linked to the protection of materials against environmental conditions and challenges that industrial buildings can face. To gain a greater perspective on these external and internal factors, we interviewed engineers within Sweco AB and their suppliers such as Sca AB, who showed them more clearly that sustainable materials, such as wood, offer environmental benefits. However, there are challenges that industrial construction industries encounter, such as costs, customer preferences, and knowledge that is related to the industrial construction industry's experience in building with wood as a frame trial. We underline the industrial construction industry's commitment to sustainable innovations guided by Rogers' innovation diffusion theory (Rogers, 2003) and Geels' multi-level perspective (Geels, 2002). These sustainable innovations are driven by external influences, while internal factors such as cost considerations and the pursuit of hybrid solutions reveal challenges. The research highlights the industry's active participation in shaping a responsible and forward-looking future. Within this study, we emphasize through our research, the need to consider customer preferences, increase awareness, and implement rules such as climate declaration and EU taxonomy for a sustainable construction shift in Sweden. These emphases are ongoing as we study the impact of innovation diffusion as well as barriers to innovation and government regulations on the adoption of innovations and technologies in industrial construction (European Commission, 2023; Sadri et al., 2021; Lundberg et al., 2019). Our study highlights the complexities of individual choices, industry dynamics, and societal impact, offering valuable insights for decision-makers in the construction industry. Although a complete shift to wood may not be feasible, in line with Christensen's innovation model (Christensen, 2000), innovations such as green steel can benefit both industrial construction companies, related suppliers, and customers. Focusing on timber frames as an alternative to steel, our study recommends future research on life cycle analyses, cost-benefit assessments, stakeholder engagement, regional studies, decision analysis, post-occupancy evaluations, circular economy integration, and predictive modeling. These proposals aim to improve the sustainability of construction by providing a comprehensive view of material selection, aligning economic feasibility with ecological responsibility, and supporting informed decision-making.

<p>Datum:</p><p>10 maj 2007</p><p>Uppsatsnivå:</p><p>C-uppsats i Industridesign, Kt2130 – Innovativ design, 20 poäng</p><p>Författare:</p><p>Daniel Ekman</p><p>Kungsgatan 24A</p><p>632 20 Eskilstuna</p><p>073 – 952 79 06</p><p>Titel:</p><p>iPower – Spisvakten</p><p>Bakgrund:</p><p>Under ett studiebesök på Hjälpmedelsinstitutet fick jag insikt om olika problem med äldres kvarboende. Ett av de största problemen är brand-risken vid användning av spisen. En person med ett kognitivt funk-tionshinder kan börja koka vatten i en kastrull och gå där ifrån för att göra något annat medans vattnet kokar och helt glömma bort kastrullen. Varvid en brand kan uppstå som för med sig stora personliga och ekonomiska lidanden. Ett hjälpmedel för detta är en så kallad spisvakt eller timer. De fungerar genom att de bryter strömmen när faran för brand är nära.</p><p>Syfte:</p><p>I kursen Innovativ design har jag fått i uppdrag att vidareutveckla ett redan befintligt hjälpmedel. Valet föll på en spisvakt</p><p>Tillvägagångssätt:</p><p>Jag har valt att utgå från personer som har direktkontakt med proble-met. I det här fallet tre personer på tre olika företag/organisationer. Jag intervjuade en person inom varje företag/organisation. Jag har även ar-betat med litteraturstudier, utvärderat idéer och har slutligen tagit fram en design.</p><p>Slutsats:</p><p>Projektet har mynnat ut i en produkt som har en yttre design som tilltalar ögat och som klart och tydligt visar vad man skall göra och visar om produkten är påslagen. Användaren får en omedelbar feedback</p><p>Nyckelord:</p><p>Spisvakt, timer, kognitiva funktionshinder, brand, spis</p>

Datum: 10 maj 2007 Uppsatsnivå: C-uppsats i Industridesign, Kt2130 – Innovativ design, 20 poäng Författare: Daniel Ekman Kungsgatan 24A 632 20 Eskilstuna 073 – 952 79 06 Titel: iPower – Spisvakten Bakgrund: Under ett studiebesök på Hjälpmedelsinstitutet fick jag insikt om olika problem med äldres kvarboende. Ett av de största problemen är brand-risken vid användning av spisen. En person med ett kognitivt funk-tionshinder kan börja koka vatten i en kastrull och gå där ifrån för att göra något annat medans vattnet kokar och helt glömma bort kastrullen. Varvid en brand kan uppstå som för med sig stora personliga och ekonomiska lidanden. Ett hjälpmedel för detta är en så kallad spisvakt eller timer. De fungerar genom att de bryter strömmen när faran för brand är nära. Syfte: I kursen Innovativ design har jag fått i uppdrag att vidareutveckla ett redan befintligt hjälpmedel. Valet föll på en spisvakt Tillvägagångssätt: Jag har valt att utgå från personer som har direktkontakt med proble-met. I det här fallet tre personer på tre olika företag/organisationer. Jag intervjuade en person inom varje företag/organisation. Jag har även ar-betat med litteraturstudier, utvärderat idéer och har slutligen tagit fram en design. Slutsats: Projektet har mynnat ut i en produkt som har en yttre design som tilltalar ögat och som klart och tydligt visar vad man skall göra och visar om produkten är påslagen. Användaren får en omedelbar feedback Nyckelord: Spisvakt, timer, kognitiva funktionshinder, brand, spis

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-24T19:52:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Lais Goncalves.pdf: 2290723 bytes, checksum: 2d3a409ea1575d02d107d220762fbf34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-06-27T11:14:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Lais Goncalves.pdf: 2290723 bytes, checksum: 2d3a409ea1575d02d107d220762fbf34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T11:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Lais Goncalves.pdf: 2290723 bytes, checksum: 2d3a409ea1575d02d107d220762fbf34 (MD5) / FAPES / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar, por meio do isolamento e seleção de fungos, o potencial degradador dos mesmos em tocos de Eucalyptus spp., a fim de desenvolver uma alternativa para o processo convencional da retirada de tocos em povoamentos de Eucalyptus spp. Para tanto, foram coletados discos de tocos deteriorados de eucalipto no campo, e a partir destes foram isolados os fungos. A fim de verificar o potencial de degradação de madeira dos fungos isolados, estes foram testados no experimento de pré-seleção. Foi realizada a identificação molecular dos isolados que apresentaram potencial de degradação no experimento de pré-seleção. Os fungos selecionados como potencial degradadores da madeira foram avaliados em ensaio de apodrecimento acelerado para detectar a real capacidade de deterioração. Após este ensaio, foi realizada a análise química da madeira deteriorada para verificar quais constituintes da madeira foram deteriorados pelos fungos. O potencial de degradação em tocos no campo pelos fungos selecionados foi avaliado com o auxilio de um penetrômetro de impacto e por meio da velocidade de propagação das ondas de tensão (Stress wave timer), após quatro meses da inoculação. O isolamento de fungos a partir de tocos no campo permitiu a obtenção de 7 fungos com potencial de degradação de madeira de eucalipto. Os fungos identificados foram Resinicium confertum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium e Trichoderma citrinoviride. A análise química determinou, de maneira geral, a maior preferência pela lignina na posição da madeira mais consumida. Foi observada a presença dos fungos nos tocos inoculados após o término do ensaio de campo, porém a degradação teve pouca variação em relação aos tocos não inoculados. / The present work aimed to evaluate, through the isolating and selection of fungi, the degradation potential thereof in stumps of Eucalyptus spp., in order to develop an alternative to the conventional process of stumps removal in Eucalyptus spp. Therefore, were collected discs in decayed eucalyptus stumps in the field, and from these were isolated fungi. In order to verify the potential degradation of wood fungi isolated, these were tested in the pre-selection experiment. Was performed molecular identification of isolates exhibiting degradation potential in the preselection experiment. Fungi selected as degrading potential of wood were evaluated in accelerated decay test to detect the actual capacity of deterioration. After this test, was performed a chemical analysis of the decayed wood to verify which wood constituents were damaged by the fungi. The stumps degradation potential in the field by the selected fungi was evaluated with the aid of a penetrometer of impact and through the speed of propagation of stress waves, after four months of inoculation. Isolation of fungi from the field stumps afforded 7 fungi with degradation potential of eucalyptus wood. The identified fungi were Resinicium confertum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma citrinoviride. Chemical analysis of the wood determined, in generally, most preferably of lignin in the most consumed position of the wood. It was observed the presence of fungi in the inoculated stumps after the field test, but the degradation had little variation in relation to non-inoculated stumps.

This thesis is concerned with the specific genre of biographical literature - autobiographies of czech rock musicians. Since the terminology in the topic of the thesis is unclear, the author is first going to define it. Furthermore it asks the question of who really is a old-timer as well as who is a rocker. The material studied are texts in which the narrator recalls his past life and tries to reconstruct their path of life. The author seeks thematic and formal parallels in the chosen autobiographies. Using these the author intends to define the specifics of the rock autobiography genre in the Czech Republic. Key words: rock, autobiography, old-timer, rock musician, stereotype

Ett sätt att öka mängden trä i byggnader är att ersätta stålförband i takstolar med ett trädymlingsförband. Det bör dock undersökas om trädymlingsförbandet har tillräckligt högt hållfasthetsvärde. Denna studie undersöker hållfastheten på träförband förankrade med trädymlingar. Dymlingarna har tre olika dimensioner (8, 10 och 12 mm) och förankras i förbanden genom svällning. Teoretiska beräkningar utförs med formler från Eurokod 5 (2004) för stålskruvar. Formlerna modifieras för att kunna tillämpas på trä istället för stål. Trycktester utförs på tio tvåplansskjuvnings-modeller per dymlingsdimension. Studien anses vara statistisk och sammanställs i normalfördelningskurvor. Av data från testerna räknas karakteristiska värden för trädymlingarna med säkerhetsmarginalen 95 %. Karakteristiskt hållfasthetsvärdet för trädymlingsförbanden blev 2100 N för 8 mm, 2300 Nför 10 mm och 4400 N för 12 mm. / One way to increase the amount of wood in buildings is to replace framing tie with timber dowel joints. It has to be investigated if timber dowel joints strength value is high enough. This study investigates the strength of timber joints anchored with a dowel. The dowels have three different dimensions and were anchored in the joint by swelling. Theoretical calculations were made with formulas from Eurokod 5 (2004) for steel screws. The formulas were modified to be applied to wood instead of steel. Pressure tests wereperformed on ten double shear models per dowel dimension. The tests are considered tobe statistically and compiled in a normal distribution curve. Characteristic strength with thesafety margin of 95 % was calculated from the data from the tests. Characteristic strength for the timber dowel joints were 2100 N for 8 mm, 2300 N for 10mm and 4400 N for 12 mm.

There are several timing mechanisms on presently available commercial operating systems. Two operating system platforms that immediately come to mind are the Microsoft Windows environment (the WIN32 platform) and its UNIX-based counterpart, Linux (with its POSIX standard). The timing mechanisms under these operating systems are adequate for use in conventional multimedia applications currently run on these platforms. However, the requirements of such applications are not as stringent within a real-time environment. The goal of this dissertation was to determine if it would be possible to find a workaround for applications where current timing mechanisms in the WIN32 and POSIX environments do not meet the requirements of real-time. Before a proposed workaround is presented, a clarification is given as to what is meant by the notion of a timer. Attention is also given to the fact that its accuracy is quantified in terms of its resolution. It is acknowledged that real-time extensions to both the Windows and Linux operating systems exist. However, it was decided to find a solution without such assistance. Real-time is also defined and sub-classified into hard- and soft real-time, differentiating environments that have precise constraints (hard real-time) on timing as opposed to environments where demands on accuracy and efficiency are less stringent (soft real-time). The timer that was ultimately implemented had to conform to the latter form of real-time. This dissertation therefore aims to provide a solution in a soft real-time environment. The current timing mechanisms are discussed and their performance is quantified. Their deficiency in measuring a reliable periodic interval of 1 ms is highlighted. From this qualification of timers stems the requirements for the soft real-timer timer. The areas in which improvement is sought are stated. The design and implementation of a soft real-time timer that meets these requirements is presented and its performance at various frequencies is quantified. A comparison is given between the timer and the existing timing mechanisms as well as comparison between its implementation under both Windows and Linux. Additionally, the viability of the proposed timer compared to a proven hard real-time timer is presented. Finally it is recognised that a timer would not be useful if it was not effective in a practical environment. Consequently, the timer’s performance under the same load that it would experience in a practical soft real-time environment is investigated as well. The dissertation concludes with a discussion on the compatibility of this timer with expected advances in future Central Processing Unit (CPU) technologies. / Dissertation (MSc (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Computer Science / MSc / unrestricted

This paper describes complete design of timer for RC models. Described timer has three PWM outputs. With these outputs it is possible to connect two independent servo-motors and engine controller. 1 signal. The whole is controlled by 8-bit microprocessor. The time records are stored in external EEPROM, that can be programmed using I2C. Paper further discuss design of programming, which can be easily programmed the memory of EEPROM by the PC or smartphone. The goal of this paper is to design and build high quality RC timer with accessories.