L'administration de principes actifs de manière locale et externe permet de contrôler leur biodisponibilité et de prolonger leur action thérapeutique sur le site à traiter. Cependant, la délivrance au sein des couches profondes de la peau est un challenge pour la recherche dermatologique car ce tissu représente une barrière difficilement franchissable. Il permet ainsi de protéger l'organisme mais c'est un frein pour l'administration de médicaments par voie cutanée. De nombreux systèmes ont été imaginés afin d'améliorer le passage d'actifs à travers la peau : promoteurs chimiques de pénétration, méthodes électriques, vecteurs encapsulant le principe actif. Parmi ceux-ci, les vésicules montrent un fort potentiel en particulier si elles sont capables de se déformer ou fusionner avec les lipides de la peau. Notre équipe a conçu un système de vectorisation à partir d'un tensioactif catanionique, issu de l'association de deux amphiphiles de charges opposées, capable de s'auto-associer en solution aqueuse pour former des vésicules pouvant être utilisées pour l'encapsulation de principes actifs de natures variées. Ces vecteurs ont démontré par le passé leur aptitude à interagir et fusionner avec les membranes lipidiques. Dans ces travaux, nous avons donc étudié leur capacité à améliorer la pénétration cutanée de principes actifs. Les propriétés physicochimiques des vésicules sont très bien décrites dans l'eau mais une formulation dermatologique peut impliquer la présence d'additifs tels que des promoteurs de pénétration ou des agents hydratants. Les vésicules peuvent également être incorporées dans des gels aqueux pour faciliter leur application. L'influence de ces différents additifs a donc été étudiée en caractérisant systématiquement les vésicules en termes de taille, de charge, de stabilité et en évaluant la fluidité de leur membrane. Ensuite, afin d'étudier la capacité des formulations à pénétrer dans la peau, une sonde fluorescente a été encapsulée dans les vésicules. Des expériences in vitro sur peau de cochon ont permis de prouver l'importance de l'état thermodynamique de la membrane. En effet, la rétention de la sonde dans la peau est supérieure lorsque la bicouche de la vésicule est fluide. La microscopie confocale a été utilisée pour estimer la profondeur de pénétration ainsi que les chemins préférentiellement empruntés par la sonde dans la peau. Enfin, l'application de ce système à la vectorisation d'un corticostéroïde employé dans le traitement du psoriasis a validé le potentiel des vésicules catanioniques pour des usages thérapeutiques. Ces expériences ont montré une nette augmentation de la rétention cutanée grâce à nos vecteurs, en comparaison notamment avec une solution de corticoïde additionnée d'éthanol, pourtant promoteur de pénétration reconnu. / The local and external administration of drugs allows bioavailability control and sustained therapeutic action on the treatment site. Yet, the delivery to the deep layers of the skin is a challenge for dermatological research because this tissue represents an efficient barrier. It protects the organism against aggressions but it also constrains cutaneous drug delivery. Various systems have been imagined in order to improve drug passage through the skin: chemical penetration enhancers, electrical methods, drug carriers. Among these, vesicles have a strong potential, in particular if they can deform or fuse with skin lipids. Our team has designed a drug delivery system based on a catanionic surfactant, made of two oppositely charged amphiphiles. It is able to self-associate in aqueous solutions to form vesicles used to encapsulate drugs of various nature. These carriers have shown the ability to interact and fuse with lipidic membranes. In this work, we therefore studied their capacity to improve drugs' skin penetration. The vesicles' physicochemical properties are well described in water but a dermatological formulation may contain additives such as penetration enhancers or hydrating agents. The carriers can also be incorporated into aqueous gels in order to facilitate their application. The influence of these different additives was studied systematically by characterizing the vesicles in terms of size, charge, stability and by evaluating the membrane fluidity. Then, a fluorescent probe was encapsulated into the vesicles to study the formulations' ability to penetrate the skin. In vitro experiments on pig skin proved the importance of the membrane's thermodynamic state. Indeed, the probe's skin retention is higher when the vesicles' bilayer is in a fluid state. Confocal microscopy was used to estimate the penetration depth as well as the pathways followed by the probe into the skin. Finally, this system was applied to a corticosteroid used for psoriasis treatment. It confirmed the catanionic vesicles' potential for therapeutic use. These experiments showed a clear increase in cutaneous retention thanks to our carriers, in comparison with a corticoid solution containing ethanol, which is a known penetration enhancer.

Emulsions are widely used as topical formulations in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. They are thermodynamically unstable and require emulsifiers to stabilize them physically. A literature survey has revealed that emulsifiers could have an effect on topical delivery. Therefore, the overall aim of this research project was to investigate and to understand the various effects of biopolymers, chosen for this study as emulsifiers, on the release and the topical delivery of an active ingredient from emulsion-based delivery systems. Emulsions were stabilized by either whey protein alone or in combination with chitosan or carrageenan. Salicylic acid was chosen as a model drug. Furthermore, the emulsions were prepared at three different pH values (pH 4, 5 and 6) in order to introduce different charges to the polymeric emulsifiers and subsequently determine the effect of pH on release as well as on dermal and transdermal delivery. Emulsion characteristics, such as droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity and stability against creaming and coalescence were ascertained. In addition, turbidity was determined to evaluate the degree of insoluble complex formation in the aqueous phase of the emulsions. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was validated for the quantitative determination of salicylic acid in the release, skin and transdermal perfusate samples. Nine emulsions were formulated, utilizing the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique, from which the release of salicylic acid was determined. These release studies were conducted, utilizing nitrocellulose membranes (0.2 μm pore size) with the use of Franz-type diffusion cells in four replicates per formulation over a time period of 8 hours. Based on the emulsion characterization and release data, six formulations, including the oil solution, were chosen to determine dermal and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid. During the diffusion studies, the effect of different pH (whey protein pH 4.00, 5.00 and 6.00), different polymers and different polymer combinations were investigated. These diffusion studies were conducted with the use of dermatomed (thickness ~400 μm), human abdominal skin and Franz-type diffusion cells over a period of 24 hours. The characterization of the emulsions revealed no significant differences in the droplet size and viscosity between the various formulations. All emulsions showed stability towards coalescence over a time period of 7 days; however, not all the emulsions showed stability towards creaming and flocculation. The results of the release studies indicated that an increase in emulsion droplet charge could have a negative effect on the release of salicylic acid from these formulations. In contrast, positively charged emulsion droplets could enhance the dermal and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid from emulsions. It was hypothesized that electrostatic complex formation between the emulsifier and salicylic acid could affect the release, whereas electrostatic interaction between emulsion droplets and skin could influence dermal/transdermal delivery of the active. Furthermore, the degree of ionization of salicylic acid played an important role in the dermal and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid from the various emulsions. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Emulsions are widely used as topical formulations in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. They are thermodynamically unstable and require emulsifiers to stabilize them physically. A literature survey has revealed that emulsifiers could have an effect on topical delivery. Therefore, the overall aim of this research project was to investigate and to understand the various effects of biopolymers, chosen for this study as emulsifiers, on the release and the topical delivery of an active ingredient from emulsion-based delivery systems. Emulsions were stabilized by either whey protein alone or in combination with chitosan or carrageenan. Salicylic acid was chosen as a model drug. Furthermore, the emulsions were prepared at three different pH values (pH 4, 5 and 6) in order to introduce different charges to the polymeric emulsifiers and subsequently determine the effect of pH on release as well as on dermal and transdermal delivery. Emulsion characteristics, such as droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity and stability against creaming and coalescence were ascertained. In addition, turbidity was determined to evaluate the degree of insoluble complex formation in the aqueous phase of the emulsions. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was validated for the quantitative determination of salicylic acid in the release, skin and transdermal perfusate samples. Nine emulsions were formulated, utilizing the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique, from which the release of salicylic acid was determined. These release studies were conducted, utilizing nitrocellulose membranes (0.2 μm pore size) with the use of Franz-type diffusion cells in four replicates per formulation over a time period of 8 hours. Based on the emulsion characterization and release data, six formulations, including the oil solution, were chosen to determine dermal and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid. During the diffusion studies, the effect of different pH (whey protein pH 4.00, 5.00 and 6.00), different polymers and different polymer combinations were investigated. These diffusion studies were conducted with the use of dermatomed (thickness ~400 μm), human abdominal skin and Franz-type diffusion cells over a period of 24 hours. The characterization of the emulsions revealed no significant differences in the droplet size and viscosity between the various formulations. All emulsions showed stability towards coalescence over a time period of 7 days; however, not all the emulsions showed stability towards creaming and flocculation. The results of the release studies indicated that an increase in emulsion droplet charge could have a negative effect on the release of salicylic acid from these formulations. In contrast, positively charged emulsion droplets could enhance the dermal and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid from emulsions. It was hypothesized that electrostatic complex formation between the emulsifier and salicylic acid could affect the release, whereas electrostatic interaction between emulsion droplets and skin could influence dermal/transdermal delivery of the active. Furthermore, the degree of ionization of salicylic acid played an important role in the dermal and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid from the various emulsions. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:56:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2499199 bytes, checksum: ba2f9cd3497696e4d2f7095983ffe2db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to measure the bioavailability of fluoride in saliva and to observe the pattern of urinary fluoride excretion in children exposed to topical fluoride products of professional use. Seventeen children of 6- 12-years-old, both genders with active white spots on smooth surfaces, no cavities and needing fluoride treatment were included in the study. All volunteers (n=17) received toothbrushes and fluoridated toothpaste (1,100 ppm, 11 volunteers) and no fluoride (6 volunteers) eight days before fluoride a application. A wash-out period of 7 days was established before and after the exposure of neutral gel fluoride (9,000 ppm), foam (12,300 ppm) and varnish (22,600 ppm). Except for the varnish, the fluoridated gel (5g) and foam (1.5g) were applied in trays. /the products were applied for one minute covering all buccal surfaces. Saliva was collected in the following times: 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Urine was collected covering the 24 hours of baseline and after application of the products covering 11 and 13 hours of collection to cover day and night periods as (7:00-18:00 h) and (18:00-7:00 h). Fluoride was measured with the aid of ion specific electrode ORION (9409BN) coupled to a potenciometer (720 A,ThermoOrion). Data statistical analyses were performed in SPSS v. 13.0 applying p< 0.05. The results indicated a higher concentration of fluoride in saliva after 3 minutes of using varnish, foam and gel, the values are 95.02 ± 82.2 ppmF, ppmF 41.0 ± 75.51 and 99.33 ± 59, 8 ppm F, respectively. The excretion of fluoride in urine was higher for varnish, foam and gel, the values are 1.1 ± 7.1 ppm F, 0.6 ± 0.3 ppm F and 0.6 ± 0.6 ppm F, respectively. It can be concluded that the highest values of salivary fluoride regardless the time of measurement were achieved by the fluoride varnish. For the urinary fluoride followed a similar trend showing higher values for the varnish and suggesting that this product can produce a high ingestion of fluoride. / O objetivo desse estudo foi de mensurar a concentração de flúor em saliva e na urina de crianças expostas a fluoretos tópicos de uso profissional. O delineamento desse estudo é clínico, aleatório e cruzado. Participaram 17 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, com manchas brancas ativas em superfícies lisas, necessitando de fluorterapia. Escovas e dentifrícios foram fornecidos aos voluntários, onde n= 11 receberam dentifrício de 1.100 ppm e n= 6 dentifrício sem flúor. Os produtos fluoretados utilizados foram: gel neutro (9.000 ppm), espuma neutra (12.300 ppm) e verniz (22.600 ppm). As aplicações do gel (5g) e a espuma (1,5g) foram em moldeiras por 1 minuto e o verniz (0,5g) com pincel, cobrindo toda a superfície vestibular do dentes. As coletas de saliva foram feitas no dia da aplicação dos produtos fluoretados nos seguintes tempos: 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos. As coletas de urina foram feitas por 24 horas. Sendo, 24 horas dividida em dois períodos: diurno ou 11horas (coleta das 7:00 h às 18:00 h) e período noturno ou de 13 horas (coleta das 18:00 h às 7:00 h). Nas análises das amostras de saliva e urina utilizou-se um eletrodo combinado íon-específico da ORION (9409BN) com eletrodo de referência (900200), ambos acoplados a um potenciômetro 720 A (ThermoOrion). Os dados foram digitados no SPSS v. 13.0, submetidos a testes estatísticos e considerados significativos com p< 0,05. Os resultados indicaram uma maior concentração de flúor na saliva após 3 minutos de uso do verniz, gel e espuma, os valores (ppmF) foram de 99,33 ± 59,8; 95,02 ± 82,2 e 75,51 ± 41,0, respectivamente. A excreção de flúor na urina foi maior para verniz, espuma e gel com valores (ppmF) de 1,1± 7,1; 0,6 ± 0,3 e 0,6± 0,6, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que os valores mais elevados de flúor na saliva independentemente do tempo de medição foram obtidos com o verniz. Para a excreção do flúor seguiu uma tendência semelhante, apresentando valores mais elevados para o verniz e sugerindo que este produto pode produzir uma elevada ingestão de flúor.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’expliquer pourquoi l’insertion de comptes-rendus de perception ou CRP dans un fragment narratif, lorsqu’elle entraîne une rupture dans la progression thématique de ce fragment, ne compromet pas sa compréhension.Les études narratologiques (Hamon, Adam et Petitjean) définissent les textes descriptifs comme des séquences qui se caractérisent par des marqueurs d’introduction et de clôture corrélés. Les études sur l’accès cognitif à l’information (Vogeleer) montrent, par ailleurs, que les CRP décrivent une situation accessible dans la situation spatio-temporelle d’un sujet. Ce sont des énoncés thétiques qui se caractérisent par leur absence de thème (Furukawa). A l’écrit, le contexte gauche d’un CRP peut compenser son absence de thème en décrivant une situation qui permet d’inférer le lieu cible de perception (Emma s’approcha de la fenêtre) d’un sujet introduit en amont. Les énoncés de ce type sont ainsi apparentés au DIL.La classification d’un corpus de CRP intégrant les noms fenêtre(s) et porte(s), nous a conduit à distinguer six types de CRP parmi lesquels les séquences de compte rendu de perception indirect libre ou CRPIL sont les plus fréquentes. Dans ces séquences, lorsque le premier CRP de l’extrait n’a aucun lien avec son contexte gauche, il décrit une situation perçue accessible dans la situation spatio-temporelle du sujet qui la perçoit, qui est donc inédite jusqu’à son introduction dans le monde fictif. La coïncidence spatio-temporelle entre le sujet et cette situation peut être dénotée dans certains extraits par un SP spatial ou temporel antéposé dans le premier CRP de la séquence et potentiellement cadratif (Charolles). Ce SP signale le point de vue du sujet introduit en amont, dénote le lieu cible ou la localisation temporelle de la situation décrite dans le CRP et permet d’interpréter tous les CRP de la séquence. Dans les extraits ne mentionnant pas de SP, le lieu cible et le temps de la situation perçue sont inférés dès l’introduction du premier CRP, cette inférence validant tous les CRP de la séquence. La rupture topicale suscitée par l’introduction des CRP signale, dans tous les cas, l’émergence du point de vue d’un personnage introduit en amont. / The aim of this thesis is to explain why the inclusion of perceptual reports (PRs) in a literary narrative does not interfere with the comprehension of such narratives, despite when breaking their thematic progression.Narratological studies (Hamon, Adam and Petitjean) define descriptive texts as sequences characterised by correlated introductory and closing markers. Furthermore, research on evidentiality (Vogeleer) shows that PR describe a situation that is accessible in the space/time situation of a subject. PRs are thetics statements characterised by a lack of topic (Furukawa). In the written form, the left context of the PR may make up for the lack of topic by describing a situation that may be used to infer the place targeted by the perception (Emma s’approcha de la fenêtre) of a subject introduced earlier. Statements of this type are thus similar to represented speech and thought or RST.The classification of a corpus of PRs incorporating the nouns fenêtre(s) and porte(s), leads us to distinguish six PRs types among which represented perceptual reports (RPRs), are most frequent. In these sequences, when the first PR of the excerpt has no link to its left context, it describes a perceived situation accessible in the spatial/temporal situation of the subject that perceives it, which is therefore unknown until introduced into the fictitious world. The spatial and temporal coincidence of the subject and this situation may be noted in certain excerpts by a spatial or temporal prepositional phrase (PP) that is placed earlier in the first PR of the sequence and that is potentially framing (Charolles). This PP signals the point of view of the subject introduced earlier, denotes the target location or temporal location of the situation described in the PR and makes it possible to interpret all the PRs in the sequence. In the excerpts that do not mention a PP, the target location and time of the perceived situation are inferred once the first PR is introduced, with this inference validating all perceptual reports in the sequence. The topical break caused by the introduction of PRs signals, in all cases, the emergence of the point of view of a character introduced earlier.

O pinhão é a semente do Pinheiro do Paraná (Araucaria angustifolia) que cresce naturalmente nos Estados do Sul do Brasil, sendo consumido normalmente cozido durante a época de safra. Existem alguns estudos com pinhão, mas pouco se tem feito para aumentar sua aplicabilidade como ingrediente em desenvolvimento de novos produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar os componentes do pinhão na forma de amido, farinha, extrato fenólico da casca e casca em pó, como ingredientes naturais para o desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores nas indústrias farmacêutica e de alimentos. Este trabalho está dividido em duas etapas: desenvolvimento de formulações para uso tópico na área da indústria farmacêutica, e desenvolvimento de filmes comestíveis na área da indústria de alimentos. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foram desenvolvidos dois tipos de formulações de uso tópico, gel e emulgel, com amido de pinhão e extrato fenólico da casca. Foi analisada a estabilidade em curto prazo, através de ciclos de estresse térmico, e durante seis meses de armazenamento. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise sensorial discriminativa comparando as formulações com seus controles e análise de eritema e pH da pele através de sondas não invasivas. Ainda, foram estudadas possíveis correlações entre parâmetros físicos e reológicos das formulações ao longo do tempo de armazenamento através da matriz de correlações de Pearson. Os resultados desta etapa do trabalho demonstraram que as formulações cosméticas mantiveram seu aspecto físico e comportamento pseudoplástico após os ciclos de estresse e durante os seis meses de armazenamento, com uma boa estabilidade. A adição de amido de pinhão manteve a espalhabilidade e aumentou a viscosidade das formulações em comparação com seus controles. O extrato fenólico da casca mostrou-se uma boa fonte de compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante, a qual se manteve estável mesmo após estresse térmico. Nos estudos em voluntários humanos, as formulações não apresentaram quaisquer sinais de irritação cutânea ou alteração de pH da pele. A formulação tipo emulgel foi considerada como tendo maior capacidade de se espalhar na pele e sensação de filme aveludado, menor pegajosidade e percepção na pele após 5 minutos da aplicação, o que sugere que a formulação, além de melhor espalhamento, não deixa sensação residual na pele. Através das análises de correlação concluiu-se que quanto maior o conteúdo de umidade maior o índice de consistência, índice de qualidade e viscosidade aparente, e, por outro lado, menor o índice de fluxo e, quanto maior o tamanho médio de partícula, menor o índice de consistência, índice de qualidade e viscosidade aparente. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foram desenvolvidos filmes comestíveis à base de amido e farinha de pinhão, com e sem adição de casca de pinhão moída. Primeiramente foi avaliada a possibilidade da utilização de glicerol, sorbitol, sacarose e xarope de glicose como plastificantes no desenvolvimento de filmes de amido. Foi avaliado o efeito da quantidade de amido de pinhão e sorbitol na formação dos filmes através de um planejamento experimental 22 com pontos axiais e a influência destas variáveis foi avaliada nas propriedades mecânicas, de cor e opacidade, solubilidade e espessura dos biofilmes formados. Foram desenvolvidos também filmes à base de amido e farinha de pinhão plastificados com diferentes quantidades de glicerol. Estes filmes foram caracterizados e comparados entre si em relação à espessura, permeabilidade a vapor d'água (PVA), temperatura de transição vítrea, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), porosidade aparente (Ø), cor, opacidade e espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Além disso, as matérias-primas foram analisadas através da umidade, atividade de água (Aw), Ø e propriedades de pasta. Após, foram desenvolvidos filmes à base de farinha de pinhão, utilizando a concentração de glicerol que se julgou mais adequada a partir dos dados estudados anteriormente. A estes filmes foram adicionadas diferentes concentrações de casca de pinhão moída e avaliada a influência da adição da casca nas propriedades físico-químicas, na morfologia por MEV, na estrutura química por FTIR, fenólicos solúveis totais e capacidade antioxidante. Por fim, foi realizada a comparação do filme formado a partir de amido de pinhão com filmes desenvolvidos com amidos comerciais com diferentes razões de amilose/amilopectina. Para comparação, foram utilizados o amido de mandioca e dois tipos de amido de milho com alto teor de amilose, Hylon V e Hylon VII. Os filmes foram caracterizados quanto à densidade, volume total de poro, parâmetros de cor e opacidade, análise de estrutura por MEV, permeabilidade a vapor de água, isotermas de sorção, propriedades mecânicas, FTIR e estabilidade térmica por analisador termogravimétrico (TGA). A partir das respostas do planejamento foram obtidos modelos significativos para espessura, solubilidade, módulo de Young, tensão máxima, deformação no momento da ruptura e para os parâmetros de cor b* e h. Os filmes produzidos à base de amido de pinhão e sorbitol apresentaram transparência adequada e valores altos de solubilidade. A espessura dos filmes foi maior com a utilização das maiores concentrações de amido e sorbitol e os maiores valores de solubilidade foram alcançados nas maiores concentrações de sorbitol e menores concentrações de amido. No geral, os filmes apresentaram baixa resistência mecânica, porém, com tendência de aumento de acordo com a maior concentração de amido e diminuição da concentração de sorbitol. O amido e a farinha de pinhão não apresentaram diferença significativa no conteúdo de umidade e o amido de pinhão apresentou Aw e Ø menores que a farinha de pinhão, mas com pico de viscosidade maior. Os filmes feitos com amido de pinhão apresentaram valores menores para espessura, Ø, PVA e opacidade e valores maiores para módulo de Young, resistência à tração e deformação na ruptura. Além disso, filmes com maiores concentrações de glicerol apresentaram maior PVA e deformação na ruptura, e menor resistência à tração e módulo de Young. A estrutura dos filmes de farinha de pinhão apresentaram irregularidades e superfície mais rugosa que os filmes de amido de pinhão. As diferenças na concentração de glicerol não afetaram os valores de Tg dos filmes. Os filmes de farinha de pinhão demonstraram ser mais amarelados e mais opacos. No geral, os filmes de amido e farinha de pinhão não apresentaram mudanças estruturais através da análise de FTIR. A adição de casca de pinhão aos filmes de farinha de pinhão gerou filmes com compostos fenólicos, atividade antioxidante e fibras. O aumento da concentração de casca formou filmes com maior espessura, porosidade aparente, permeabilidade a vapor d'água, compostos fenólicos solúveis totais, capacidade antioxidante, módulo de Young, fibra dietética e de coloração mais avermelhada (a*) e amarelada (b*). Ainda, a presença da casca de pinhão diminuiu a deformação na ruptura e luminosidade (L*). A casca de pinhão deixou os filmes mais ásperos e com algumas falhas na superfície, visíveis pelas imagens de MEV. A intensidade dos picos do espectro no infravermelho (FTIR) diminuiu com o aumento da concentração de casca nos filmes. A comparação do filme feito com amido de pinhão e demais filmes de amidos comerciais com diferentes razões de amilose/amilopectina demonstrou que esta característica tem efeito apenas sobre a força do filme e tensão superficial da solução filmogênica. No geral, todos os filmes demonstraram transparência com baixos valores de ΔE e opacidade, superfícies lisas com aspecto homogêneo, isotermas do tipo III, ajustáveis pelo modelo de GAB, permeabilidade a vapor d'água adequada para filmes de amido, padrões de infravermelho similares entre si e degradação térmica seguindo o mesmo padrão. Por fim, através dos testes e produtos desenvolvidos pôde-se demonstrar a aplicabilidade do pinhão, criando alternativas para valorização do produto e aproveitamento da semente inteira, diminuindo a geração de resíduos. Foi possível perceber também um grande potencial da utilização da semente em produtos que utilizem amido, farinha com grande quantidade de carboidrato, fibras e compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante. / Pinhão is the Parana pine seed (Araucaria angustifolia), which grows naturally in the southern states of Brazil, and is usually consumed cooked during the harvest season. There are some studies with pinhão, but there are a few efforts to increase its applicability as an ingredient in the development of new products. The main goal of this work is to use the pinhão components such as starch, flour, phenolic extract of the husk and husk powder, as natural ingredients for the development of innovative products in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This work is divided into two stages: development of topical formulations in the pharmaceutical industry area, and development of edible films in the food industry area. In the first stage, there were developed two types of topical formulations, gel and emulgel with pinhão starch and phenolic extract of the husk. The stability was analyzed through thermal stress cycles, and along six months of storage. In addition, a discriminative sensory analysis was performed comparing formulations with their controls and an analysis of erythema and skin pH through non-invasive probes was also made. Furthermore, possible correlation between physical and rheological parameters of formulations over time through storage Pearson correlation matrix was studied. The results of this step showed that the cosmetic formulations maintained their physical appearance and the pseudoplastic behavior after stress cycles and six months of storage, showing good stability. The addition of pinhão starch kept spreadability and increased the formulations’ viscosity when comparing with their controls. The coat phenolic extract proved to be a good source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, which remained stable even after thermal stress. The formulations showed no signs of skin irritation or pH skin alteration in the studies with human volunteers. The emulgel type formulation was considered to have greater spread ability on the skin and better feeling of peachy film, lower stickiness and perception on the skin after 5 minutes of application, suggesting that the formulation spreads better and leaves no residual sensation on the skin. Through the correlation analysis it was concluded that the higher the moisture content the higher the consistency index, quality index and apparent viscosity and, on the other hand, the lower the flow rate; the greater the average particle size, smaller the consistency index, quality index and apparent viscosity. In the second stage of the work, there were developed edible films based on pinhão starch and flour, with or without grounded pinhão husk addition. Initially, the possibility of the use of glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose and glucose syrup as plastificisers in starch films development was evaluated. The effect of the pinhão starch and sorbitol amounts in the films formation was evaluated through a 22 experimental design with axial points and these variables influence was evaluated by the mechanical properties, color and opacity, solubility and thickness of films. Pinhão starch-based films and pinhão flour-based films with different amounts of glycerol have also been developed, characterized and compared each other to the thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), glass transition temperature (Tg), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), apparent porosity (Ø), color, opacity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the raw materials were analyzed for moisture content, water activity (Aw), apparent porosity and pasting profile. Subsequently, pinhão flour films were developed using the glycerol concentration which is judged the most appropriate from the data previously studied. Different concentrations of pinhão husk were added to the films and the pinhão husk addition influence on the physicochemical properties, morphology by SEM, chemical structure by FTIR, total soluble phenolic (TSP), and antioxidant capacity were analyzed. Finally, a comparison of the film formed from pinhão starch and from commercial starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratio was performed. The commercial starches used were the cassava starch and two types of corn starch with high amylose content, Hylon V and Hylon VII. The films were characterized for density, total pore volume (TPV), color parameters, and opacity, structure analysis by SEM, WVP, sorption/desorption isotherms, mechanical properties, FTIR and thermal stability by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and they were compared to each other. The experimental design demonstrated that the thickness, solubility, Young’s modulus, maximum stress, elongation at break, and color parameters b* and h presented significant models. Pinhão starch and sorbitol films showed adequate transparency and high solubility values. The film thickness was greater with the use of higher starch and sorbitol concentrations, and higher solubility values were reached in higher sorbitol amounts and lower starch concentrations. In general, the films had low tensile strength, but with a tendency to increase with starch concentration increasing and sorbitol concentrations decreasing. Pinhão starch and flour did not show differences in moisture content and pinhão starch presented lower Aw, Ø, but higher peak viscosity than pinhão flour. Films made with pinhão starch exhibited lower thickness, Ø, WVP and opacity than pinhão flour films, but higher Young’s modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break. In addition, films with higher amounts of glycerol exhibited higher WVP and elongation at break, with lower tensile strength and Young’s modulus. The pinhão flour films structure presented irregularities and were rougher than pinhão starch films. Differences in glycerol content did not affect Tg values of these films. Flour films were yellowish and also had a higher opacity value. The FTIR spectra of pinhão starch and pinhão flour films showed similar IR absorbance patterns, with no structural change in the presence or absence of glycerol. The increase of pinhão husk concentration formed films with greater thickness, porosity, WVP, TSP, antioxidant capacity, Young's modulus, dietary fiber and more intense color parameters for red (a*) and yellow (b*) . The pinhão husk presence decreased the elongation at break and lightness (L*), made rougher films and with imperfections on the surface, visible by SEM images. The intensity of the peaks in the infrared spectrum (FTIR) decreased when pinhão husk concentration increased. The comparison made between pinhão starch films and films made with commercial starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios showed that this characteristic takes effect only on the film strength and surface tension of the film solution. In general, all the films demonstrated transparency with low ΔE values and opacity, a smooth surface with homogeneous appearance. They also showed Type III isotherm, adjustable by the GAB model, adequate WVP, IR patterns similar to each other and thermal degradation following the same pattern. Finally, through the tests and developed products it can be demonstrate the applicability of the pinhão and create alternatives for the whole seed utilization, reducing the waste generation. In addition, it can be noticed a great potential of seed uses in such products that use starch, flour with lots of carbohydrates, fiber and phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity.

Os compostos lipofílicos da própolis vermelha brasileira (PVB) têm recebido atenção especial devido a interessantes relatos referentes às suas atividades biológicas. Neste contexto, este estudo teve três etapas: a primeira objetivou investigar a atividade do extrato bruto etanólico da PVB e respectivas frações (obtidas com solventes de polaridade crescente, por meio de maceração em temperatura ambiente) contra cepas de Candida não-albicans (CNA) - C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis e C. parapsilosis. A concentração inibidora mínima (CIM) foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, com concentrações variando entre 1,9 a 500 μg/mL. Dentre as frações testadas, a fração hexânica (HEX) apresentou maior potencial antifúngico, alcançando valor de CIM de 1,95 μg/mL contra espécies de C. parapsilosis. Para cepas de C. glabrata, C. krusei e C. tropicalis, os valores de CIM obtidos foram variáveis (1,95-250 μg/mL). Ensaio colorimétrico de MTT foi utilizado para confirmar o dano celular e os resultados variaram de 80,66 a 94,44%, com extensa morte celular causada pela HEX, incluindo efeitos contra cepas resistentes de CNA, principalmente C. glabrata e C. parapsilosis. Esta potencial capacidade antifúngica está relacionada com compostos lipofílicos, provavalmente benzofenonas polipreniladas (BPPs), anteriormente descritas para PVB. A segunda etapa teve como objetivo avaliar a composição química do extrato hexânico da PVB (HEXred) por CLUE-DAD-EM. A investigação química resultou, principalmente, na identificação de BPPs (oblongifolina A, gutiferona E e/ou xantochimol). Após, um método de CLAE-UV isocrático foi validado para a determinação do teor total de BPPs (a 260 nm) expresso como garcinol, um diasterorisômero da gutiferona E disponível comercialmente. O método mostrou ser específico, exato, preciso e linear (0,1 a 10 μg/mL) para a determinação de BPPS na HEXred e na nanoemulsão (NE) contendo HEXred, bem como em amostras de pele e mucosa suínas, após estudos de permeação/retenção. O efeito matriz foi determinado para todas as matrizes complexas, demonstrando baixo efeito durante a análise. A estabilidade do método foi verificada por meio da exposição da HEXred às condições de estresse ácida, alcalina, oxidativa e térmica. Não houve interferência dos produtos de degradação durante a análise, indicando que o método analítico/bioanalítico proposto provou ser simples e confiável para a determinação de BPPs na presença de diferentes matrizes. Como terceiro passo nós buscamos otimizar a incorporação de BPPs em NE destinada ao tratamento de infecções fúngicas mucocutâneas. A otimização da NE foi realizada por meio de experimento de Box-Behnken, que permitiu avaliar simultaneamente a influência das concentrações do fosfolipídeo da lecitina de gema de ovo, do lípido catiónico DOTAP e das BPPs nas propriedades físico-químicas da NE, bem como na eficiência de associação (EA) das BPPs. Utilizando o software Mini-Tab®, a formulação ótima foi selecionada com base no menor tamanho de gotícula e maiores potencial zeta e eficiência de associação, exibindo um tamanho médio de 140,56 ± 5,22 nm, potencial zeta de + 60,72 ± 3,07 e 99,55 ± 1,09% de EA. Células de difusão do tipo Franz foram usadas para avaliar a distribuição das BPPs através da pele e mucosa suínas, sendo encontradas BPPs nas camadas de ambos os tecidos (principalmente na derme). Uma maior quantidade de BPPs (até 3 vezes) foi detectada na pele e mucosa lesadas o que demonstra o efeito da integridade do tecido na distribuição das BPPs, como sugerido por imagens de microscopia confocal de fluorescência. As BPPs foram detectadas no fluido receptor apenas quando a mucosa esofágica foi lesada. A atividade antifúngica das formulações foi investigada contra espécies de CNA - C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis e C. parapsilosis. Os valores de CIM variaram de 0,654 a 2,617 μg/mL, com dano celular superior a 78% como verificado por ensaio de MTT. Tais resultados sugerem que a NE otimizada possui potencial promissor para ser utilizada topicamente para o tratamento de infecções fúngicas mucocutâneas causadas por espécies de CNA. / Lipophilic compounds of Brazilian red propolis (BRP) have received increasing attention due to some interesting findings regarding their biological activities. This study had three steps: first we aimed to investigate the activity of BRP crude ethanolic extract and their fractions (obtained with increasing polarity solvents, through maceration at room temperature) against non-albicans Candida (NAC) strains. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth microdilution method, with concentrations ranging from 1.9 to 500 μg/mL. Among the tested fractions, n-hexane fraction (HEX) showed higher antifungal potential, achieving MIC values of 1.95 μg/mL against C. parapsilosis strains. On C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis strains, variable MIC values were obtained (1.95 to 250 μg/mL). MTT colorimetric assay was employed to confirm the cell damage and the results ranged from 80.66 to 94.44%, with extensive cell death caused by HEX, including the effects against NAC resistant strains, mainly C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. This potential antifungal capacity showed by HEX is related to the lipophilic compounds, probably polyprenylated benzophenones (PPBs), previous described for BRP. In the second step we aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of BRP n-hexane extract (HEXred) by UPLC-PDA-MS. Chemical investigation mainly resulted in the identification of PPBs in this extract, named oblongifolin A, guttiferone E, and/or xanthochymol. After that, an isocratic HPLC-UV method was validated for the determination of total content of PPBs (at 260 nm) expressed as garcinol, a commercially available guttiferone E diastereoisomer. The method showed to be specific, precise, accurate, and linear (0.1 to 10 μg/mL) for the determination of PPBs in HEXred, BRP-loaded nanoemulsions (NE), as well as, in porcine skin and mucosa samples after permeation/retention studies. The matrix effect was determined for all complex matrices, demonstrating low effect during the analysis. The stability-indicating method was verified by submitting HEXred to acidic, alkaline, oxidative, and thermal stress conditions. No interference of degradation products was detected during analysis, indicating that the proposed analytical/bioanalytical method proved to be simple and reliable for the determination of PPBs in the presence of different matrices. As third step we aimed to optimize the incorporation of PPBs into NE intended for the treatment of mucocutaneous fungal infections. The optimization of NE was performed by means of a Box-Behnken Design, which allowed evaluating simultaneously the influence of the phospholipid egg-lecithin, the cationic lipid DOTAP and PPBs concentrations on the physicochemical properties of NE, as well as on the association efficiency (AE) of PPBs. By using the Mini Tab® software, the optimal formulation was selected based on the smallest droplet size and highest zeta potential and AE, exhibited a mean average size of 140.56±5.22 nm, zeta potential of +60.72±3.07 and AE of 99.55±1.09%. Franz-type diffusion cells were used to evaluate PPBs distribution through porcine skin and mucosa being PPBs found in both mucosa and skin layers (mainly in the dermis). A higher amount of PPBs (up to 3-fold) was detected in impaired skin and mucosa demonstrating the effect of the integrity of the tissue on PPBs distribution, as suggested by confocal fluorescence microscopy images. PPBs were detected in the receptor fluid only when esophageal mucosa was impaired. The antifungal activity of the formulations was investigated against NAC species – C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. MIC values varied from 0.654 to 2.617 μg/mL, with cell damage higher than 78 % as verified by MTT assay. Such results suggest that the optimized NE have promising potential to be used topically for the treatment of mucocutaneous fungal infections caused by NAC strains.

Isoflavonas são substâncias fenólicas conhecidas por promoverem diversos efeitos benéficos à pele. Na soja, esses compostos são essencialmente encontrados nas formas glicosiladas. No entanto, as atividades biológicas são principalmente relacionadas com as suas formas agliconas. A presente tese teve como principal objetivo a obtenção de uma fração enriquecida em isoflavonas agliconas e a sua incorporação em formulações tópicas visando o aumento da retenção cutânea de tais compostos. Para tanto, foi realizada primeiramente a extração de soja em meio hidroetanólico seguida de processo clássico hidrolítico (hidrólise ácida) para obtenção das formas livres das isoflavonas. O extrato obtido foi avaliado por um método cromatográfico de ultraeficiência, o qual foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação quantitativa das isoflavonas agliconas (IA), bem como para avaliação das principais impurezas furânicas formadas. O método mostrou-se específico, linear, preciso, robusto e exato para a quantificação das IA daidzeína, gliciteína e genisteína, e para a quantificação das impurezas hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) e etoximetilfurfural (EMF). Além disso, o método foi concomitantemente validado para a quantificação das IA em diferentes matrizes analíticas e bioanalíticas visando estudos de desenvolvimento de produtos tópicos e estudos de permeação/retenção cutânea. Devido à toxicidade relatada na literatura para o HMF, o presente estudo investigou in vitro o potencial genotóxico e mutagênico do EMF, principal impureza formada após degradação ácida dos açúcares presentes no extrato hidroetanólico de soja. O EMF apresentou potencial genotóxico em linhagem celular do tipo HepG2 nas concentrações próximas ao teor encontrado no extrato. Devido a isso, foi realizada uma investigação de métodos alternativos ao da hidrólise ácida visando à obtenção das IA da soja sem a presença de HMF e EMF, e facilitando, desta forma, os processos de purificação até uma fração enriquecida em IA. Para tanto, foram realizadas otimizações de processos hidrolíticos mais seletivos, tais como hidrólise enzimática com β-glicosidase e fermentação com Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os processos foram primeiramente avaliados por desenho experimental de Plackett-Burman para determinação dos principais fatores que podem influenciar durante os bioprocessos hidrolíticos. Posteriormente, os métodos foram otimizados por meio de desenho experimental de Box-Behnken. Destaca-se que os processos foram realizados com um extrato equivalente ao extraído de 1,0 g de soja desengordurada. Para o método enzimático, as condições ótimas de processo compreenderam 838 unidades de β-glicosidase, em pH 6.0, durante 4,5 h à 37 ºC. Para o método fermentativo, as condições ótimas de processo hidrolítico compreenderam 1500 mg de fermento comercial contendo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, em pH 7.6, durante 24 h à 33 ºC. Os extratos foram avaliados quanto ao teor de IA, sempre realizando a sua comparação com um extrato não hidrolisado (controle negativo) e com um extrato hidrolisado pela via ácida (controle positivo). O teor de IA após hidrólise enzimática foi estatisticamente semelhante ao controle positivo. No entanto, o processo de fermentação não permitiu completa hidrólise das isoflavonas, sendo necessária a realização de um processo adicional de hidrólise ácida ao final do processo fermentativo. Todos os extratos hidrolisados, ou seja, os obtidos pelas vias ácida, enzimática, fermentativa, fermentativa+ácida, foram avaliados quanto à presença ou ausência de açúcares, compostos furânicos, triterpenos e saponinas. Além disso, todos passaram por processo de partição líquido-líquido com acetato de etila para obtenção de diferentes frações. A fração que apresentou maior pureza e que foi considerada a mais promissora para escalonamento de produção foi obtida após partição do extrato de soja hidrolisado pela via enzimática. Essa fração foi avaliada quanto ao seu potencial in vitro de proliferação de queratinócitos (HaCaT). Após 48 h de tratamento celular, os resultados demonstraram que a fração na concentração de 0,1 μg de IA/mL foi considerada não citotóxica para as células e apresentou promissora atividade proliferativa de queratinócitos. Desta forma, tal fração foi escolhida para ser incorporada em nanoemulsões visando uma futura aplicação tópica durante processos regenerativos de tecidos cutâneos. As formulações foram espessadas, ou não, até hidrogéis de ácido hialurônico. Por fim, foi realizada a avaliação da capacidade de permeação/retenção cutânea das IA a partir das formulações utilizando modelo experimental in vitro com pele de orelha suína. Tanto as nanoemulsões quanto os hidrogéis demonstraram ser promissores sistemas de liberação das IA na pele, aumentando sua retenção em camadas cutâneas consideradas importantes para exercerem seus efeitos benéficos. / Isoflavones are phenolic compounds that promote several benefic effects on the skin. In soybeans, these substances are present in different chemical conformations, mostly as glycoside conjugates. However, the beneficial activities are mainly credited to their aglycone forms. The main goal of this study was the production of an isoflavone aglycone-rich fraction to be incorportated into topical products intended to increase the skin retention of isoflavone aglycones (IA). For that, firstly it was performed a soybean extraction in a hydroethanolic media followed by a classical hydrolysis procedure (acid hydrolysis) to breakdown the conjugated forms until their respective aglycones. To analyze the obtained extract, an ultra-fast liquid chromatography method was developed and validated. The method showed to be specific, linear, precise, robust and accurate for quantification of daidzein, glycitein and genistein, as well as for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), the main impurities present in the acid hydrolyzed extract. Besides, the method was concomitantly validated for determination of IA in different analytical and bioanalytical matrices during development of topical products and permeation/retention assays. Due to the well-documented toxicity of HMF, this study also investigated in vitro the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of EMF, a sugar degradation product formed after acid hydrolysis of soybean extract. EMF showed to be genotoxic for HepG2 cells at concentrations very close to those present in the extract. So, alternative hydrolysis methods were carried out aiming to obtain the IA from soybeans without the presence of HMF and EMF, and thus facilitating the processes of purification until new IA-rich fractions. For that, procedures with more selectivity properties were accomplished, such as enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucosidase and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These methods were firstly evaluated by a Plackett-Burman design, to screen the main factors that could be influencing during the hydrolysis of isoflavones present in soybean extract. Further, the methods were optimized by Box-Behnken design. It is important to highpoint that the processes were always carried out with a sample corresponding to the extracted from 1.0 g of defatted soybeans. The highest IA content was achieved under the optimal conditions: enzymatic hydrolysis with 838 units of β-glucosidase, during 4.5 h at pH 6.0 and 37 ºC, or fermentative process with 1500 mg of commercial bakery yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during 24 h at pH 7.6 and 33 ºC. The extracts were investigated to evaluate the IA content, and the results were always compared with a non-hydrolyzed extract (negative control) and with an acid hydrolyzed extract (positive control). The IA amount after enzymatic hydrolysis was statistically similar than positive control. However, the fermentation did not hydrolyze completely the isoflavones, being necessary an additional acid hydrolysis at end of fermentative process. The extracts obtained by acid, enzymatic, fermentative and fermentative+acid processes were investigated to analyze the presence or absence of sugars, furanic compounds, triterpenes and saponins. Besides, all of them were partitioned with ethyl acetate to obtain IA-rich fractions. The most pure and easily achieved fraction was the one obtained from enzymatic hydrolyzed extract. This fraction was examined to explore its in vitro proliferation ability in keratinocytes cells (HaCaT). After 48 h of cellular treatment, the results showed that the fraction at 0,1 μg de IA/mL was considered non-cytotoxic for cells, and showed a promising proliferative activity. Therefore, this fraction was chosen to be incorporated in nanoemulsions viewing a future topic application during regenerative processes of skin. Moreover, the formulations were thickened, or not, until hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Lastly, it was performed the skin permeation/retention evaluation for IA from formulations using an in vitro experimental model with porcine ear skin. Both nanoemulsions and hydrogels were considered as promisor delivery systems for IA, increasing their retention in skin layers (epidermis and dermis).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 manarelli_mm_me_araca.pdf: 717594 bytes, checksum: 208733df1ae8c0701a42443d01a1cbad (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a ação de vernizes com diferentes concentrações de fluoretos e suplementado com trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) sobre a erosão associada ou não à abrasão. Blocos de esmalte bovino foram selecionados e divididos em 12 grupos de acordo com o número de dias de tratamento (3 e 5 dias) e o tipo de verniz utilizado: placebo (sem flúor), NaF 5%, NaF 2,5%, NaF 2,5% TMP 3,5%, NaF 2,5% TMP 5%, NaF 2,5% TMP 10%. O desafio erosivo foi produzido com Sprite Zero® por 5 minutos (4x ao dia) e o erosivo/abrasivo pela escovação mecânica por 15 segundos. Após os desafios, determinou-se a dureza de superfície (SHf), o desgaste do esmalte (μm) e a dureza em secção longitudinal (KHN). Os resultados foram submetidos a Análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os vernizes com 2,5% de fluoreto e TMP (3,5; 5 e 10%) apresentaram os menores desgaste e perda de dureza (KHN) do que os outros vernizes (p<0,05), independente do desafio. Observou-se correlação positiva entre os resultados de desgaste e KHN. Não houve relação dose-resposta entre a concentração do TMP e o desgaste e a dureza. Maiores desgaste foram observados com 5 dias de experimento e maiores valores de SHf com o desafio erosivo/abrasivo. Os vernizes placebo, NaF 2,5% e NaF 5% apresentaram desgastes similares (p>0,05). Concluiu-se que os vernizes fluoretados suplementados com TMP apresentaram maior efeito contra a erosão e erosão/abrasão do esmalte e menor amolecimentos do esmalte / The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the action of varnishes with different concentrations of fluoride and supplemented with trimetaphosphate (TMP) on erosion with or without abrasion. Bovine enamel blocks were selected and divided into 12 groups according to the number of treatment days (3 and 5 days) and type of varnish used: placebo (no fluoride), NaF 5%, NaF 2.5%, NaF 2.5% TMP 3.5%, NaF 2.5% TMP 5%, NaF 2.5% TMP 10%. The erosive challenge was made with Sprite Zero ® for 5 minutes (4x daily) and erosive / abrasive by mechanical brushing for 15 seconds. After the challenges, we determined the surface hardness (SHf), the enamel wear (μm) in longitudinal section and hardness (KHN). The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). The varnish fluoride and 2.5% TMP (3.5, 5 and 10%) showed the lowest wear loss and hardness (KHN) than other coatings (p <0.05), regardless of the challenge. We observed a positive correlation between the results of wear and KHN. There was no dose-response relationship between the concentration of TMP and the wear and hardness. Greater wear was observed with 5 days of experiment and higher values of SHf with the challenge erosive / abrasive. The placebo varnish, NaF 2.5% and NaF 5% showed similar wear (p> 0.05). It was concluded that fluoride varnish supplemented with TMP had higher effect against erosion and erosion / abrasion of enamel and less softening of the enamel