Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and/or selenium (Se) on the humoral immune response of weaned steers fed diets deficient in these minerals. Steers were bled weekly for eight weeks to measure plasma mineral levels. Humoral immune response was measured as antibody response to Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) over seven weeks of the trials. Steers were injected with 0.5 ml KLH vaccine on weeks 2 and 5 of the Zn study. Ten steers (5 per treatment) were randomly assigned to either a Zn supplemented (z), 3.25 ml injectable zinc-oxide suspension (100 mg/ml oil) or a control (c) treatment. Plasma Zn was maintained at higher (P<.05) levels in supplemented steers from week 3 through week 8. Humoral immune response was not different (P>.10) between treatments. In 1988, 20 steers were stratified by weaning weight and randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) Injectable Se 1 ml Mu-Se/ 90.9 kg body weight, 2) Injectable Molycu 2 ml, 3) control, or 4) Se + Cu. Plasma Cu was higher (P<.05) in treatments 2 and 4 from week 2 through 8. Steers were injected with 0.5 ml of KLH vaccine on weeks 2 and 6. Immune response was not different (P>.10) between Cu supplemented steers and other treatments. Plasma Se was higher (P<.05) in treatment 1 as compared to 2 and 3, but not different (P>.10) from 4. Immune response was highest (P<.05) in treatment 1 with others not different(P>.10). In 1990, a second trial was conducted with 48 steers stratified by weight and randomly assigned to one of the same four treatments. Plasma Cu was higher (P<.05) on week 3 for both groups receiving Cu. Plasma Se was higher (P<.05) on weeks 2 through 5 for both groups receiving Se. Humoral immune response was higher (P<.05) on weeks 7 and 8 for both groups receiving Se. Humoral immune response was uneffected by Zn status of weaned beef steers. Selenium had a positive effect and Cu had no effect on humoral immune response of weaned beef steers. Copper also tended (P=.07) to reduce the positive response from Se. / Graduation date: 1991

Range expansion events of the Humboldt squid reveal our inadequate understanding of populations of this species. Despite recent hatching, reproductive, tagging, genetic and dietary studies of Dosidicus gigas, much speculation remains concerning geographic migration, stock assessment and habitat preferences. This study provides evidence that statolith trace elemental variations can be useful in distinguishing among geographic populations. Specimens were collected from the Galapagos Islands, southern California, and Washington State. A dissection method was recorded and published. By using laser ablation methods, discrete measurements of 10 elements were collected at 6 to 7 ablation sites covering embryonic, paralarval, juvenile and adult stages. Analysis of Variance revealed important ontogenic elemental variations among ablation locations. Multivariate Analysis of Variance, ordination techniques and discriminant function analysis with permutation testing were all utilized to compare and characterize the variations found in elemental concentrations. Significant ontogenic variations were found for 8 out of the 10 focus elements; this is the first report for 5 of these elements for this species. The geographic populations were effectively classified as distinct group for the first time using these methods. Elemental fingerprint signatures were found to be significantly different at multiple ontogenic growth regions of the statolith. Seattle and California paralarvae exhibited similar elemental signatures despite significant differences in those found in the embryonic core and juvenile regions of the statolith. These methods are a useful tool in providing stock assessment and can be improved for use in future population dynamics models.

This thesis described the results of two studies that measured the concentrations of serum micronutrients in western Canadian beef cows at key production points, and examined associations between reproductive outcomes and micronutrient concentrations. The first study reported the serum copper and molybdenum concentrations at pregnancy testing time in cows from 66 cow-calf herds that were enrolled in a study of factors affecting productivity in 205 herds from western Canada. A relatively small proportion of cows had serum copper and molybdenum concentrations outside of adequate levels (16.2% of cows had below adequate serum copper, < 0.60 ppm; 12% of cows had high serum molybdenum, > 0.10 ppm). There were no associations between copper and molybdenum concentrations measured at the end of the grazing season and reproductive outcomes measured in these cows, with the exception that cows with the lowest serum copper concentrations at pregnancy testing were more likely to be pregnant than cows with higher copper concentrations. The practice of comparing serum copper and molybdenum concentrations between pregnant and non-pregnant animals in the fall as a tool in investigating poor pregnancy rates was not supported by this study. In the second study, serum micronutrient concentrations of beef cows (n = 791) in southern Saskatchewan were measured before placement onto summer grazing and breeding pastures and again at the end of the grazing season. Pre-breeding serum copper concentrations were less than adequate (< 0.60 ppm) in 75% of cows. High concentrations of serum molybdenum (d 0.10 ppm) were present in 19% of cows at pre-breeding. Cows < 10 years of age with lower pre-breeding serum copper concentrations were at increased odds of nonpregnancy. The greatest effect on pregnancy rates was observed for pre-breeding serum copper concentrations < 0.4 ppm. Season of measurement influenced the concentrations of serum micronutrients in these cows. Copper and vitamins A and E were higher in the fall, and molybdenum and selenium concentrations were lower in the fall. These studies described serum micronutrient concentrations from healthy cows in western Canada at two production points, pre-breeding placement onto grazing pastures and pregnancy testing when cows are removed from grazing pasture. Identifying increased odds of nonpregnancy in cows with below adequate serum copper at pre-breeding emphasizes the importance of ensuring adequate copper concentrations in breeding females during this critical production phase.

Around 1990, Arthur proved a local (ordinary) trace formula for real or p-adic connected reductive groups. The local trace formula is a powerful tool in the local harmonic analysis of reductive groups. One of the aims of this thesis is to establish a local twisted trace formula for certain non-connected reductive groups, which is a twisted version of Arthur’s local trace formula. As an application of the local twisted trace formula, we will prove some twisted orthogonality relations, which are generalizations of Arthur’s results about orthogonality relations for tempered elliptic characters. To establish these relations, we will also give a classification of twisted elliptic representations.

This work is a compilation of ideas intended as a framework for an alternative approach to engaging ‘site’ in the design process, an approach that maintains and explores the complexities and subtleties of a landscape, of a place. Through two parallel explorations - one that considers an expanded and inclusive interpretation of landscape as the frame through which we engage with, and design, our surroundings, and one that examines the specific nature of this engagement as exchange between the self and the milieu - such an approach has been developed. This approach is called RECONNAISSANCE. Through encouragement of explicit, conscious consideration of how we perceive and experience a landscape, how this contributes to an understanding of a particular place and how this relates to and informs the practice of landscape architecture (both the process and the outcome), RECONNAISSANCE contributes to a strengthening of our abilities and actions as landscape architects. / February 2008

The Saint-Urbain and Big Island rutile-bearing ilmenite Fe-Ti oxide deposits are located in the composite 450 km² Saint-Urbain anorthosite (1055-1046 Ma, U-Pb zircon) and in the Lac Allard intrusion (1057-1062 Ma, U-Pb zircon) of the 11,000 km² Havre-Saint Pierre anorthosite suite, respectively, in the Grenville Province of Eastern Canada. Slow cooling rates of 3-4°C/m.y. are estimated for both anorthosites, based on combined U-Pb zircon/rutile/apatite and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹ Ar biotite/plagioclase geochronology, and resulted from emplacement during the active Ottawan Orogeny. Slow cooling facilitated (1) diffusion of Zr from ilmenite and rutile, producing thin (10-100 microns) zircon rims on these minerals, and (2) formation of sapphirine via sub-so lidus reactions of the type: spinel + orthopyroxene + rutile ± corundum → sapphirine + ilmenite. New chemical and analytical methods were developed to determine the trace element concentrations and Hf isotopic compositions of Ti-based oxides. Rutile is a magmatic phase in the deposits with minimum crystallization temperatures of 781°C to 1016°C, calculated by Zr-in rutile thermometry. Ilmenite present in rutile-free samples has higher Xhem (hematite proportion in ilmenite), higher high field strength element concentrations (Xhem = 30-17; Nb = 16.1-30.5 ppm; Ta 1.28-1.70 ppm), and crystallized at higher temperatures than ilmenite with more fractionated compositions (Xhem = 21-11; Nb = 1.36-3.11 ppm; Ta = <0.18 ppm) from rutile-bearing rocks. The oxide deposits formed by density segregation and accumulation at the bottom of magma reservoirs, in conditions closed to oxygen, from magmas enriched in Fe and Ti. The initial ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷ Hf of rutile and ilmenite (Saint Urbain [SU] = 0.28219-0.28227, Big Island [BI] = 0.28218-0.28222), and the initial Pb isotopic ratios (e.g.²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴ Pb: SU = 17.134-17.164, BI = 17.012-17.036) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr (SU = 0.70399-0.70532, BI = 0.70412-0.70427) of plagioclase from the deposits overlap with the initial isotopic ratios of ilmenite and plagioclase from each host anorthosite, which indicates that they have common parent magmas and sources. The parent magmas were derived from a relatively depleted mantle reservoir that appears to be the primary source of all Grenvillian anorthosite massifs and existed for --600 m.y. along the margin of Laurentia during the Proterozoic.

Certaines études suggèrent que la forme chimique et la taille des particules de béryllium aient un rôle important à jouer sur sa toxicité. Le but principal du projet est de développer et valider des méthodes fiables, ayant des limites de détection au niveau d'ultra-trace, pour permettre d'analyser de faibles teneurs en béryllium dans différentes matrices biologiques. Cette étude s'inscrit dans un projet plus large où des souris ont été exposées par inhalation au Be (métal), BeO et BeAI (250 µg/m³, 6 h par jour, 14 jours). Les tissus et liquides biologiques suivants ont été prélevés sur les souris: sang, foie, poumon, rate et rein. Ils ont été digérés par une méthode, dans le cas des particules de Be (métal) et de BeAI, ou par une autre méthode, dans le cas de BeO. La méthode pour Be (métal) et BeAI consiste en une digestion humide avec un mélange (3:1) d'acide nitrique et perchlorique, tandis que la méthode pour BeO requiert l'ajout supplémentaire d'acide sulfurique. Les échantillons ont été analysés par ICP-MS avec le 6Li comme étalon interne. Les limites de détection méthodologiques ont été évaluées individuellement pour chaque matrice et chaque méthode. La limite de détection analytique moyenne est de 2 pg/mL en solution, ce qui correspond à l'équivalent de 0,02 ng/g de tissus biologiques. Dans le sang, elle est équivalente à 0,03 ng/mL. L'exactitude des méthodes a été confirmée à l'aide de matériel de référence certifié. Des méthodes fiables ont donc été développées, validées et ont des limites de détection parmi les meilleures de la littérature. Ces méthodes ont été utilisées pour évaluer la distribution du béryllium dans les différentes matrices biologiques en fonction de l'espèce chimique et de la taille des particules. Tel qu'attendu, les résultats toxicologiques ont démontré que la taille et la nature des particules de béryllium a une influence sur sa distribution dans l'organisme. Les méthodes développées ont démontré une sensibilité adéquate pour la grande majorité des échantillons analysés, démontrant ainsi leur efficacité face aux objectifs désirés du projet. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Béryllium, Digestion acide, Matrice biologique, ICP-MS, Ultra-trace.

Haskell is a lazy functional language with a strong static type system and excellent support for parallel programming. The language features of Haskell make it easier to write correct and maintainable programs, but execution speed often suffers from the high levels of abstraction. While much past research focuses on high-level optimizations that take advantage of the functional properties of Haskell, relatively little attention has been paid to the optimization opportunities in the low-level imperative code generated during translation to machine code. One problem with current low-level optimizations is that their effectiveness is limited by the obscured control flow caused by Haskell's high-level abstractions. My thesis is that trace-based optimization techniques can be used to improve the effectiveness of low-level optimizations for Haskell programs. I claim three unique contributions in this work. The first contribution is to expose some properties of low-level Haskell codes by looking at the mix of operations performed by the selected benchmark codes and comparing them to the low-level codes coming from traditional programming languages. The low-level measurements reveal that the control flow is obscured by indirect jumps caused by the implementation of lazy evaluation, higher-order functions, and the separately managed stacks used by Haskell programs. My second contribution is a study on the effectiveness of a dynamic binary trace-based optimizer running on Haskell programs. My results show that while viable program traces frequently occur in Haskell programs the overhead associated with maintaing the traces in a dynamic optimization system outweigh the benefits we get from running the traces. To reduce the runtime overheads, I explore a way to find traces in a separate profiling step. My final contribution is to build and evaluate a static trace-based optimizer for Haskell programs. The static optimizer uses profiling data to find traces in a Haskell program and then restructures the code around the traces to increase the scope available to the low-level optimizer. My results show that we can successfully build traces in Haskell programs, and the optimized code yields a speedup over existing low-level optimizers of up to 86% with an average speedup of 5% across 32 benchmarks.

Life is to be lived, savoured and engaged. Photography gives us permission to do that – to stop and simply look at something. As we hurry on with our day, it says, “Wait - over there! Look at that! Look how great that is!” If we stop to consider what we see, the looking may help restore our appreciation for the world around us. Photography, at its beginning, struggled with category; was it science or art, or was it something else? Once named photography – writing with light – we could place the craft among familiar practices of inscription such as writing and drawing. Unlike drawing and other forms of representation, however, as a trace photography constructs a direct and necessary relationship with its referent (its ostensible subject, if you will), creating a new set of questions and experiences. This condition is key to photography’s power, and the reason photography is a principle tool in modern-day story telling, and the culture of information. Why do we take pictures? What is it about photographs that intrigues and seduces us? What does photography have to offer architecture? Each time we take a picture we create a duplicate of experience, a duplicate that will exist unchanged. We create a second stream of existence for ourselves and immortalize a part of us. By doing so, we also give ourselves the opportunity and permission to return to that moment, and all that we associate with it, and to experience it again. The photographs we take and the photographs we see influence our experience. Photographic life is not found within the chaos of the world. It resides in fragments, millions of them, framed, cut off from any context. These pictures present us with evidence of moments, places and events. With them we can navigate the world in silence. And while the camera cannot be denied its objectivity, each photographer has a unique position, a developed opinion, and a personal practice; each photographer chooses what to show, and what to deny. Photographers select evidence to share with the world; as viewers we find our own meanings to the photographs that we see. We see texture, pattern, and forms created in light and shadow. We see a rhythm and episode and form we previously overlooked. When a photograph is successful, when there is some coincidence in the common relationship between photographer and viewer, via the photograph, that photograph becomes a site of experience.

This is a M. Eng. degree project at Uppsala University carried out at the Forsmark nuclear power plant in Sweden. The purpose of it is to compare the two codes RELAP5 and TRACE during transient changes in mass flow against experiment. The change in mass flow will create a pressure wave and generate pipe loads. RELAP5 is a transient analysis code used to model thermal hydraulic systems. TRACE is an effort to combine the previous codes TRAC-B, TRAC-P, RAMONA and RELAP5. Both RELAP5 and TRACE has been compared to experiments. These comprise two abrupt valve closures, the closure of an inertial swing check valve (a flapper disc which closes when the flow is reversed) and a pump start and stop. Both RELAP5 and TRACE conforms well to the experiments with the abrupt valve closures. The check valve closes faster in the calculations compared to the experiment, both for RELAP5 as with TRACE. The amplitude of the pressure wave from the closure of the inertial swing check valve is lower compared to the experiment in both RELAP5 and TRACE. Numerical disturbances become visual as very high amplitudes in the time history diagram of the force in TRACE. The check valve oscillates between its open and closed position in RELAP5, but not in TRACE. Both RELAP5 and TRACE conforms well to the pump start. The mass flow decreases faster in both RELAP5 and TRACE compared to the pump stop.