A evolução da consciência ambientalista, edificada sobre movimentos mundiais com repercussão no Brasil, conduziu à adoção de princípios e normas que deram origem ao direito ambiental, setor jurídico que disciplina as relações do ser humano com o meio ambiente, enfocando, dentre todos os seus aspectos, os recursos naturais e, dentre eles, de forma especial, as águas doces. Observado o sistema federativo brasileiro, a partilha constitucional de competências adotada pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e o domínio dos recursos hídricos, partilhado entre a União e os Estados, o presente trabalho objetiva verificar se o município, dotado de ampla autonomia, com órgãos governamentais próprios e posse exclusiva de competências, tem poderes para efetuar o planejamento, a gestão e a tutela das águas doces. Analisados os princípios ambientais, as fontes formais e o complexo de normas jurídicas que informam o direito ambiental, com ênfase para a legislação, a doutrina e a jurisprudência concernentes aos recursos hídricos, conclui-se que o município tem um importante papel a desempenhar na proteção das águas doces, estando apto a legislar, fiscalizar e adotar providências que se insiram no contexto de predominância do interesse local, respeitadas as competências constitucionais e legais dos demais entes da federação, com os quais deverá agir em regime de cooperação para que seja efetivamente concretizado o tão almejado conceito de sustentabilidade ambiental. / The evolution of environmental awareness built on world movements with reflexes in Brazil led to the adoption of principles and rules which originated environmental rights, a legal field which establishes the human relations with the environment, focusing, amongst all their aspects, on natural resources and, among them, in a special way, on freshwater. The present work intends to verify if township, gifted of wide autonomy, with its governmental structure and exclusive competences, has enough power to plan, manage and protect the freshwater, observed the Brazilian Federative System, the constitutional sharing of competences adopted by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the control of water resources, shared between the Union and the States. Considering the environmental principles, the formal sources and the legal rules that support environmental rights, enphasizing legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence concerning water resources, it is conclusive in verifying that towns have an important role to play on the protection of fresh water, being able to legislate, guard and adopt measures qualified as of local interest, respecting the constitutional and legal competences of the other federation States and acting in cooperation to achieve environmental sustainability.

The following study situates itself within the Post-Modern, post-positivist epistemological paradigm that seeks to approach urban informality (and more appropriately, a-formality) within the South African township landscape, not as a problem to be solved, but rather as a generative manifestation of being – and the de facto restitution of prevailing urban inefficiencies engendered through applied Euclidean zoning practices. Specifically, the architectural complexities of urban informality as the embodiment of socio-cultural values, and the efficacy of these architectural complexities to manifest real change within the urban environment. Theories and methods of Smart Urbanism, Complexity Science, Urban Informality and Urban Morphology are investigated and applied as a means to understand this emerging architectural complexity as a physical manifestation of urban identity and its physical impact on the original urban fabric, given as empirical evidence. A qualitative empirical data collection, followed by qualitative, interpretive analyses of urban informality at various scales forms the basis of the research method. The neighbourhood consisting of the Khalambazo and White City Sections, in the African township of Mamelodi East, Gauteng, is utilised as a case study to critically analyse and document urban a-formality and emerging architectural complexity. As is discussed within the current study, complex agents of a-formality within the chosen study area are entities informed by contextualised, location-specific human relationships that are temporally and spatially interrelated with each other. Emergent complexity inherent in urban a-formality leads to context-specific multi-functional urban morphological alterations that contribute to urban transformation over time. Positive urban transformation is made possible through the generative adaptability of multi-functional localised complex agents over time. Therefore, Mamelodi East is a significant case study to understand our Post- Apartheid urban condition, from where we can learn to enact meaningful change that responds to the existing dialogues that have already been established. The analysis and documentation of urban informality within townships, as forms of complex emergence manifest in built form, can enable a deeper understanding not only of the new South African condition but also of the global human condition. / Dissertation (MArch)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Architecture / MArch (Research) / Unrestricted

This study aimed to investigate how township secondary schools manage the family-school partnership for purposes of enhancing the quality of teaching and learning in township schools. A literature search on related subjects was followed by an empirical study to address the study aim. A qualitative research approach, adopting a case study design, was used to investigate the perspectives and experiences of stakeholders in this key partnership (principals, teachers, and parents) and to examine the strategies the schools employed to manage it, the challenges they encountered in the process and the solutions they employed. Two principals, two deputy principals, seven parents and ten teachers from two township secondary schools in the Tshwane West District (Gauteng Department of Education (GDE)) took part in the research process. The study findings indicate that, despite the disadvantaged circumstances of township schools, it was possible to effectively manage successful family-school partnerships in these schools, provided that all major stakeholders (principals, teachers, and parents) were committed to the process. The study furthermore shows that an effective family-school partnership in township secondary schools depended largely on the ability of the school management team to create and facilitate initiatives that promote effective family-school partnerships. It was, however, also evident from the study findings that even the commitment of all stakeholders to the family-school partnership could not always overcome the challenges posed to an effective partnership. Pro-active engagement by the stakeholders was encouraged to overcome the problems that challenged the family-school partnership. Since lack of cooperation from parents appeared to be main cause of these challenges, it was imperative for the schools to find more creative ways of attracting parents to the school environment. Schools need to collaborate with those parents who are already actively involved and brainstorm with them on strategies for reaching non-involved parents and drawing them into the partnership too. Schools should also consider organising platforms to educate parents on rules of engagement with the school over their children. The findings of my study further revealed a lack of formal policy on the partnership between school and family. Education policymakers therefore need to consider the formulation of a clear policy on the family-school partnership that will serve as a toolkit for schools in their engagement with families about the education of their children. Moreover, since I found that most parents were unable to assist their children with schoolwork at home, due to the ambiguity of the curriculum. Policymakers should consider introducing a curriculum handbook for parents on each subject and design it in such a simplified format that any average parent can relate with the content. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria 2020. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

A dissertation of limited scope submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Center for Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 1998. / This study has been designed to investigate the detrimental effects that may result from the minimal provision of recreation facilities for the youth in Umlazi The theme that has been addressed by the study is: "The constant growth of anti-social behaviour among the black youth in black townships is associated with the lack or neglect of provision, location and accessibility of recreation facilities and programmes in these townships'". The study, therefore, seeks to inform stake holders who provide youth recreation opportunities about the role that recreation participation plays in positively contributing to youth character building. More than one tool has been employed in the study for the collecting the data. These tools are questionnaires, interviews, field observation and available data. For soliciting the information about the youth's recreation participation and their opinions towards the provision of recreation facilities and programmes in Umlazi, questionnaires were used (n =226). Other methods mentioned above assisted the researcher in collecting data pertaining to the Umlazi youth total population, the number of provided recreation facilities, as well as the types of recreation programmes that are found in Umlazi. The collected data were manually analyzed using the available statistical methods of analyzing data. The operational hypotheses of the study are: (a) The inadequate provision of recreation facilities for the youth in the Umlazi township has a negative impact on their behaviour; and (b) The lack of recreation programmes for the youth ofUmlazi township leads to the youth neglecting the existing recreation facilities. The study has 6 chapters. The first four chapters of the study orientates the reader about the research, its rationale and significance; the theory behind research of this nature; the history, and the present state of affairs of the provision of recreation facilities and programmes in the study area; and the detailed discussion of the methods that the study has employed in the collection and analysis of data. In chapter five the actual analysis and interpretation of data is fully treated. The last chapter, chapter six an overall summary, a conclusion and recommendations of the study are presented. The broad findings of the research are the following: (a) The youth like to participate in multi-faceted recreation activities but the recreation facilities and programmes in Umlazi are unavailable; and (b) The provision of "new" recreation facilities for the youth in Umlazi must be accompanied by relevant recreation programmes. The availability of these recreation programmes will ensure the correct and constant usage of the recreation facilities. The recommendations that are presented by the study take into consideration the following: (a) For the provision of recreation facilities and programmes in Umlazi, a needs survey to be conducted among the youth is needed; (b) A recreation office manned by qualified and experienced staff to see to it that youth recreation programmes that are relevant to the needs of the youth are being conducted must be established in Umlazi or in the Durban South Central Local Council. (c) The location of recreation facilities and programmes must take into consideration accessibility to the clientele intended to be served; and (d) Private agencies as providers of recreation opportunities and facilities must be encouraged to invest in the recreation field in Umlazi. The study implies that the once neglected field of the youth recreation among the blacks must be re-addressed. In re-addressing this field thorough surveys need to be conducted about the clientele needs, and how these needs must be addressed using the basic economic principle of demand and supply. / Centre for Science Development in South Africa

<p> This study examines 43 farms in Seneca Township, and considers a number of social and economic factors which may influence farm management and levels of farm performance. </p> <p> A model of the farm manager is formulated to serve as a basic research directive. Data are obtained by means of farm interviews. Multiple regression analysis is used to estimate a standard production function, and to group farmers into performance categories, on the basis of production function residuals. Farmers of each performance group are compared in terms of relevant biographical characteristics, attitudes, farm decisions, and pertinent farm practices. </p> <p> It is concluded that major variations in farm performance can be explained in terms of differences among farmers in personal and family aspirations, differences in past and present economic opportunities, and differences in the extent to which farm adjustment and equilibrium levels of production have been achieved. </p> <p> Little evidence was found of important differences in managerial competence among full-time farmers. </p> <p> Location with respect to soil type, and associated differences in cost-return ratios appear to have some bearing upon the investment behaviour of farmers. This question however, warrants further investigation. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No abstract provided. / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc) / The thesis is divided into two main sections. In the first section an attempt is made to describe the physical geography of the Bromley township and to show interrelationships between various phenomena. The second section gives an account of the activities of man upon this physical background. Field work was carried out in the township during the week of September 12 to 17, 1955, with the assistance of Dr. Thompson and Mr. Wood of the Department of Geography of McMaster University, and Mr. McLeod of the University of Toronto. Material was gathered also from the library and from aerial photographs, soil maps, and other sources.

From the Introduction: "The distribution of fruit in the Fonthill area will be examined and an explanation attempted in terms of the physical environment, economic condition and other criteria affecting the farmers' land-use decision." / An abstract is not provided. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

<p> The Buffalo Mine, located in Heyson Township, Red Lake, consists of quartz-tourmaline veins in a grandiorite. An alteration halo, consisting of andesine feldspar, quartz, calcite, with minor tourmaline, zircon, and opaques, is seen surrounding the veins. Opaque minerals consists of pyrite and hematite. Possible Na - overgrowths of the Plagioclase are seen , as well as complete destruction of the mafic minerals. </p> <p> Geochemistry shows that the wall-rock alteration involves the breakdown of Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Na, and K . Si and Al remain fairly constant, while Na and Ca increase and Fe, Mg, and K decrease in abundance. There has been a sufficient input of CO2 to precipitate calcite, as well as Enough sulfur to form pyrite. </p> <p> The initial hydrothermal solutions were high temperature NaCl solutions, enriched in boron and containing some CO2 . The fluids were likely oxidizing and had a neutral pH. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

No abstract provided. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

This paper was written to explain the conditions existing in Barton Township and to show the relationship existing between the township and the city of Hamilton. The problem was attacked from a land utilization angle. The land utilization map of Barton was produced in January 1950, after an extensive and careful field survey during the Fall of 1949. The physical geography of the township and the surrounding area is described. The historical geography is given because the author believes the historical forces must be recognized in any study of settlement. That part of Hamilton, lying along the top of the escarpment (Mount Hamilton) was included in the physical and historical setting because of its proximity and connection with the area under investigation. Hamilton’s southern city limit is 100 feet south of Fennel Avenue but for obvious purposes, the centre of the Avenue was taken for the boundary line between the city and the township. The main body of the paper reveals the close interrelationships between the city and the township. It is a good example of how a city does not terminate abruptly at its boundaries. This close connection between the city and its contiguous rural municipalities has created an urgent need for planning on a regional basis. Regional planning, if instigated, would help to regulate the future growth within the township and the encroachment of the city on the township. Agriculture and suburban developments would then be on a much sounder foundation. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)