<p>Aim: The aim is to explore the Chinese way of marketing activities in township enterprises by linking the formation and implementation of marketing strategies and tactics with the impacts of environmental factors and contextual conditions. Specifically, the aims are:</p><p>- Identify the managers’ perceptions of their marketing environments;</p><p>- Explore how their perceptions of the environments shape the formation and implementation of the marketing strategies and tactics;</p><p>- Explore how social cultural values influence the marketing activities at these enterprises,</p><p>Method: Fieldwork was conducted in the summer 2007, at three enterprises in Fujian province in southern China. In depth case analysis was employed in this study. Interview guides, designed to learn their experience through their own words were used.</p><p>Result and Conclusion: The research reveals that unique Chinese social and cultural values are deeply ingrained in the three township enterprises’ marketing practices. It also reveals that a competitor centred orientation, competitive advantages based on low cost labour and marketing expansion, and an innovative imitation strategy are some of the characteristics of marketing practices.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: One of the disadvantages of a case-based approach is that it may be difficult to achieve generalizability. This research is also limited as it is focused on the three enterprises whose products all fell into consumer goods. Future research could also combine both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Such as looking at data on profits, return on assets and revenue we could also look to see the correlation between performance and market orientation of these types of enterprises.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: This research provides a reference frame for township enterprises to make their marketing decisions when they are involved in marketing circumstances similar to those presented in this research. Also, the findings may help global marketers to better understand township enterprises with whom they are competing or will compete in the Chinese market.</p>

<p>This is a study of the discourses of empowerment and disempowerment that emerge from the critical discourse analysis (CDA) of life-histories written by two classes of Grade 11 high school learners in a township school in Cape Town, South Africa. The line of argument presented by this thesis is that there are political, socio-economic, familial and institutional factors and the discourses that construct them which affect learners&rsquo / resilience.</p>

Aim: The aim is to explore the Chinese way of marketing activities in township enterprises by linking the formation and implementation of marketing strategies and tactics with the impacts of environmental factors and contextual conditions. Specifically, the aims are: - Identify the managers’ perceptions of their marketing environments; - Explore how their perceptions of the environments shape the formation and implementation of the marketing strategies and tactics; - Explore how social cultural values influence the marketing activities at these enterprises, Method: Fieldwork was conducted in the summer 2007, at three enterprises in Fujian province in southern China. In depth case analysis was employed in this study. Interview guides, designed to learn their experience through their own words were used. Result and Conclusion: The research reveals that unique Chinese social and cultural values are deeply ingrained in the three township enterprises’ marketing practices. It also reveals that a competitor centred orientation, competitive advantages based on low cost labour and marketing expansion, and an innovative imitation strategy are some of the characteristics of marketing practices. Suggestions for future research: One of the disadvantages of a case-based approach is that it may be difficult to achieve generalizability. This research is also limited as it is focused on the three enterprises whose products all fell into consumer goods. Future research could also combine both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Such as looking at data on profits, return on assets and revenue we could also look to see the correlation between performance and market orientation of these types of enterprises. Contribution of the thesis: This research provides a reference frame for township enterprises to make their marketing decisions when they are involved in marketing circumstances similar to those presented in this research. Also, the findings may help global marketers to better understand township enterprises with whom they are competing or will compete in the Chinese market.

Sammanfattning HIV/AIDS är en epidemi i Sydafrika och antalet kvinnor som lever med denna sjukdom ärhögre än män. Studiens frågeställningar var, att genom organisationsrepresentanterna ta reda på; vad berodde detta på, hur smittades dessa kvinnor och hur upplevde och hanterade de sin sjukdom. Vilken hjälp och stöd fick de för att de skulle kunna leva ett någorlunda normalt liv samt hur behandlades dessa kvinnor av omgivningen?  Studiens metod var en kvalitativ studie bestående av fem intervjuer med personer som arbetar med dessa kvinnor inom den frivilliga organisationen, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) i Kapstaden i Sydafrika.Vidare genomfördes en observationsstudie för att ge en ram för de genomförda intervjuerna. Studien visade att de olika kulturernas syn på kvinnor, kvinnornas ekonomiska beroende av sina män, männens sexvanor, fattigdom, våldtäkter och okunskap om sjukdomen var de faktorer som bidrog till att flest kvinnor än män blev smittade av HIV/AIDS. Genom TAC fick vi också kunskap om att HIV/AIDS var en stigmatiserad sjukdom vilket gjorde det svårt för vissa av dessa kvinnor att tala öppet om sin status vilket i sin tur gjorde att de inte kunde få hjälp, stöd, vård och medicinerig. Dessa kvinnor kunde bli misshandlade, stenade eller dödade på grund av sjukdomen, både av sina män och av andra i deras omgivning. Studien belyser även HIV/AIDS ur ett könsperspektiv eftersom det var fler kvinnor som smittades av sjukdomen.

In 2009 Ministry of Economic Affairs promoted Local Progressive Business District Programme, and the Department of Commerce of this ministry supervises the first Image Business for aboriginal, the Paiwan, in Sandimen Township. With regard to research motivation, the research project is designed to study this case to understand the marketing strategies of the Image Business District for aboriginals to match the purpose of bettering the current programme. The research consists of three main variables¡Xthe concept of local marketing strategies (including public participation, label strategies, promotion strategies, and chain strategies), the concept of the image business district (including official planning, the appearance of town, the characteristic of product, and festival), and the consumer¡¦s preference. In addition, this research is applied Delphi to carry out mock survey for the experts in the beginning to test the quality of questionnaire, and disseminate it to visitors to start off real survey later. Visitors to the Image Business District for aboriginal in Sandimen Township will be requested to fill in questionnaire, and this research disseminate 300 questionnaires, and 160 of them are returned. The percentage of questionnaires returning reaches 53.3%. This study employs the statistic software, SPSSI 12.0, to carry out Analysis Reliability, T test, One-Way ANOVA Analysis, and Regression Analysis, and the empirical results appear as following: 1. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, agree with public participation and promotion strategies, and accept the official planning as well. 2. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, agree with public participation and promotion strategies, and accept the appearance of town as well. 3. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, agree with label strategies, production strategies, and chain strategies, and accept the appearance of town as well. 4. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, agree with public participation, promotion strategies, label strategies, production strategies, and chain strategies, and accept and support festival better. 5. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, agree with the official planning, the appearance of town, and the characteristic of product, and accept consumer¡¦s preference better. 6. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, are categorised into different research groups by reason of their age, marital status, education, income, and occupation. No doubt, their different backgrounds are research variables. Furthermore, their attitudes toward the concept of local marketing strategies are various significantly. The hypothesis exists. 7. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, are categorised into different research groups by reason of their age, marital status, education, income, and occupation. No doubt, their different backgrounds are research variables. Furthermore, their attitudes toward the concept of image business district are various significantly. The hypothesis exists. 8. Visitors, who fill in questionnaire, are categorised into different research groups by reason of their age, marital status, education, income, and occupation. No doubt, their different backgrounds are research variables. Furthermore, their attitudes toward the consumer¡¦s preference are various significantly. The hypothesis exists.

Based on the theory of local state corporatism, the state-centered approach, which emphasizes the importance of state autonomy, was applied to explore the evolvement of rural industry. From the viewpoint of the relationship between state and society, the author explained why the local government and farmers were able to promote the development of Township Village Enterprises (TVEs) and rural economy in 1970s¡¦. Basically, the evolvement of rural industry in China was derived from the thinking of state industrialization and modernization. It has changed three times since the establishment of People¡¦s Republic of China. During the periods of Mao and Deng, though each change was due to the different situations or strategies, the fundamental philosophy were the same. The central government ¡¦s policy, the reform of rural economy, and the effective decision and control of local government were the major factors for the development of TVEs and the change of property system in 1980s¡¦. In short, local state corporatism was a makeshift device for the local government to control and divide resources with administrative powers to pursue desired political, economic and societal goals. It formed a system in which the cadres of the Communist Party, the officials of government, businessmen and farmers were united to achieve these goals. Under the autarchy of Chinese Communist Party, this kind of political-oriented economy reform in rural areas changed dramatically the interrelationship between state agents and social organizations and rebuilt a new model for such interactions. These experiences would have a great deal of implications for the underdevelopment countries of the third world.

Abstract This research will mainly study the Ping-Ling Freeway Plebiscite Act and the Ping-Ling County River and Fish Protection Act. The thesis adopts the logic of collective action and the analytic path of the resource mobilization theory and approval theory, which are derived from the collective action and social action theories. The research will further analyze the cause, process, effect and obstacles, of the Ping-Ling Plebiscite Action and River and Fish Protection Act. By observing the two actions, conclusions can then be drawn on the relationship between the regional collective action and the regional democracy. In the research, it is noted that a political elite, who is also an initiator, organizer as well as spokesperson, plays a significant role in the behavior of collective action. The Ping-Ling Plebiscite and the River and Fish Protection Act, with the leadership and power of the political elite added to hold, construct a systematic mechanism such as the Fish Protection Patrol Party. The politic elite will provide the residents theory discourse for use in participating collective action. Throughout the process of the regional residents participating in collective action, there will be great benefits to the democratic development in the region. From the process of actively participating in the regional affairs, the residents will develop new perspectives, and thus have positive on the development of regional civism. It is also discovered in the study that the factional structure of Ping-Ling County is gradually changing. The phenomenon of faction predominating the residents¡¦ power of political life is gradually diminishing. The residents now cast their votes based on the candidates¡¦ ability and contribution to the region and much less based on faction. It is shown that regional democracy can be radicated and practiced through collective action, and this can be a possible approach for every region¡¦s municipals push.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas gyventojų dalyvavimas Šiaulių miesto seniūnijų savivaldos sprendimų priėmimo procese. Tiriamą problemą apibūdina klausimas: kokios yra gyventojų dalyvavimo savivaldos sprendimų priėmimo procese praktinės galimybės? Šis darbas susideda iš įvado, trijų pagrindinių dalių, išvadų, aktyvinimo rekomendacijų, literatūros sąrašo bei priedų. Teorinėje dalyje pateikiama mokslinės literatūros šaltinių analizė, atskleidžianti gyventojų dalyvavimo savivaldoje sampratą bei formas. Taip pat pateikiama gyventojų dalyvavimą reglamentuojančios teisinės bazės analizė bei pristatomos praktiškai kasdieniniame gyvenime dažniausiai naudojamos dalyvavimo formos. Šioje dalyje atskleidžiama dalyvavimo savivaldoje praktika ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir užsienyje (Skandinavijos šalyse), pateikiamos pasyvumo bei menko dalyvavimo priežastys. Empirinėje dalyje pristatomi kiekybinio ir kokybinio tyrimo metu apklaustų 160 gyventojų bei 4 ekspertų nuomonių analizės rezultatai. Piliečių ir ekspertų vertinimai leidžia teigti, kad tiriamosiose vietovėse stokojama gyventojų ir valdžios bendravimo. Tyrimo metu identifikuota, kad piliečiams trūksta informacijos bei lyderio, įtraukiančio veikti. Ekspertų interviu metu nustatyta, kad valdžios atstovai nekomunikuoja tarpusavyje bei nėra suinteresuoti piliečių aktyvumo skatinimu. / Bachelor’s final paper analyses citizen participation in townships of the city of Šiauliai self-government decision-making process. The topic is difined by the question: what are the practical opportunities of citizen participation in self-government decision-making process? This work consists of introduction, three main parts, the findings, activation recommendations, references and annexes. Theoretical part of the paper gives analysis of the scientific literature, that drew the conception of citizen participation and it’s forms. It also gives analysis of legislative framework of citizen participation and presents most commonly used forms of participation in everyday life. This part presents practice of participation in self-governance not only in Lithuania, but also abroad (Scandinavia). Moreover, bachelor’s final paper introduces the reasons for inactivity and low participation rates. The empirical part presents analysis of the results of quantitative and qualitative study, which examined 160 citizen and 4 expert opinion. Citizen and expert assessments suggest that in tested area you can see a lack of public communication. The study identified the lack of information for citizens and a lack of leadership, integrating function. Furthermore, the expert interviews revealed that the authorities do not communicate with each other and are not interested in promoting active citizenship.

<p>This is a study of the discourses of empowerment and disempowerment that emerge from the critical discourse analysis (CDA) of life-histories written by two classes of Grade 11 high school learners in a township school in Cape Town, South Africa. The line of argument presented by this thesis is that there are political, socio-economic, familial and institutional factors and the discourses that construct them which affect learners&rsquo / resilience.</p>

In the field of architecture the socio-cultural factors have been deterministic in the formation of place, conditions within them and consequently, social relations. Sociologists, anthropologists and environmentalist have advocated that buildings are essentially social and cultural products - King (1980), Rapoport (1969; 1976; 1977) and Bartuska & Young (1994). Architecture that addresses the human socio-cultural factors has been advocated to make a significant contribution to human life; it fosters a sense of belonging, well being and involvement. South Africa has endured years of colonisation and apartheid ruling, this has also reflected on its built environment. It was planned and designed to communicate and reinforce the dominance of the ruling regime which thus transformed the local populace by incorporating them into their political, economic and social value systems. The political shift of 1994 has however (from apartheid to a democratic ruling state) facilitated a renewed interest in acknowledging peoples differences, their unique characteristics and celebrating the diverse nature of a heterogeneous society. The democratisation of South Africa has brought about a major shift in the social and cultural context of the society which in turn has affected the built environment and architecture. It is in this context that this study explores the nature of the transformation, its ideals and principles so to inform the making of environments that help uplift the populace and to integrate our multicultural society while simultaneously celebrating, facilitating and accommodating the diverse cultures of the groups within it. Thus as professionals involved in the design of the built environment, there is an urgent need to identify and understand the socio-culture of society due to the political shift in South Africa in order to orientate in the right direction towards playing a role in the democritisation of South Africa. Hence the topic: The role of architecture in the democritisation of South Africa. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.