Yes / There’s much to unpack regarding the legacy of Indiana Jones and the rest of the archaeological adventure genre, particularly regarding the way these stories perpetuate colonialist and Orientalist thought. But popular culture has also presented a view of archaeology steeped in toxic masculinity, a view that bolsters both sexism and ableism within the discipline.

Maria McCann paints a dark picture of masculinity and its effects in her novel As Meat Loves Salt (2001). The violent Jacob Cullen struggles with his masculinity as he faces the intricacies of religion, sexuality and politics in the midst of the English Civil War where he falls in love with fellow soldier Christopher Ferris. By using R.W. Connell and James Messerschmidt’s framework for the hierarchy of masculinities, I explore masculinities on local, regional and global levels and emphasized femininity in a close reading of McCann’s novel. My aim is not only to analyse the masculinities of the novel but also to use the framework to redefine toxic masculinity in order to make it a useable concept when analysing masculinities in literature. I redefine toxic masculinity because it lacks a clear definition anchored in an established framework used to study masculinity that does not see masculinity as inherently toxic. I believe that anchoring it to Connell and Messerschmidt’s framework will make it a useable concept. Due to the novel’s relationship to the Bible, I will use masculinity studies done on David and Jesus from the Bible to compare and reveal similarities with the masculinities in the novel, how they appear on the local, regional and global levels in the novel and its effects. I draw parallels between the love story in As Meat Loves Salt to the love story of David and Jonathan in the Bible by using queer readings of David and Jonathan in order to explore how masculinity affects the relationships and how the novel uses these two love stories as a study of toxic masculinity and how it relates it to hegemonic masculinity.

Background: Gaming has emerged from a niche industry to a major global player making billions of dollars in revenue year after year. Many companies and industries alike are taking note of the increasing prominence and investing into the market. However, historically there have been many issues with diversity and inclusion due to the gaming and technology sphere largely being recognized as a male space. A phenomenon has been occurring of women carving out their own gaming spaces into cyberbalkanized communities to avoid gendered discrimination and harassment. Purpose: Research has been conducted on the topic of gender in esports and gaming by many academics but there is still room for further studies as many areas have not been explored. Limited studies have been conducted on female gaming organizations. Therefore, this study seeks to determine if women have a perception of value in relation to these organizations. Method: The method selected was a qualitative method to further explore this issue. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the perceptions of Swedish gamers on the topic of female gaming organizations. Thematic analysis was guided. Conclusion: The results show that while some of the previous criticisms are deemed applicable to this phenomenon, there continues to be a need for female organizations as they provide great resources to female gamers. Many are holding out hope that they will become unnecessary in the future but agree that they still hold value.

The study intends to investigate the manifestation of power and patriarchy among Armenian marriage and household traditions and customs which have their role in the process of marginalising women. The construal how the marriage traditions and customs define gender roles and trigger gender inequality in Armenian context is discussed. Culture and society and traditions have an enormous impact on defining gender roles in Armenia. Armenians throughout history have been strongly influenced by cultural messages concerning gender roles and family influence. People both at subconscious or conscious level, take in the cultural perceptions. While the country is going through globalisation processes and becoming more and more exposed to foreign influences, conventional gender stereotypes, and patriarchal systems are still deeply rooted and prevalent in all spheres of social life, and the institution of marriage is one of the most striking among them. The research will illustrate how the culture, through institution of marriage, shapes compound power relations which lead to inequality and marginalisation of Armenian women in domestic sphere. Institution of marriage itself, all over the world, historically has been deeply rooted in patriarchal values, customs and traditions. Despite the fact that nowadays,...

This essay argues that the patriarchy is pervasive throughout George Orwell’s novella Animal Farm. By providing examples of narrative events and character actions, the essay aims to make evident the ways in which the patriarchy is represented throughout the novella. The concept of patriarchy is defined, and characters and events that take place within the narrative of Animal Farm are analyzed through the lens of traditional gender roles and toxic masculinity. Both male and female characters are included to present the ways in which society in Animal Farm is patriarchal and the essay argues that the presence of the patriarchy pervades the narrative. The presence of patriarchal structures can be seen throughout the narrative, including characters, character’s actions and how events are portrayed. To conclude, discussing the novella from a feminist theoretical perspective is good for understanding the work in a way that is different from most other analyses in academia and this essay argues that the patriarchy indeed is present throughout the narrative of Animal Farm.

Temat för uppsatsen är toxic masculinity. Problemområdet är visualisering och uppfattning om toxic masculinity i film. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera genusstyrd makt, kamerans roll och icke-verbal kommunikation från en karaktär präglad av toxic masculinity i tv-serien Euphoria. Syftet är att ge nya synpunkter till problemområdet visualisering av toxic masculinity i film, och synliggöra problemet med detta fenomen. Teori om maskulinitet, genusstryd makt, attraktivitet, kamerans roll och icke-verbal kommunikation presenteras. Uppsatsen är en filmanalys med genusperspektiv där toxic masculinity undersöks genom kvalitativ metod, då det finns strukturerat insamlat material som tolkas teoretiskt. Material för uppsatsen är taget ur HBOs tv-serie Euphoria. Analysen baserar sig på granskning av utvalda scener ur tv-serien, där materialet sedan läggs mot den teoretiska referensram som presenterats tidigare i studien. Frågeställningen besvaras genom analysens resultat att kamerans placering, fysiskt uppträdande, våldsamt beteende, karaktärsuppbyggnad och andras reaktioner tydligt betonar karaktärens toxiska beteende i Euphoria. Ovannämnda filmtekniska grepp medför att karaktären visar ett starkt beteendemönster av toxic masculinity. Man kan hävda att detta är gjort för att överdrivet tydliggöra ett toxic masculinity beteende som samhällen vill röra sig bort från. / The theme of the essay is toxic masculinity. The problem area is visualization and perception of toxic masculinity in film. The aim of the thesis is to study gender-controlled power, the role of the camera and non-verbal communication from a toxic masculinity character in the TV series Euphoria. The purpose is to give new views on the problem area visualization of toxic masculinity in film, and to highlight the problem of toxic masculinity. Theory of masculinity, gender power, attractiveness, the role of the camera and non-verbal communication are presented. The thesis is a film analysis with a gender perspective where toxic masculinity is investigated by qualitative method when there is structured collected material that is interpreted theoretically. Material for the essay is taken from HBO's TV series Euphoria. The analysis is based on reviewing selected scenes from the television series, the material being placed against the theoretical frame of reference presented earlier in the study. The question is answered through the results of the analysis that the camera's location, physical behavior, violent behavior, character structure and the reactions of others clearly emphasize the character's toxic behavior in Euphoria. The film-technical grips mentioned above prove that the character is perceived as an obnoxious toxic masculinity. It can be argued that this is done to show the bad toxic masculinity behavior societies want to move away from.

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Emerging in the 1970s, the White Nationalist movement resurfaced in the late 2010s with the election of President Donald J. Trump. This far-right White supremacist movement is a breeding ground for domestic terrorist groups, and lone-wolf attackers. White Nationalism is predicated on the belief in White racial superiority and the belief that White people need a racial homeland in order to survive. Originally sparked as part of the White backlash to the Civil Rights movements and Black Power movements of the 50s and 60s, the ideas that animate this racialist movement go back even further. Analyzing the trajectory of White supremacist ideas and violent White Nationalist groups since before the 1970s is vital for understanding the re-emergence of the White Nationalist movement and the real political impacts this ideology is having in early twenty-first century American society. This thesis seeks to understand this re-emergence by analyzing how White Nationalist thought has evolved, and the ways that White Nationalist groups use gender-based appeals to recruit members and promote their ideology. This movement and its ideology have been attractive to disaffected White men who believe that society has passed them by and who may be experiencing what scholars have called a "crisis of masculinity." This thesis will examine how the White Nationalist movement has used the concept of masculinity in its publications, literature, and counter-media. The White Nationalist movement relies on propaganda that promotes the idea that the White race is in danger of going extinct, and that the White race needs saviours and protectors. In this way White Nationalist propaganda makes appeals to the manhood of their target audience while also promoting racial animosity and hatred. Their propaganda also relies upon scapegoating and the demonization of "others." This movement has been growing since the 1970s and has become influential due to the success of White Nationalist groups using the Internet to promulgate their ideas. This thesis seeks to understand the history of this radical ideology and the ways that this movement has used appeals to masculine identity to reach new adherents.

This study aims to understand the relationship between masculinity and the endorsement of attitudes towards guns and violence and aggressive fantasies. I examine threatened masculinity and masculine gender role stress in addition to a newly developed measure, which assesses traits associated with incels, who believe that social liberalism, feminism, and more sexually active men (“Chads”) are to blame for their lack of sex with women. Incels are largely a disorganized group of men interacting online, but a few self-identifying members have been associated with a number of mass violence events in recent years. The data were constructed from an original self-report survey distributed to men aged 18 to 30 years old, the group most responsible for violence against women and mass violence. I hypothesize that men who perceive that men are losing status as a group (status threat) (1), who feel less acceptance as members of that category (acceptance threat) (2), or who exhibit incel traits (3) are more likely to (a) approve of guns, violence, and aggression, and (b) exhibit aggressive fantasies. This study’s findings support three hypotheses: status threat is positively associated with an approval of guns and violence; acceptance threat is positively associated with approval of guns, violence, and aggressive fantasies; and incel traits are positively associated with aggressive fantasies. Men who experience status or acceptance threat or share incel traits exemplify issues of toxicity present in masculinity today. Their support for gun use, violence and aggressive fantasies further show the connection between male insecurity, aggressive attitudes, and fantasizing about violence. / M.S. / This study aims to understand the relationship between masculinity and the endorsement of attitudes towards guns and violence and aggressive fantasies. I examine masculinity and feelings of threat in addition to a newly developed measure, which assesses traits associated with incels (“involuntary celibates”), who believe that social liberalism, feminism, and more sexually active men are to blame for their lack of sex with women. Incels are largely a disorganized group of men interacting online, but a few self-identifying members have been associated with a number of mass violence events in recent years. The data were constructed from a survey distributed to men aged 18 to 30 years old, the group most responsible for violence against women and mass violence. I hypothesize that men who perceive that men are losing status as a group (1), who feel less acceptance as members of that category (2), or who exhibit incel traits (3) are more likely to (a) approve of guns, violence, and aggression, and (b) exhibit aggressive fantasies. This study’s findings support three hypotheses: feelings of group status loss are positively associated with an approval of guns and violence; stress in one’s masculine gender role is positively associated with approval of guns, violence, and aggressive fantasies; and incel traits are positively associated with aggressive fantasies. Their support for gun use, violence and aggressive fantasies further show the connection between male insecurity, aggressive attitudes, and fantasizing about violence.

This essay argues that while the main character in The Outsiders challenges the norms of toxic masculinity on a surface level, his decision to continue fighting for his gang, the greasers, actually reinforces the stereotypical view that violence is connected to masculinity. Furthermore, it is argued that studying The Outsiders in a Swedish EFL classroom can promote critical thinking and knowledge of issues connected to gender through using empathetic reading.  Empathetic reading is a way to read carefully to gain new perspectives in order to discuss and criticize the text. Even though the term toxic masculinity assumes a healthy/harmful binary, it is needed since the power dynamics that sustain gender inequality remain. Recent events in the Western world, such as the #Metoo movement and Trumpism, are just a couple of examples of how power dynamics are showing through gender discrimination and sexual harassment. However, gender can be a sensitive subject in lower secondary EFL classrooms, and by focusing on being empathetic towards how others express gender may lessen the pressure of speaking about gender subjectively.