This dissertation presents an investigation into the notion of the freak in the guise of exotic characters as these appear in the strange creature-figures in Jane Alexander’s (b. 1959) installation artwork African Adventure (1999-2002). The installation artwork reveals issues pertaining to the way in which the exotic nature of the freak is made manifest in its hybrid spatio-temporal nature, with reference also to the understanding that freaks are often presented as strange yet awesome consumer objects. Alexander’s view of art and her oeuvre are contextualised within the South African milieu which is characterised by change, and laced with utopian as well as dystopian sentiments. The interpretation of African Adventure is theoretically entrenched in certain key concepts: the freak, the exotic, and hybridity, as these are made manifest in the reading of the characters, time and place presented in the installation artwork as allegorical reflection of contemporary South African society. The exploration of the work’s spatio-temporal dimensions are guided by establishing a link between, on the one hand, the desire for experiencing the thrill of the unusual (both in terms of a perspective of a colonial safari as well as the contemporary tourist gaze) and, on the other hand, a number of problematic issues in contemporary South African society. I demonstrate that the South African landscape, people and most likely also history are regarded as exotic – with the freakish associations this implies – also because post-apartheid South Africa has the status of a rarity that can be experienced as an adventure landscape. I further demonstrate how the freak’s exotic figuration ironically reverses the experience of empowered looking, with reference here to the notion of spectacle. In a space where contradiction is exposed for contemplation, this ironic reversal in its hybrid embodiment is understood as a space of reconstitution. In this manner, the presumed notion of a stable South African collective is challenged; South African society comprising of so many hybrid identities is rather understood to be the sum of contestible information where the possibility of fragmented experiences of chaos and reconciliation can coexist. As such, cultural reconstitution and renewal are not based on the exoticism of multiculturalism, but on the articulation of a culture’s hybridity. / MA (History of Art), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This dissertation presents an investigation into the notion of the freak in the guise of exotic characters as these appear in the strange creature-figures in Jane Alexander’s (b. 1959) installation artwork African Adventure (1999-2002). The installation artwork reveals issues pertaining to the way in which the exotic nature of the freak is made manifest in its hybrid spatio-temporal nature, with reference also to the understanding that freaks are often presented as strange yet awesome consumer objects. Alexander’s view of art and her oeuvre are contextualised within the South African milieu which is characterised by change, and laced with utopian as well as dystopian sentiments. The interpretation of African Adventure is theoretically entrenched in certain key concepts: the freak, the exotic, and hybridity, as these are made manifest in the reading of the characters, time and place presented in the installation artwork as allegorical reflection of contemporary South African society. The exploration of the work’s spatio-temporal dimensions are guided by establishing a link between, on the one hand, the desire for experiencing the thrill of the unusual (both in terms of a perspective of a colonial safari as well as the contemporary tourist gaze) and, on the other hand, a number of problematic issues in contemporary South African society. I demonstrate that the South African landscape, people and most likely also history are regarded as exotic – with the freakish associations this implies – also because post-apartheid South Africa has the status of a rarity that can be experienced as an adventure landscape. I further demonstrate how the freak’s exotic figuration ironically reverses the experience of empowered looking, with reference here to the notion of spectacle. In a space where contradiction is exposed for contemplation, this ironic reversal in its hybrid embodiment is understood as a space of reconstitution. In this manner, the presumed notion of a stable South African collective is challenged; South African society comprising of so many hybrid identities is rather understood to be the sum of contestible information where the possibility of fragmented experiences of chaos and reconciliation can coexist. As such, cultural reconstitution and renewal are not based on the exoticism of multiculturalism, but on the articulation of a culture’s hybridity. / MA (History of Art), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (Doctoral)--Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität zu München, 1983.

Thesis (doctoral)--Åbo Akademi University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 228-239) and index.

The ABSA Klein Karoo National Arts Festival (KKNK) is one of the biggest and most popular Afrikaans arts festivals in South Africa, and since its modest beginnings in 1994, the festival has grown significantly with an estimated 85518 visitors attending the festival in 2010. The festival furthermore has a considerable economic impact on the host community of Oudtshoorn and the surrounding regions. The direct spending by festival visitors during the 2010 festival was estimated at R109.7 million, that consists of tickets bought at the festival, memorabilia, food, restaurants and beverages, transport, accommodation and entertainment. Benefits associated with these spending patterns include an increase in job opportunities for the residents, more entertainment opportunities, improvement of residents’ lifestyles and opportunities for expanding businesses to name but a few. However, the number of tickets bought for shows and productions at the KKNK has decreased drastically over the last six years, visitor numbers have decreased and this will result in a decrease in the total revenue and economic impact this festival has on the local community of Oudtshoorn. Therefore, the festival needs to be managed in a sustainable way through improving the entertainment offered at the festival. The festival guide and promotion material should be designed in such a way that they meet the needs of visitors and offers the necessary information services to create a unique festival experience for visitors. The specific services visitors need must be provided, such as shuttle services and security. The purpose of this research is to identify the key success factors (KSFs) in managing the visitors’ experience at the KKNK. To achieve this, a quantitative survey was done by distributing 500 questionnaires amongst the visitors to the festival in 2010 from the 1st to the 8th of April. A total of 443 completed questionnaires were received back. In Chapter 2, an analysis on the background and different theories of event tourism, special events, arts festivals, management and KSFs were investigated. Previous studies on the KSFs were also identified which rendered valuable and proved that different tourism operations including events and arts festivals have different KSFs. Furthermore, this analysis revealed that there exist different markets with their own individual needs and reasons for attending the arts festivals and therefore have their own expectations of what needs to be included in a unique festival experience. Chapter 3 consists of Article 1, and the main purpose of this article was to identify the various key success factors visitors to the KKNK see as important in satisfying their needs and providing a unique festival experience. A factor analysis was performed and identified the following KSFs: Safety and Personnel, Marketing and Accessibility, Venues, Accommodation and Ablutions, General aspects and Social impact, Parking and Restaurants and Shows and Stalls. The results indicated that professional staff, adequate safety and emergency services, clear indications, easy accessible venues, quality accommodation, affordable children activities, quality food providers and a variety of shows are important KSFs to provide visitors with an unforgettable festival experience. Chapter 4’s (Article 2) main purpose was to divide or segment visitors to the KKNK based on their travel motivation to attend the festival and their rating of the importance of the KSFs into separate markets. This purpose was achieved by performing a factor analysis on the travel motivations to identify the main travel motives for visitors to attend the KKNK, this was followed by a cluster analysis based on the travel motives where three clusters were identified namely Escapists, Festival Junkies and Culture seekers. The clusters festival organisers should focus their management skills and resources on are the Festival Junkies and Culture Seekers. After performing ANOVA and Chi–square tests the results showed statistically significant differences between the three clusters based on age, years attended the festival, length of stay, total spending, all the KSFs, gender and rock shows as visitors preferred type of show or production. The results therefore reveal that there are three different markets based on their travel motives who attend the KKNK, furthermore each of these three clusters has their own preferences, characteristics and ratings on which KSF will contribute in enhancing their festival experience. This was the first study of its kind in South Africa. Therefore, it contributes to the event management literature. Festival organisers can also use the results of this research to improve the KKNK’s sustainability and success by applying the KSFs and increase tickets sales for shows and productions, attract a younger market and attract visitors who spend more at the festival, by providing for the needs of specific markets and creating a unique festival experience for each visitor. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The ABSA Klein Karoo National Arts Festival (KKNK) is one of the biggest and most popular Afrikaans arts festivals in South Africa, and since its modest beginnings in 1994, the festival has grown significantly with an estimated 85518 visitors attending the festival in 2010. The festival furthermore has a considerable economic impact on the host community of Oudtshoorn and the surrounding regions. The direct spending by festival visitors during the 2010 festival was estimated at R109.7 million, that consists of tickets bought at the festival, memorabilia, food, restaurants and beverages, transport, accommodation and entertainment. Benefits associated with these spending patterns include an increase in job opportunities for the residents, more entertainment opportunities, improvement of residents’ lifestyles and opportunities for expanding businesses to name but a few. However, the number of tickets bought for shows and productions at the KKNK has decreased drastically over the last six years, visitor numbers have decreased and this will result in a decrease in the total revenue and economic impact this festival has on the local community of Oudtshoorn. Therefore, the festival needs to be managed in a sustainable way through improving the entertainment offered at the festival. The festival guide and promotion material should be designed in such a way that they meet the needs of visitors and offers the necessary information services to create a unique festival experience for visitors. The specific services visitors need must be provided, such as shuttle services and security. The purpose of this research is to identify the key success factors (KSFs) in managing the visitors’ experience at the KKNK. To achieve this, a quantitative survey was done by distributing 500 questionnaires amongst the visitors to the festival in 2010 from the 1st to the 8th of April. A total of 443 completed questionnaires were received back. In Chapter 2, an analysis on the background and different theories of event tourism, special events, arts festivals, management and KSFs were investigated. Previous studies on the KSFs were also identified which rendered valuable and proved that different tourism operations including events and arts festivals have different KSFs. Furthermore, this analysis revealed that there exist different markets with their own individual needs and reasons for attending the arts festivals and therefore have their own expectations of what needs to be included in a unique festival experience. Chapter 3 consists of Article 1, and the main purpose of this article was to identify the various key success factors visitors to the KKNK see as important in satisfying their needs and providing a unique festival experience. A factor analysis was performed and identified the following KSFs: Safety and Personnel, Marketing and Accessibility, Venues, Accommodation and Ablutions, General aspects and Social impact, Parking and Restaurants and Shows and Stalls. The results indicated that professional staff, adequate safety and emergency services, clear indications, easy accessible venues, quality accommodation, affordable children activities, quality food providers and a variety of shows are important KSFs to provide visitors with an unforgettable festival experience. Chapter 4’s (Article 2) main purpose was to divide or segment visitors to the KKNK based on their travel motivation to attend the festival and their rating of the importance of the KSFs into separate markets. This purpose was achieved by performing a factor analysis on the travel motivations to identify the main travel motives for visitors to attend the KKNK, this was followed by a cluster analysis based on the travel motives where three clusters were identified namely Escapists, Festival Junkies and Culture seekers. The clusters festival organisers should focus their management skills and resources on are the Festival Junkies and Culture Seekers. After performing ANOVA and Chi–square tests the results showed statistically significant differences between the three clusters based on age, years attended the festival, length of stay, total spending, all the KSFs, gender and rock shows as visitors preferred type of show or production. The results therefore reveal that there are three different markets based on their travel motives who attend the KKNK, furthermore each of these three clusters has their own preferences, characteristics and ratings on which KSF will contribute in enhancing their festival experience. This was the first study of its kind in South Africa. Therefore, it contributes to the event management literature. Festival organisers can also use the results of this research to improve the KKNK’s sustainability and success by applying the KSFs and increase tickets sales for shows and productions, attract a younger market and attract visitors who spend more at the festival, by providing for the needs of specific markets and creating a unique festival experience for each visitor. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Understanding the social impacts of tourism is important as it enables tourism managers and developers to manage the impacts toward fostering vital community support for the industry. More so the distinction between the tangible and intangible social impacts can refine tourism management, development and marketing processes. The measurement and management of these impacts are fairly straight forward in developed countries. However in developing countries, such as South Africa, more challenges exist in identifying and managing their impacts to the benefit of a wider community. South Africa has one of the most unequal distributions of income in the world as well as a very high unemployment rate which all complicates the understanding and management of these impacts. All factors taken into account create prevailing socio-political, economic as well as cultural barriers. This translates into community members not necessarily obtaining tangible benefits from the tourism industry such as increased levels of income, job creation and infrastructure development for instance, which is the ideal situation. The social exchange theory explains that these residents might as a result deter their support for the tourism industry. However it is important to determine which types of benefits will lead to increased levels of community support and therefore the following research questions can be formulated: “What are the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism on communities and how strong is the role they play in fostering community support for the tourism industry?” Therefore the primary goal of this thesis was to conduct a critical assessment of the social impacts of tourism on selected communities with reference to the tangible and intangible impacts. This primary goal was reached through the achievement of four objectives. The first objective was a critical analysis of literature pertaining to sociology and how communities perceive tourism from a sociological perspective. The review analysed communities’ roles in tourism, barriers that hinder them from partaking in the industry as well as recommendations that were made to overcome the barriers. The term “social impact” as well as models that explain how and why social impacts take place, were analysed. This objective provided a foundation for the rest of the study in terms of social impacts of tourism on communities. The second objective was to critically analyse the social impacts that originate as a result of tourism activity, but to interpret it from a tangible contrasted with intangible point of view. This was done in order to create a better understanding what role tangible and intangible social impacts play, as well as how strong a role it plays in influencing community perceptions. The third objective was to determine the residents’ perceptions of tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism on three tourism dependent communities in South Africa as well as to determine the variables that influence the perceptions of these impacts. This was done with the aim of creating a model for measuring the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism which will allow for improved marketing and managing of tourism in South African communities. The distinction between the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism in mind, a selfadministered questionnaire was distributed in three tourism-dependent communities in South Africa by means of probability sampling within stratified sampling. The communities included in the research were Clarens (n=251), Soweto (n=375) and Jeffreys Bay (n=417). The questionnaires were captured in Microsoft Excel and analysed in the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 20.0.0), while the software package, Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS v 21.0.0) was utilised for the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The analysis of the data was done over three phases. The first phase was exploratory research which included the use of two-way frequency tables for compiling a combined community profile as well as two Exploratory Factor Analyses to explore the ways in which tangible and intangible social impacts can be grouped. In the second phase, Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) revealed the theoretical model with four reliable tangible social impacts and two reliable intangible impacts. The tangible social impacts included: environmental improvement; environmental degradation; cost of daily living; and economic improvement while the intangible social impacts included: community upliftment and pride and community protection and education. The intangible social impact, community upliftment and pride was perceived as the most important impact, thus revealing the power of intangible social impacts for fostering community support for tourism. Significant to this study it was found that community members remained supportive of the industry, even if they are not directly involved in it. It was furthermore found that the communities are not homogenous which holds major implications for tourism planners and managers. This resulted in further analyses to compare the communities. Analyses were done in order to determine the influence of variables such as tourism perceptions, involvement in the tourism industry as well as residents’ levels of education on the perceptions of the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism. Very few instances were found where these aspects acted as strong predictors of the perceptions of tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism. During the third and final phase, a model was developed for measuring the relationships between the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism. This innovative model has been optimised so that it can be applied to other tourism dependents communities in South Africa. This model can thus assist tourism planners and managers to understand the tangible and intangible impacts as a result of tourism in the designated communities as well as how these communities will perceive the impacts. This model thus serves as a tool for maximising the positive social impacts created by tourism and minimising the negative, thus contributing to the sustainable development of the industry. The last objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations with regard to the objectives of the study. The contributions of the study were also discussed as part of this objective. It was determined that this study makes multiple contributions towards social impact literature in tourism, towards the applicable methodology of determining social impacts in developing countries as well as practical contributions that will inform future planning and development in communities. This thesis firstly contributed towards the literature by distinguishing between tangible and intangible social impacts within a tourism and developmental context. These categorised social impacts can also be used in future research as it contributes to the research methodology through the development of a questionnaire that can measure the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism within a South African context. This measuring instrument can also be used in future research. The finding which revealed that the intangible element (community upliftment and pride) was the most important to local residents has implications for tourism planning and development. It is therefore a factor that should be taken into account in future research. There are also several practical implications for tourism marketers, managers and developers. The development of the tangibleintangible impact model provides the latter with an instrument that can be used to measure and effectively manage the various social impacts of tourism. It is clear that communities cannot be seen as homogeneous, therefore individual planning should be done based on the character and composition of the applicable communities. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Understanding the social impacts of tourism is important as it enables tourism managers and developers to manage the impacts toward fostering vital community support for the industry. More so the distinction between the tangible and intangible social impacts can refine tourism management, development and marketing processes. The measurement and management of these impacts are fairly straight forward in developed countries. However in developing countries, such as South Africa, more challenges exist in identifying and managing their impacts to the benefit of a wider community. South Africa has one of the most unequal distributions of income in the world as well as a very high unemployment rate which all complicates the understanding and management of these impacts. All factors taken into account create prevailing socio-political, economic as well as cultural barriers. This translates into community members not necessarily obtaining tangible benefits from the tourism industry such as increased levels of income, job creation and infrastructure development for instance, which is the ideal situation. The social exchange theory explains that these residents might as a result deter their support for the tourism industry. However it is important to determine which types of benefits will lead to increased levels of community support and therefore the following research questions can be formulated: “What are the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism on communities and how strong is the role they play in fostering community support for the tourism industry?” Therefore the primary goal of this thesis was to conduct a critical assessment of the social impacts of tourism on selected communities with reference to the tangible and intangible impacts. This primary goal was reached through the achievement of four objectives. The first objective was a critical analysis of literature pertaining to sociology and how communities perceive tourism from a sociological perspective. The review analysed communities’ roles in tourism, barriers that hinder them from partaking in the industry as well as recommendations that were made to overcome the barriers. The term “social impact” as well as models that explain how and why social impacts take place, were analysed. This objective provided a foundation for the rest of the study in terms of social impacts of tourism on communities. The second objective was to critically analyse the social impacts that originate as a result of tourism activity, but to interpret it from a tangible contrasted with intangible point of view. This was done in order to create a better understanding what role tangible and intangible social impacts play, as well as how strong a role it plays in influencing community perceptions. The third objective was to determine the residents’ perceptions of tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism on three tourism dependent communities in South Africa as well as to determine the variables that influence the perceptions of these impacts. This was done with the aim of creating a model for measuring the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism which will allow for improved marketing and managing of tourism in South African communities. The distinction between the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism in mind, a selfadministered questionnaire was distributed in three tourism-dependent communities in South Africa by means of probability sampling within stratified sampling. The communities included in the research were Clarens (n=251), Soweto (n=375) and Jeffreys Bay (n=417). The questionnaires were captured in Microsoft Excel and analysed in the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 20.0.0), while the software package, Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS v 21.0.0) was utilised for the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The analysis of the data was done over three phases. The first phase was exploratory research which included the use of two-way frequency tables for compiling a combined community profile as well as two Exploratory Factor Analyses to explore the ways in which tangible and intangible social impacts can be grouped. In the second phase, Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) revealed the theoretical model with four reliable tangible social impacts and two reliable intangible impacts. The tangible social impacts included: environmental improvement; environmental degradation; cost of daily living; and economic improvement while the intangible social impacts included: community upliftment and pride and community protection and education. The intangible social impact, community upliftment and pride was perceived as the most important impact, thus revealing the power of intangible social impacts for fostering community support for tourism. Significant to this study it was found that community members remained supportive of the industry, even if they are not directly involved in it. It was furthermore found that the communities are not homogenous which holds major implications for tourism planners and managers. This resulted in further analyses to compare the communities. Analyses were done in order to determine the influence of variables such as tourism perceptions, involvement in the tourism industry as well as residents’ levels of education on the perceptions of the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism. Very few instances were found where these aspects acted as strong predictors of the perceptions of tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism. During the third and final phase, a model was developed for measuring the relationships between the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism. This innovative model has been optimised so that it can be applied to other tourism dependents communities in South Africa. This model can thus assist tourism planners and managers to understand the tangible and intangible impacts as a result of tourism in the designated communities as well as how these communities will perceive the impacts. This model thus serves as a tool for maximising the positive social impacts created by tourism and minimising the negative, thus contributing to the sustainable development of the industry. The last objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations with regard to the objectives of the study. The contributions of the study were also discussed as part of this objective. It was determined that this study makes multiple contributions towards social impact literature in tourism, towards the applicable methodology of determining social impacts in developing countries as well as practical contributions that will inform future planning and development in communities. This thesis firstly contributed towards the literature by distinguishing between tangible and intangible social impacts within a tourism and developmental context. These categorised social impacts can also be used in future research as it contributes to the research methodology through the development of a questionnaire that can measure the tangible and intangible social impacts of tourism within a South African context. This measuring instrument can also be used in future research. The finding which revealed that the intangible element (community upliftment and pride) was the most important to local residents has implications for tourism planning and development. It is therefore a factor that should be taken into account in future research. There are also several practical implications for tourism marketers, managers and developers. The development of the tangibleintangible impact model provides the latter with an instrument that can be used to measure and effectively manage the various social impacts of tourism. It is clear that communities cannot be seen as homogeneous, therefore individual planning should be done based on the character and composition of the applicable communities. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South Africa and the rest of the world currently face an exacerbating threat of environmental degradation, which can be partly ascribed to the fact that some parts of society still place economic growth as a priority over environmental conservation. This study shows that such an approach is only profitable over the short term and actually causes more harm than good. On the other hand, the world is still recovering from the major 2008 global financial crisis. To tip the scale back into balance, it is crucial that economic -, social -, and environmental development be sustainable; from now and into the future. This study recognises that, to achieve sustainable development at all three levels, a transition to a green economy is needed. In essence a green economy requires investment in the environment for the benefit of both society and the economy. This study then goes on to show that ecotourism can be used as a manner to invest in the environment, whilst at the same time uplifting society and improving the economy. Subsequently it is identified as a key driver of a green economy. However, a daunting reality is that ecotourism developments and - activities also threaten the environment. This study therefore argues that ecotourism has to be regulated effectively; otherwise it will not live up to its purpose and may, as a result, curtail South Africa’s efforts of a transition to a green economy, instead of positively contributing to it. This study asks the question: Does South Africa’s environmental legislation provide for the effective regulation of ecotourism? This question is answered by considering whether various relevant pieces of national environmental legislation measure up to certain criteria that is inherent to the effective regulation of ecotourism. Finally this study serves to show that; from an environmental law perspective, and to the extent that this study investigated the ecotourism environment, ecotourism as a phenomenon is regulated effectively in South Africa. However, it appears that there still remains tremendous scope for improvement. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South Africa and the rest of the world currently face an exacerbating threat of environmental degradation, which can be partly ascribed to the fact that some parts of society still place economic growth as a priority over environmental conservation. This study shows that such an approach is only profitable over the short term and actually causes more harm than good. On the other hand, the world is still recovering from the major 2008 global financial crisis. To tip the scale back into balance, it is crucial that economic -, social -, and environmental development be sustainable; from now and into the future. This study recognises that, to achieve sustainable development at all three levels, a transition to a green economy is needed. In essence a green economy requires investment in the environment for the benefit of both society and the economy. This study then goes on to show that ecotourism can be used as a manner to invest in the environment, whilst at the same time uplifting society and improving the economy. Subsequently it is identified as a key driver of a green economy. However, a daunting reality is that ecotourism developments and - activities also threaten the environment. This study therefore argues that ecotourism has to be regulated effectively; otherwise it will not live up to its purpose and may, as a result, curtail South Africa’s efforts of a transition to a green economy, instead of positively contributing to it. This study asks the question: Does South Africa’s environmental legislation provide for the effective regulation of ecotourism? This question is answered by considering whether various relevant pieces of national environmental legislation measure up to certain criteria that is inherent to the effective regulation of ecotourism. Finally this study serves to show that; from an environmental law perspective, and to the extent that this study investigated the ecotourism environment, ecotourism as a phenomenon is regulated effectively in South Africa. However, it appears that there still remains tremendous scope for improvement. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014