Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-22T12:01:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GabrieleGroehsGuerreiro.pdf: 3199151 bytes, checksum: 756703b7a0674b416dcb2ff9e0f31bfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GabrieleGroehsGuerreiro.pdf: 3199151 bytes, checksum: 756703b7a0674b416dcb2ff9e0f31bfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent condition resulting from a non-progressive injury of the immature brain, which affects posture and movement, and may be accompanied by disturbances of cognition, perception, sensation, behavior, epilepsy, among others. Children and adolescents with this condition are more likely to develop oral diseases such as tooth decays, periodontal disease, bruxism and malocclusion. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the oral health conditions of individuals with cerebral palsy, as well as the perception of their caregivers regarding the oral health of children and adolescents, and whether these conditions are associated with the motor impairment of these individuals. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2017 to August 2017 in three reference centers in the treatment of individuals with CP in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The sample was composed by 35 children and adolescents with CP and their caregivers. The motor function was evaluated through the application of two instruments, GMFCS and GMFM88. For the assessment of oral health, indexes such as DMFT, IPV, Malocclusion, Dental Age, pH, Buffering Capacity, and Saliva Flow were evaluated. A semi-structured questionnaire with open and closed questions was used to evaluate socio-demographic data and the caregiver's perception regarding oral health. In this study, 65.7% of the children and adolescents were quadriplegic, 88.6% with spastic tone, the mother being their main caregiver and the main responsible for the oral hygiene. It is possible to observe a significant association (p < 0,05) between GMFCS categorized according to locomotion dependence and the presence of malocclusion, but not with gross motor function (GMFM88). It has been found that patients with altered dental age have a lower GMFM88 index than those with dental age within the normal range. In the assessment of the perception of oral health, caregivers of quadriplegic patients, wheelchair users and with greater impairment of gross motor function (GMFM88) perceive more oral alterations. However, it can be concluded that malocclusion and dental age are associated with gross motor function (GMFCS and GMFM88) and dental caries has been associated with better GMFM scores88. / A paralisia cerebral (PC) é uma condição permanente, resultante de uma lesão não progressiva do encéfalo imaturo, que afeta a postura e o movimento, podendo estar acompanhada de distúrbios de cognição, percepção, sensação, comportamento, epilepsia, entre outros. Crianças e adolescentes com essa condição tem maior propensão a desenvolverem doenças bucais como cárie dentária, doença periodontal, bruxismo e má oclusão. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as condições de saúde bucal de indivíduos com paralisia cerebral, bem como a percepção dos seus cuidadores em relação à saúde bucal das crianças e adolescentes e se estas condições estão associadas com o comprometimento motor desses indivíduos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal observacional no período de fevereiro de 2017 a agosto de 2017 em três centros de referência em tratamento de indivíduos com PC na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 35 crianças e adolescentes com PC e seus cuidadores. A função motora foi avaliada através da aplicação de dois instrumentos, o GMFCS e o GMFM88. Para a aferição da saúde bucal foram avaliados os índices de CPOD, IPV, Má oclusão, Idade dentária, pH, Capacidade de tampão e Fluxo da saliva. Para avaliação de dados sócio-demográficos e percepção do cuidador em relação à saúde bucal foi utilizado um questionário semi-estruturado com perguntas abertas e fechadas. No presente estudo 65,7% das crianças e adolescentes apresentaram-se quadriplégicas, 88,6% com tônus espástico, sendo a mãe seu principal cuidador e o principal responsável pela higienização bucal. Pode-se verificar uma associação significativa (p < 0,05) entre o GMFCS categorizado de acordo com a dependência para locomoção e a presença de má oclusão, mas não com a função motora grossa (GMFM88). Verificou-se que pacientes com idade dentária alterada apresentam o índice GMFM88 menor do que os que apresentam idade dentária dentro dos padrões normais. Na avaliação da percepção da saúde bucal, cuidadores de pacientes quadriplégicos, cadeirantes e com maior comprometimento da função motora grossa (GMFM88) percebem mais alterações bucais. Contudo pode-se concluir que má-oclusão e idade dentária estão associadas com a função motora grossa (GMFCS e GMFM88) e cárie dentária foi associada a melhores escores de GMFM88.

Orientador: Maria da Consolação Gomes Cunha Fernandes Tavares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castillo_AndreaAmaral_M.pdf: 1424495 bytes, checksum: 2e616dc1accf2266891ba1011fc14c1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Imagem Corporal foi conceituada por Paul Schilder (1999) como a representação mental do corpo. Neste conceito ele aponta para uma abordagem sistêmica dos aspectos fisiológicos, psíquicos, sociais e culturais no processo dinâmico da expressão singular da identidade corporal. Em seu livro "The Image and appearance of humam body", publicado em 1935, Schilder chama a atenção para a relação entre o Tônus Muscular e a Imagem Corporal num capítulo exclusivo sobre o tema. Ressaltou que a Imagem Corporal era tracionada em direção ao Tônus Muscular uma vez que a ação de um único segmento corporal é capaz de colocar o corpo como um todo em uma nova relação com o ambiente. No entanto esta relação não se encontra sistematizada e valorizada dentro das diversas áreas do saber e tem sido pouco abordada nas pesquisas em Imagem Corporal. O foco direcionado ora ao Tônus Muscular, ora à Imagem Corporal implica muitas vezes num entendimento fragmentado capaz de desconsiderar a singularidade do indivíduo e/ou o dinamismo neurofisiológico na sua relação com o meio e com o outro. Assim a proposta deste estudo é sistematizar e analisar o conhecimento sobre o Tônus Muscular nas perspectivas de Charles Scott Sherrington cujo foco se apóia na Ação Reflexa; de Henry Head, que apresenta o Modelo Postural como a base para as pesquisas em Imagem Corporal; e da Neurociência, que propõe análises do comportamento humano na relação com o ambiente. Dentre as inúmeras contribuições feitas por Charles Scott Sherrington, foi a perspectiva da Ação Integrativa do sistema nervoso que trouxe um novo entendimento ao meio científico da época. Ao considerar a ação reflexa como uma resposta adaptativa do organismo, Sherrington encontrou no Tônus Muscular o exemplo explícito de um processo integrativo cuja proposta é manter a postura do organismo contra a gravidade. Henry Head influenciado por esse novo olhar, e inquieto com suas observações clínicas tornou-se o próprio objeto experimental numa investigação sobre os tipos de sensibilidade. A partir dos resultados de suas pesquisas e apoiado nas idéias e conceitos de Sherrington, Head propõe a existência de um Modelo Postural como uma medida de referência sobre a qual o corpo se ajusta constantemente através das variações do Tônus Muscular. Estas medidas são então registradas dentro de um esquema plástico de representação mental da postura e do movimento. A neurociência intensifica suas investigações sobre o organismo dentro do contexto do ambiente onde um é capaz de influenciar o outro. Com isso abriu-se uma nova perspectiva acerca do Tônus Muscular e o comportamento humano. As descobertas sobre a participação do fuso neuromuscular na elaboração da Imagem Corporal, as alterações mecânicas que implicam em alterações sensoriais e a ação segmentar que se propaga ao longo de todo o corpo trazem contribuições importantes que reforçam a relação íntima entre o Tônus Muscular e a representação mental do corpo. A partir deste estudo espera-se trazer uma reflexão mais profunda sobre o papel do Tônus Muscular e contribuir para futuras pesquisas e estudos sobre a Imagem Corporal / Abstract: Paul Schilder (1999) defined Body Image as the mental representation of the body. In this concept, he points out to a systemic approach of physiological, psychological, social and cultural aspects in the dynamic process of the body image unique expression. In his book "The Image and appearance of human body", published in 1935, Schilder draws attention to the relationship between Muscle Tonus and Body Image, dedicating a whole chapter to this theme. He emphasized that Body Image was pulled towards Muscle Tonus, since the action of a single body segment can place the whole body in a new interaction with the environment. However, this relationship has not been schematized and given the proper value by different areas of knowledge and it has been little addressed in studies about Body Image. Changing the focus from Muscle Tonus to Body Image back and forth can frequently lead to a fragmented understanding which may disregard each individual particularity and/or the neurophysiological dynamics in the individual interaction with the environment and others. Hence, this study aims to systematize and discuss the knowledge about muscle tone, as seen by Charles Scott Sherrington who focus on Reflex Action; by Henry Head, who presents Postural Model as fundamental for Body Image researches; and by Neuroscience, which suggests the study of human behavior and its relation with the environment. One of the several contributions by Charles Scott Sherrington, the Integrative Action of the nervous system brought a new understanding to the scientific community at the time. By considering reflex action as an adjustable response of the body, Sherrington saw the Muscle Tonus as a clear example of an integrative process which aims to keep the body posture against gravity. Henry Head was influenced by this new approach, and, out of a strong urge towards his clinical observation, became his own experiment subject on his study about sensitivity types. Supported by the results of his own researches and backed by Sherrington's concepts and ideas, Head suggests that there is a Postural Model acting as a reference measure which the body constantly fits into according to Muscle Tonus variations. These measures are registered within a scheme of posture and movement representations. Neuroscience stresses the focus of studies about the body within a context where one causes an impact on the other, bringing out a new outlook for Muscle Tone and human behavior. Findings about neuromuscular fuse participation in Body Image building, mechanical changes which cause sensorial changes and the segmental action which spreads throughout the body play an important role and corroborate the close relationship between Muscle Tonus and body mental representation. This study is expected to bring up a more comprehensive discussion on the role of Muscle Tonus and to enhance future researches and studies on Body Image / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

Parmi les facteurs intervienant dans la régulation et le maintien du fonctionnement d'organes, le système nerveux autonome et la microcirculation jouent un rôle prépondérant. Chez les patients critiques, comme les patients en sepsis, des altérations de la balance sympatho-vagale et de la perfusion tissulaire peuvent survenir et avoir des conséquences majeures en matière de morbidité et mortalité. La mise en oeuvre de méthodes de détection précoces de ces perturbations pourrait donc contribuer à améliorer la survie des patients à risque. En effet, le suivi des paramètres hémodynamiques, comme classiquement réalisé lors de réanimation, peut s'avérer insuffisant pour détecter des altérations de perfusion tissulaire : lors de sepsis, des altérations microcirculatoires peuvent persister en dépit de la normalisation des paramètres macrocirculatoires et sont associées à un mauvais pronostic. Eu égard à la présence de dysfunctions microcirculatoires et du système nerveux autonome chez les patients critiques, ce travail de recherche s'est proposé d'évaluer l’impact de modulateurs du système sympathique sur la balance sympatho-vagale et la microcirculation. Pour ce faire, nous avons travaillé avec des modèles animaux et des animaux admis en centre hospitalier universitaire vétérinaire. Le suivi du système nerveux autonome s'est basé sur un nouvel index de mesure du tonus parasympathique (Parasympathetic Tone Activity ou PTA). En parallèle, la microcirculation a été évaluée par vidéomicroscopie (SDF, Sidestream Dark Field imaging). L'index PTA a démontré une performance correcte pour prédire les réactions hémodynamiques chez les chiens anesthésiés. Il a aussi permis de détecter une altération de la balance sympathique chez les chevaux admis pour une chirurgie de colique ainsi qu’une altération de la microcirculation en dépit des manoeuvres de réanimation. Les études précliniques sur l’impact de la perfusion d’esmolol et de dexmédétomidine dans un modèle porcin septique ont montré que, malgré leurs effets hémodynamiques potentiels, ces agents n’ont pas eu d’effet négatif sur la microcirculation. Ainsi, les résultats de ce travail suggèrent un effet bénéfique des modulateurs du système nerveux sympathique sur la microcicultion mais nécessite d'être confirmé à plus grande échelle / Among the factors involved in the regulation and maintenance of the organs’ functioning, the autonomic nervous system and the microcirculation play a preponderant role. In critical patients, such as septic patients, alterations in the sympathovagal balance and tissue perfusion may occur and have major consequences of morbidity and mortality. The implementation of early detection methods for these disturbances could therefore contribute to improve the survival of patients at risk. Indeed, the monitoring of hemodynamic parameters, as conventionally performed during resuscitation, may be insufficient to detect tissue perfusion alterations: during sepsis, microcirculatory changes may persist despite the normalization of macrocirculatory parameters and are associated with a bad prognosis. With regard to the presence of microcirculatory dysfunctions and autonomic nervous system alterations in critical patients, this research project proposed to evaluate the impact of modulators of the sympathetic system on the sympatho-vagal balance and microcirculation. In order to achieve this, we worked on animal models and animals admitted to the faculty’s veterinary hospital center. Monitoring of the autonomic nervous system was based on a new Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index. In parallel, the microcirculation was evaluated by videomicroscopy (SDF, Sidestream Dark Field imaging). The PTA index demonstrated a good performance in predicting hemodynamic reactions in anesthetized dogs. It also detected disturbances of the sympathetic balance in horses admitted for colic surgery as well as an alteration of microcirculation despite resuscitation maneuvers. Preclinical studies on the impact of esmolol and dexmedetomidine infusion in a septic swine model showed that, despite their potential hemodynamic effects, these agents did not have a negative effect on the microcirculation. Thus, these findings suggest a beneficial effect of the modulators of the sympathetic nervous system on the microcicultion, however, these resutls should be confirmed on a larger scale

Title: The effect of menstrual cycle phases on muscle tone Goals and methods: The aim of this thesis is to prove the effect of menstrual cycle phases and participating hormons on the viscoelastic properties of the sceletal calf muscle via the non-invasive myotonometer device. The research part of this thesis is a pilot study in which participated seven female probands aged inbetween 24 to 28. Each proband participated in four weekly tests. Only probands who had not used hormonal contraception for at least six months were selected. Results: The results of the tests are represented in graphs picturing parts of curves representing the force caused by the tip of the myotonometer. The muscle soleus tension is changing throughout the menstrual cycle but its impossible to eliminate other endogenous and exogenous factors. The measured relative values of muscle tension are different for each proband. The menstrual phase has the highest average value of muscle tension. However, it is not possible to make a generally valid conclusion. Key words: Menstrual cycle, menstrual phase, muscle tone, calf muscle, biomechanical properties, myotonometry, contraception 5

Title: The effect of menstrual cycle phases on muscle tone Goals and methods: The aim of this thesis is to prove the effect of menstrual cycle phases and participating hormons on the viscoelastic properties of the sceletal calf muscle via the non-invasive myotonometer device. The experimental part of this thesis is a pilot study in which participated seven female probands aged inbetween 24 to 28. Each proband participated in four weekly tests. Only probands who had not used hormonal contraception for at least six months were selected. Results: The results of the tests are represented in graphs picturing parts of curves representing the force caused by the tip of the myotonometer. The muscle soleus tension is changing throughout the menstrual cycle but its impossible to eliminate other endogenous and exogenous factors. The measured relative values of muscle tension are different for each proband. The menstrual phase has the highest average value of muscle tension. It is not possible to make a generally valid conclusion. Key words: Menstrual cycle, menstrual phase, muscle tone, calf muscle, biomechanical properties, myotonometry, contraception

As doenças cardiovasculares estão entre as principais causas de morte, principalmente aquelas decorrentes do infarto do miocárdio (IM). A terapia com células-tronco tem mostrado resultados promissores após o IM em estudos clínicos e experimentais, especialmente as células-tronco mesenquimais (MSC), por apresentarem notável potencial pró-angiogênico, anti-fibrosante e imunomodulador. Entretanto, nenhum estudo foi realizado quanto à variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), tono autonômico e sensibilidade do barorreflexo, que são considerados fatores de risco apreciáveis, e se encontram atenuados na insuficiência cardíaca (IC) induzida pelo IM. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi examinar o efeito do transplante de MSC de medula óssea sobre a modulação autonômica e a sensibilidade do barorreflexo em ratos com IC, induzida pelo IM. Para isso, foi realizada a ligadura da artéria coronária esquerda em ratos Wistar machos (220-360g), e após dois a três dias foi feita a avaliação da área infartada pelo SPECT. As MSCs foram injetadas, intravenosamente, sete dias pós-IM. A função cardíaca foi analisada pela ventriculografia, antes e um mês após o transplante. Após a reavaliação da ventriculografia, os animais foram submetidos a registros eletrocardiográficos, após receberem eletrodos implantados subcutaneamente no dorso, e cânula na veia jugular esquerda para determinação farmacológica do tono autonômico. Também, foi implantada cânula na artéria femoral para registro da pressão arterial, e análise da sensibilidade do barorreflexo. Logo após os registros, os animais foram sacrificados para coleta do coração e análise histopatológica. Para a infusão, as MSCs foram caracterizadas, segundo critérios da Sociedade Internacional de Terapia Celular. A área de lesão induzida logo após a ligadura da artéria foi semelhante entre os animais. Um mês após o tratamento, o tamanho do infarto foi reduzido no grupo tratado com MSC. Verificou-se redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) após a ligadura coronariana, e previamente ao tratamento nos animais com IC. Um mês após a terapia com MSC, ou injeção de salina, não houve melhora da FEVE em ambos os grupos com IC. Os intervalos QT e QTc foram alongados pelo IM, enquanto as MSCs não tiveram efeito nestes parâmetros. A VFC mostrou redução do desvio padrão de valores sucessivos (SDNN) do intervalo RR (iRR) e a raiz quadrada da média da soma dos quadrados das diferenças de valores sucessivos (RMSSD) do iRR pós-IM, enquanto as MSCs preveniram essa redução. Na análise espectral, os espectros do iRR, após o infarto, mostraram potências menores, em unidades absolutas, das bandas de baixa frequência, LF, e alta frequência, HF, enquanto que as MSCs promoveram um aumento destes parâmetros. Os métodos não-lineares da VFC mostraram redução na entropia, e aumento da análise de flutuação depurada de tendência (DFA) do iRR pós-IM. A terapia com MSC preveniu a alteração da entropia e, também, protegeu o DFA. A frequência cardíaca foi semelhante entre os grupos; entretanto, a frequência intrínseca de marca-passo apresentou-se reduzida no grupo IC, enquanto o tratamento com MSC preservou esta atenuação. Foi observado menor tono vagal no grupo IC não tratado, enquanto o tratamento com MSC aumentou o tono vagal. O tono simpático não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. A sensibilidade do barorreflexo à bradicardia foi reduzida na IC, enquanto que as MSC preveniram essa redução. O colágeno intersticial apresentou-se aumentado na IC, mas não no grupo tratado com MSC. A pressão arterial (PA) sistólica, a PA média e os parâmetros da variabilidade da PA: SDNN e LF encontraram-se reduzidas nos grupos com IC, tratados ou não com MSC. Em conjunto, esses dados demonstram que a terapia com MSC reduziu a extensão do infarto e a fibrose intersticial no miocárdio remanescente do ventrículo esquerdo. Além disso, melhorou a modulação autonômica colinérgica do coração, a VFC e a sensibilidade barorreflexa. / Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death, especially those resulting from myocardial infarction (MI). Stem cell therapy has shown promising results after MI in both patients and experimental animals, especially those using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which present potential pro-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic and immunomodulatory. However, no studies have been conducted on the heart rate variability (HRV), autonomic tone and baroreflex sensitivity, which are considered risk factors and are attenuated in heart failure (HF) induced by MI. Thus, the main of this study was to examine the effect of bone marrow MSC transplantation on autonomic modulation and baroreflex sensitivity in rats with HF, induced by MI. Therefore, it was performed ligation of the left coronary artery of male Wistar rats (220-360g) and after two to three days, assessment was made of the area infarcted by SPECT. MSC were injected intravenously seven days post-MI. Cardiac function was assessed by ventriculography before and one month after transplantation. After reassessing the ventriculography, the animals underwent electrocardiographic recordings after receiving electrodes implanted subcutaneously on the back, and cannula in the left jugular vein for drug determination of autonomic tone. Also, cannula was implanted in the femoral artery for blood pressure recording and analysis of baroreflex sensitivity. Soon after the records, the animals were sacrificed for collection of the heart and histopathological analysis. For infusion, the MSC were characterized according to the criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy. The lesion area induced soon after artery ligation was similar among animals. One month after treatment, infarct size was reduced in the group treated with MSC. A reduction was observed in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after coronary ligation, and prior to treatment in HF animals. One month after the MSC therapy, or saline injection, there was no improvement in LVEF in both groups with HF. The QT and corrected QT intervals were lengthened by IM, while the MSC had no effect on these parameters. HRV showed a reduction in the standard deviation of successive values (SDNN) of the RR interval (RRi), and the root mean square of the successive (RMSSD) RRi after MI, while the MSC prevented this reduction. In spectral analysis, the RRi spectra, after infarction, showed lower power, in absolute units, of the low frequency, LF, and high frequency band, HF, while MSCs promoted an increase in these parameters. Nonlinear methods of HRV showed a reduction in entropy, and increased detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) of RRi, post-MI. The MSC therapy prevented the change of entropy and also protected DFA. Heart rate was similar in both groups; however, the intrinsic heart rate was reduced in HF group, while treatment with MSC preserved this attenuation. A lower vagal tone was observed in HF untreated group, while treatment with MSC increased vagal tone. The sympathetic tone did not differ between groups. The baroreflex sensitivity to bradycardia was reduced in HF, while the MSC prevented this reduction. The interstitial collagen was increased in HF, but not in the group treated with MSC. Systolic blood pressure (BP), the mean BP and parameters of BP variability: SDNN and LF were reduced in the groups with HF, treated or not with MSC. Together, these data demonstrate that MSC therapy reduced the infarct size and interstitial fibrosis in the remaining myocardium of the left ventricle. In addition, the cells improved cholinergic autonomic modulation of the heart, heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity.

Les atteintes posturales sont des conséquences connues du vol spatial. Un des facteurs de stabilité orthostatique et postural est le tonus musculaire, qui chute en microgravité. Les études sur les effets cardiovasculaires, neuromusculaires et posturaux de la microgravité sont nombreuses ; pourtant, le rôle des troubles neuromusculaires et cardiovasculaires dans l’atteinte orthostatique et posturale reste peu connu. Notre but était d’étudier des altérations vasculaires et neuromusculaires induites par la microgravité, ainsi que les liens entre eux. Nos études chez l’homme comprenaient un vol spatial de 6 mois, un alitement antiorthostatique de 21 jours et une immersion sèche de 3 à 5 jours. Ces conditions diffèrent par le niveau de stimulation d’appui. L'état cardiovasculaire a été évalué par des tests orthostatiques, neuromusculaire - par myotonométrie et la stabilité posturale - par stabilométrie. Notre travail montre qu’un vol de longue durée induit des troubles bien plus profonds que la microgravité simulé plus courte. De plus, l'immersion sèche induit des troubles plus graves que l'alitement, malgré sa durée plus courte. Nos données suggèrent que c'est la décharge d’appui qui définit la profondeur des perturbations. Le rôle principal de la diminution du tonus des muscles posturaux est mis en avant. Cette diminution se produit par voie réflexe par diminution d’afferentation des zones d’appui. Elle pourrait être responsable de l’intolérance orthostatique via la diminution de l'efficacité de la pompe musculaire favorisant le retour veineux, et de l’instabilité posturale - via l'augmentation des seuils de recrutement des motoneurones posturaux. / Postural and orthostatic impairment are both acknowledged consequences of spaceflight. One of the factors for orthostatic and postural stability is muscle tone, which decreases within the onset of microgravity. Studies of cardiovascular, neuromuscular and postural effects of microgravity are numerous ; yet the role of neuromuscular and vascular disorders in orthostatic and postural impairment remains unclear. We aimed to investigate vascular and neuromuscular alterations induced by microgravity, as well as their relationships. We studied healthy men exposed to 6-mo spaceflight, 21-day head-down bedrest and 3-to 5-day dry immersion. These conditions differ by the level of support unloading. Cardiovascular state was assessed by orthostatic tests, neuromuscular - by myotonometry, postural stability - by stabilometry. We found that long-term spaceflight induced much deeper disorders than relatively short-term modeled microgravity. Furthermore, immersion induced more severe disorders than bedrest, despite its shorter duration. Our data, along with literature, suggest that it is the support unloading that defines the depth of disturbances. The leading role in development of postural disorders under gravitational unloading belongs to decrease in postural muscle tone. This decrease occurs mainly by a reflex mechanism (decrease in support afferentation). It might be responsible for orthostatic impairment - via decrease in the efficiency of muscle pump promoting venous return, and for postural impairment - via increase in recruitment thresholds of postural motoneurons.

Ce mémoire aborde l'analyse et le traitement de données biomédicales. L'objectif est d'extraire des informations nécessaires au diagnostic de certaines pathologies. Plus précisément, ce rapport de thèse peut être scindé en deux parties. La première concerne l'élaboration d'un système ambulatoire multi-varié qui permette d'explorer les fonctions neurologiques nécessaires au diagnostic de différents troubles du sommeil. Des méthodes de séparation aveugle de sources, développées pour des mélanges instantanés, ont été étudiées et appliquées pour répondre à ce problème. La seconde partie porte sur l'étude du système nerveux autonome. Le but est de caractériser le profile sympathique et parasympathique des patients. Face aux différents problèmes mathématiques rencontrés, nous avons élaboré de nouvelles méthodes d'estimation de phase. Ces dernières ont fait l'objet d'une étude comparative au travers de simulations numériques.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-03T19:10:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseADSL.pdf: 24405858 bytes, checksum: dafb27a193250527d419e7d787a23a21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:45:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseADSL.pdf: 24405858 bytes, checksum: dafb27a193250527d419e7d787a23a21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:45:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseADSL.pdf: 24405858 bytes, checksum: dafb27a193250527d419e7d787a23a21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T17:50:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseADSL.pdf: 24405858 bytes, checksum: dafb27a193250527d419e7d787a23a21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introduction: Hypertension is an important risk factor for menopausal cardiovascular disease. Resistance training (RT) when associated with the caloric restriction diet (CR) has been shown to have important effects on blood pressure and the aortic artery, minimizing complications due to menopause, such as hypertension. Aim: In this study, we investigated the effects of Ovariectomy and the Resistance Training, Caloric Restriction, and the association of both intervention in systolic blood pressure, matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, aortic vascular reactivity and morphological alterations in ovariectomized Holtzman rats. Material and methods: Fifty female Holtzman rats were subjected to ovariectomy and Sham surgery and distributed into: Sham-sedentary; Ovariectomized-sedentary; Ovariectomized- Resistance Training; Ovariectomized-Caloric Restriction; and Ovariectomized-Resistance Training and Caloric Restriction groups. Resistance Training and 30% Caloric Restriction protocols were performed by 13-weeks. Systolic blood pressure, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside induced relaxation of aortic rings; the hematoxylin-eosin stain used to highlight the aortas wall cross-sectional area and the matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, insulin tolerance test and aorta vessel remodeling were analyzed. Results: We observed that, Ovariectomy increased systolic blood pressure, decreased potency in dependent and independent endothelium relaxation and matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, promoted insulin resistance and aorta vessel remodeling in cross-sectional area, media to lumen ratio, collagen content and alter structure and elastic fibers of the vessel. However, the association of exercise and diet prevent the increase systolic blood pressure, improved the relaxation potency in dependent and independent endothelium relaxation, elevated the matrix metaproteinase-2 activity, increased the aorta cross-sectional area, media to lumen ratio, decreased collagen content and alter elastic fibers in aorta vessel wall. Conclusion: Our study reveled that the association of resistance training and caloric restriction can prevent the hypertensive condition, improve vascular function, activate matrix metaproteinase-2, and produce a beneficial hypertrophic remodeling with increased vascular compliance in ovariectomy in Holtzman rats. / Introdução: A hipertensão é um importante fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares na menopausa. O treinamento resistido (TR) quando associado à dieta de restrição calórica (RC) têm demonstrado importantes efeitos sobre a pressão arterial e a artéria aorta, minimizando complicações decorrentes da menopausa, como a hipertensão arterial. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos da ovariectomia e das intervenções de TR, RC e da associação de ambos (TR+RC) sobre a pressão arterial sistólica, reatividade vascular aórtica, resposta insulínica, atividade da metaloproteinase de matriz 2 e alterações morfológicas em ratas Holtzman. Materiais e métodos: Cinquenta ratas Holtzman foram submetidas à cirurgia de ovariectomia e Sham; e distribuídas nos seguintes grupos (n=10): Sham-sedentária, Ovariectomizada-sedentária, treinamento resistido ovariectomizada, restrição calórica ovariectomizada e treinamento resistido associada à restrição calórica ovariectomizada. Os protocolos de TR e 30% de RC foram realizados por 13 semanas. A pressão arterial sistólica, teste de tolerância à insulina, reatividade vascular em anéis aórticos, atividade da metaloproteinase de matriz 2, análises morfológicas utilizando coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Tricrômio de Masson e Pricrosírius-red foram realizadas. Resultados: Observamos que a ovariectomia aumentou a pressão arterial sistólica, promoveu resistência à insulina, diminuiu a potência do relaxamento dependente e independente do endotélio e atividade da metaloproteinase de matriz 2, além de promover o remodelamento do vaso aórtico sobre a área da secção transversal, relação túnica média/lúmen, alterando o conteúdo de colágeno e fibras elásticas da artéria aorta. No entanto, a associação entre exercício e dieta e ambos separados, preveniram o aumento da pressão arterial sistólica, melhoraram a potência do relaxamento dependente e independente do endotélio, promoveram ativação da metaloproteinase de matriz 2, aumento da área da secção transversal da aorta, da relação túnica média/lúmen, além de promover a diminuição do conteúdo de colágeno e alteração das fibras elásticas na parede do vaso aórtico. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que os efeitos do TR e RC, associados ou realizados separadamente, foram eficientes para melhorar os parâmetros clínicos e moleculares, prevenindo o surgimento da condição de hipertensão, melhorando a função vascular, a resposta insulínica, a atividade da metaloproteinase de matriz 2 e o remodelamento da aorta com aumento da complacência vascular, na condição de hipertensão induzida pela ovariectomia em ratas Holtzman. / FAPESP: 2012/21087-4

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