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No abstract provided. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA) / Introduction: The study attempts to explain the geographical conditions in Westminster Township. Emphasis is placed on the relationship existing between the township and the city of London, the large metropolitan centre adjacent to it. The problem is attacked from a functional point of view. The physical geography of the township is described. However, since historical forces are recognized in any study of settlement, one chapter is devoted to historical geography. The following chapters are devoted to communications and land use patterns, both rural and urban. The thesis is changing interrelationship, between the city and the township. It shows clearly that the city does not terminate at its political boundary, but encroaches upon the adjacent rural township. The result is a change in the character of the township in the shape of an "Urban Fringe" specialized agriculture and new super imposition of communications.

Published Aticle / The learners going through outcomes-based education (OBE) were expected to acquire skills which would help them to become critical thinkers, good workers and good citizens. However, this is not happening for learners in the Free State Goldfields' township schools, due to the unsuccessful implementation of OBE in these schools. The purpose of this study is to investigate why OBE is failing in the Free State Goldfields' township schools. In order to determine these reasons, a questionnaire was developed and administered on 183 educators from township primary schools in the Free State Goldfields. Focus group interviews were also conducted to confirm information collected through the questionnaire. Data collected was qualitatively analysed. It was found that the inadequate professional training received by educators, the poor home backgrounds of learners, illiteracy of parents, and a lack of adequate resources and facilities were the main reasons why the implementation of OBE was not succeeding in these schools. The re-training of the township school educators, the involvement of parents and the provision of resources may help to implement OBE more effectively in these schools.

The aim of the study was to analyse the survival strategies of the poor households in Boitumelo township. The research methodology used herein was two fold: Firstly, a literature research based on economic journals, previous research projects, books and internet was done in order to develop a better understanding of poverty. Secondly, an empirical research survey using questionnaires was undertaken. Over the years there have been competing theories which provide an understanding of poverty. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses. Poverty captures a wide range of meanings, depending on who is defining it. Although various technical solutions have been suggested for differentiating the poor and non-poor using the monetary approach, there is no theory of poverty that clearly differentiate the poor from the non-poor. The survey results showed that 41% of all households in Boitumelo are poor and on average have an income shortage of 63% to the poverty line. Poverty within the area has a gender bias as 76% of the poor are females. The large number of households below the poverty line provided ample opportunity for further analysis to find out about the activities that they use to sustain themselves. Being unemployed in government or manufacturing industries, the urban poor are compelled to create some sort of jobs for themselves. Street vending, odd jobs, gambling, seeking credit on exploitative terms, income from state welfare, begging for survival are just a few of the activities urban poor adopt to survive / Thesis (MCom (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

M. Ed.

M. Tech. (Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Research on apparel store choice and patronage has been widely studied locally and internationally. However, it is still important to understand consumers’ purchase behaviour and to develop appropriate retailing strategy. South Africa is currently experiencing a substantial growth in retail infrastructure especially in townships. Formal retailers are now expanding into township markets. Most of those retailers differentiated themselves from their competitors by developing a corporate identity, inter-alia through their store image. The purpose of the research was to examine apparel store selection criteria amongst black consumers in Soweto. In addition, this research examined the relationship between store satisfaction and loyalty. The literature review focuses on consumer behaviour variables and store image variables influential in store selection. The review was necessary to provide an overview of how consumers decide where, how and when to shop. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 489 respondents who were selected using non-probability convenience sampling. The sample size comprised sportswear apparel shoppers (blacks), both male and female, 18 years and older who patronised three shopping malls, namely Protea Gardens, Southgate, and Jabulani Mall. Data were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), mean rankings, the Mann Whitney U test, correlation analysis and regression. Six factors were found to be appropriate to capture the dimensions of store selection. These factors were labelled sales assistant, store atmospherics, store appeal (interior/exterior), in-store induced appeals, promotion/brand availability and store accessibility. Furthermore, the data obtained revealed a strong linear relationship between satisfaction and loyalty as well as significant relationship amongst the dimensions of store selection. Regression analysis revealed that promotion/brand availability and store satisfaction are strong predictors of loyalty. The Mann Whitney U test revealed no significant difference in the store choice dimensions between female and male respondents. The recommendations arising from the current study could help retailers understand what motivates shoppers to select one store amongst other stores. The identification of in-store and out-of-store activities that encourage consumers to stay store loyal, are critical to the success of retail businesses. Future studies may be extended on the purchase of other products apart from sportswear items.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / Water supply and sanitation remain a huge problem in townships and rural areas of South Africa, in effect affecting the water supply, hygiene and health of marginalized communities. Following democracy in 1994, South Africa’s new government embarked on a program of eradicating backlogs in water supply and sanitation that had become endemic under apartheid in townships and rural areas. In addition, South Africa’s constitution categorically states that every citizen has a right to a minimum of basic water supply and sanitation. Internationally, access to basic water supply and sanitation are fundamental human rights. Thus the South African government aims is to ensure that all South Africans have access to basic water and sanitation services. This study investigated the quantity and quality of water and how these effect sanitation and hygiene of communities using Walmer Township in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a case study. The study used a multi-pronged methodological approach including structured interviews with a sample of households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, observations and secondary information. Although the Walmer Community felt that they had access to sufficient quantity of water for their daily use and that the quality of the water was fine, the reality was that most households use less than the daily minimum amount of water per person as required in the constitution because of the distance where they have to fetch the water, which is too far to collect more water than they absolutely need. There is need for municipality to provide more stand pipes in order to reduce the distance that most households have to walk to fetch water. 80% of Walmer residents still use the bucket system, which is the issue that the community is more aggrieved about. One of the reasons the bucket system persists is the unplanned development of the Township and the type of dwellings (mostly shacks) that people still use. Also, the Township has grown and mushroomed organically as a result of the constant influx of people looking for better economic opportunities from rural areas or other urban areas. This makes it very difficult for the municipality to plan for and provide services and infrastructure as the Municipality is always playing catch-up. Worse still, the average number of people that use each bucket toilet (over 80) makes it extremely difficult to maintain the toilets clean and in functional and usable state at all times. Another problem is that the buckets, in particular those managed by the municipality, are not collected as scheduled resulting in spill-over of the toilets. Most of all, there are currently no clear arrangements around management and maintenance of the bucket toilets. Therefore the impact that the bucket system has on the residents’ health and hygiene, and the general Township environment is dire. The uncontrolled and continuing influx of people into Walmer Township has led to very high population density, with the average number of people per household up to ten. Most people of working age in these households are unemployed, which means that most households in the Township depend on social grants for survival. The high unemployment rate and dependency on social grants by most households in Walmer Township means that the community cannot afford to pay for services and therefore depend on amenities provided by the Municipality. The majority of the population of Walmer Township depends on basic services provided by the Municipality. These are provided as public amenities available to all Walmer residents, which makes them largely ‘open access’. This has resulted in poor management and poor maintenance of these amenities. The unhygienic state of most of the bucket toilets and the poor state of water stand taps is as a result of this current management arrangement. It would improve management of these public amenities if a system of locating stand taps and bucket toilets to specific households that could limit access and use to these defined groups of households was introduced. These households would then be responsible for maintaining and managing use of the specific and allocated amenities. The current management arrangements for these public amenities point to the fact that there is currently lack of participatory planning and management between the Municipality and the community. The Municipality takes top-down decisions resulting in disjuncture between the Municipality and the Community in terms of real community needs, provision of these needs, and how they should be serviced and managed.

A evolução da consciência ambientalista, edificada sobre movimentos mundiais com repercussão no Brasil, conduziu à adoção de princípios e normas que deram origem ao direito ambiental, setor jurídico que disciplina as relações do ser humano com o meio ambiente, enfocando, dentre todos os seus aspectos, os recursos naturais e, dentre eles, de forma especial, as águas doces. Observado o sistema federativo brasileiro, a partilha constitucional de competências adotada pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e o domínio dos recursos hídricos, partilhado entre a União e os Estados, o presente trabalho objetiva verificar se o município, dotado de ampla autonomia, com órgãos governamentais próprios e posse exclusiva de competências, tem poderes para efetuar o planejamento, a gestão e a tutela das águas doces. Analisados os princípios ambientais, as fontes formais e o complexo de normas jurídicas que informam o direito ambiental, com ênfase para a legislação, a doutrina e a jurisprudência concernentes aos recursos hídricos, conclui-se que o município tem um importante papel a desempenhar na proteção das águas doces, estando apto a legislar, fiscalizar e adotar providências que se insiram no contexto de predominância do interesse local, respeitadas as competências constitucionais e legais dos demais entes da federação, com os quais deverá agir em regime de cooperação para que seja efetivamente concretizado o tão almejado conceito de sustentabilidade ambiental. / The evolution of environmental awareness built on world movements with reflexes in Brazil led to the adoption of principles and rules which originated environmental rights, a legal field which establishes the human relations with the environment, focusing, amongst all their aspects, on natural resources and, among them, in a special way, on freshwater. The present work intends to verify if township, gifted of wide autonomy, with its governmental structure and exclusive competences, has enough power to plan, manage and protect the freshwater, observed the Brazilian Federative System, the constitutional sharing of competences adopted by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the control of water resources, shared between the Union and the States. Considering the environmental principles, the formal sources and the legal rules that support environmental rights, enphasizing legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence concerning water resources, it is conclusive in verifying that towns have an important role to play on the protection of fresh water, being able to legislate, guard and adopt measures qualified as of local interest, respecting the constitutional and legal competences of the other federation States and acting in cooperation to achieve environmental sustainability.

No abstract.

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The post apartheid Republic of South Africa experiences several economic challenges that need urgent attention. These economic challenges include poverty, unemployment, slowing economic growth, high supply of unskilled labour, skills shortages, and an ever-escalating crime rate amongst others. In an attempt to resolve these economic challenges, the South African Government targeted the SMME sector as an economic empowerment vehicle for historically disadvantaged individuals. This follows the evident role of SMMEs in the creation of employment opportunities, poverty alleviation and contribution to GDP, amongst others. Over the years after the dawn of democracy, public procurement has been used as a tool for local economic development. The South African Government has therefore recently emphasised the empowerment of Township SMMEs through state procurement. The purpose of the research was to investigate the extent to which sourcing strategies provide a mechanism for public sector SCM to empower Township SMMEs. The qualitative methodology was used to collect and analyse the data using the case study design. The research revealed that procurement opportunities can be provided to Township SMMEs through several appropriate sourcing strategies, and other procurement methods. Nonetheless, the research further revealed that there are constraints that may hinder the successful empowerment of Township SMMEs through the application of the identified sourcing strategies and procurement methods. Such constraints have to be taken into account and addressed to ensure that the objectives behind the empowerment of Township SMMEs are realised.