Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1996. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-328).

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-27T13:51:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jerusa Cariaga Alves.pdf: 1167706 bytes, checksum: d7904708311a6ecfc0ed1d253d1367d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T13:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jerusa Cariaga Alves.pdf: 1167706 bytes, checksum: d7904708311a6ecfc0ed1d253d1367d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / The Indian reserves creation in Mato Grosso by Brazilian Stare in the early twentieth century generated enormous changes in the way of being and living in the Guarani and Kaiow??s traditional villages. Delimiting spaces and restricting the indigenous groups? mobility, who recognized its territory by both the natural landscape and mystical and now were unable to pass through the more than 100 kilometers of forest on either side of the border between Brazil and Paraguay, understanding just how limit by the rivers ?pa and Paran?. Currently the Guarani and Kaiow? are over 65,000 people living on 11 reserves or are landless; fit them to readjust the new social space and productive reality. Due to the anthropic pressures of non-indigenous in the formation and management of indigenous reserves and by the Indians themselves when forced to move to new areas led to intense changes in landscapes, culminating in a social, food and territorial vulnerability, beginning a serious conflict over existing land ownership in the MS state. The loss of traditional territory brought a new productive reality and also heavy losses in the fauna and flora biodiversity and the indigenous diet grounded in these three axes the food insecurity impacts directly the family units. In order to characterize the Te'yiku? Reserve Agroforestry Systems (AFS), a mixed research, was conducted from 2014 August to 2015 March with the 19 family units, using the "snowball" method. These in order to generate information on the social and productive aspects, particularly with regard to the AFS management and short cycle crops as a way to support local development alternatives. It was found that the biodiverse AFS are the homegardens type and benefit 85 people directly provide significant change of scenery, especially the established around the houses to restore the microclimates, welfare ensuring families and terer? rounds; enable polyculture following traditional production methods, improving the families diet and food security. / A cria??o de reservas ind?genas no Centro Sul de Mato Grosso pelo Estado Brasileiro, no in?cio do s?culo XX, foi causador de enormes transforma??es no modo de ser e viver das aldeias tradicionais Guarani e Kaiow?. Delimitando os espa?os e cerceando a mobilidade dos grupos ind?genas que reconheciam seu o territ?rio, tanto pela paisagem natural e como pela sobrenatural, foram impedidos de transitar pelos mais de 100 quil?metros de mata em cada lado da fronteira entre o Brasil e o Paraguai, entendendo apenas como limite os rios ?pa e o Paran?. Atualmente os Guarani e Kaiow? s?o mais de 65 mil indiv?duos que residem em 11 reservas ou est?o desaldeados, a eles coube se readequar a nova realidade social espacial e produtiva. Devido as press?es antr?picas dos n?o ind?genas na forma??o e gerenciamento das reservas e dos pr?prios ind?genas quando obrigados a se deslocar a novas ?reas ocorreram intensas modifica??o nas paisagens culminando em uma vulnerabilidade territorial, social e alimentar. Com isso dando in?cio a graves conflitos pela posse das terras existentes no estado do MS. A perda de territ?rio tradicional trouxe uma nova realidade produtiva e tamb?m grandes perdas na biodiversidade da fauna e flora sendo a dieta alimentar ind?gena embasada nesses tr?s eixos, a inseguran?a alimentar impacta diretamente as unidades familiares. No intuito de caracterizar os SAF da Reserva Te?yiku? foi realizada pesquisa mista, no per?odo de agosto de 2014 a mar?o de 2015 junto as 19 Unidades familiares, utilizando o m?todo "bola de neve" (snowball). O objetivo foi gerar informa??es sobre os aspectos sociais e produtivos, principalmente no que se refere aos manejos dos sistemas agroflorestais e das culturas de ciclo curto como forma de subsidiar alternativas de desenvolvimento local. Constatou-se que os sistemas agroflorestais biodiversos s?o do tipo quintais agroflorestais e beneficiam 85 pessoas diretamente, proporcionam expressiva mudan?a de paisagem. Estes foram, estabelecidos principalmente no entorno das casas para melhorar o microclima, garantindo bem-estar ?s fam?lias e as rodas de terer?; possibilitando o policultivo seguindo modos tradicionais de produ??o, incrementando a dieta alimentar das fam?lias e a seguran?a alimentar e nutricional.

No description available.

This dissertation compares and contrasts aboriginal language planning within Canada at both the national and local scale. In 2005, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force released their foundational report which entailed “a national strategy to preserve, revitalize, and promote [Aboriginal] languages and cultures” (2005:1); however, discrepancies exist between their proposed strategies and the strategies employed locally by the Taku River Tlingit First Nation, located in Atlin, British Columbia, and the Loon River Cree First Nation, located in Loon Lake, Alberta. Using data collected during ethnographic fieldwork with each First Nation between 2005 and 2008, I provide a rationale for these discrepancies and propose reasons why the national strategy has, as of 2008, been unsuccessful. Both national and local strategies have focused on the relationship between land and language and its role in language planning. National language planning rhetoric has also utilized the concept of nationhood. However, both the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree use the concept of nationhood in conjunction with assertions of sovereignty over land and, therefore, situate their language planning within land planning. Throughout my research, I have been involved in volunteer language projects for each of the communities. These have included creating a Tlingit language board game entitled “Haa shagóon ítxh yaa ntoo.aat” (Traveling Our Ancestors’ Paths) and Cree language storybooks entitled Na mokatch nika poni âchimon (I will never quit telling stories). Both of these projects connect land use and language use and can be seen as part of local language planning strategies. Finally, the Aboriginal Languages Task Force uses the concept of “language as a right” within their national language planning strategies; however, the Taku River Tlingit and the Loon River Cree have instead utilized a “language as resource” ideology (Ruiz, 1984). I argue that the Taku River Tlingit First Nation and the Loon River Cree First Nation use “language as a resource” rhetoric due to their ideologies of land stewardship over Euro-Canadian models of land ownership and I argue that language planning can not stand on its own – separated from the historical, political, economic, social, and cultural considerations that a community faces.

A diversidade beta pode ser definida como a mudança na composição de espécies entre locais em uma determinada área geográfica. Quantificar a contribuição relativa dos diferentes fatores que a afetam é essencial para entender como é mantida a diversidade das comunidades. Nosso estudo tem foco na vegetação lenhosa da região do Alto Camaquã, sul do Brasil (ca.30-31° S, 52-54° W), que está inserida no bioma Pampa e é caracterizada por ampla heterogeneidade ambiental com mosaicos de floresta e campo naturais. Com o objetivo de responder quais fatores tem mais influência na estruturação da comunidade de plantas lenhosas dessa região, distribuímos sistematicamente 60 unidades amostrais onde foram levantadas todas as espécies de plantas lenhosas. Primeiramente particionamos a diversidade beta através de RDA parcial e verificamos que as variáveis ambientais – que incluem variáveis climáticas, topográficas e edáficas – explicaram 28,4% da variação na composição de espécies, a distância geográfica explicou 16,6%, 14,7% foi compartilhado entre os dois componentes e 40,3% permaneceu não explicado. Com isso ficou claro que fatores determinísticos são mais importantes na estruturação das comunidades lenhosas. Em uma posterior análise de árvore de regressão multivariada, as variáveis climáticas foram selecionadas como as mais influentes. Além disso, a região de estudo é uma das mais bem conservadas do Estado. Portanto, em um segundo momento, investigamos a influência de fatores adicionais na diversidade beta das comunidades lenhosas, considerando o histórico de 300 anos de presença de manejo com pecuária familiar do Alto Camaquã. A partir de dados de um zoneamento agroecológico, exploramos a influência das diferentes tipologias de pecuária sobre dois estratos das comunidades de plantas lenhosas, plântulas e adultos, controlando o efeito da variação climática através de correlações matriciais. Encontramos que o manejo não está relacionado com o turnover de espécies de plântulas, contudo explica 12% da variação da diversidade beta de arbóreas. Concluímos, portanto, que a heterogeneidade climática da região gera heterogeneidade ambiental, sendo esta a principal determinante da diversidade das comunidades, apesar de processos neutros também influenciarem, em menor proporção. A presença do manejo não afeta de forma equitativa a comunidade de plantas lenhosas, contribuindo para a heterogeneidade florística da região. / Beta diversity can be defined as the shift in species composition among sites in a geographical area of interest. Quantifying the relative contributions of different processes that affect beta diversity is essential for understanding how diversity is maintained in communities. Our study focuses on the woody vegetation of the Alto Camaquã region, southernmost Brazil (c. 30-31° S, 52-54° W), which is within the domain of the Pampa biome and presents wide environmental heterogeneity showing natural forest-grassland patches. Aiming to answer which factors are most influential in the structuring of the woody plant communities, we systematically placed 60 sampling plots throughout the study area for vegetation survey. We partitioned beta diversity through partial RDA and verified that the environmental variables - which include climatic, topographic and edaphic variables - explained 28.4% of the variation in species composition, geographic distance accounted for 16.6%, 14.7% was shared between the two components and 40.3% of the variation remained unexplained. The deterministic processes are clearly the most important in structuring the woody communities. Further analysis using multivariate regression tree selected the climatic variables as the most influential. The study region shows a well conserved physiognomy, regardless of its 300-years history of land use for family cattleraising; hence in a second moment we investigated additional factors affecting diversity patterns of the plant communities surveyed, starting from available agroecological zoning data for land management. We explored the effect of the different typologies of family cattle-raising over two strata of the woody vegetation community, seedling and adult plants, controlling the effect of climate heterogeneity using matrix correlations (partial Mantel tests). We found that land management is not correlated with the species turnover of seedlings, yet explains 12% of the variation in the adult plants beta diversity. We concluded, hence, that climatic heterogeneity creates habitat heterogeneity, being the main determinant of community diversity, although neutral processes are also influent. Land management does not affect the woody plant community evenly, thus contributing to the floristic heterogeneity of the region.

A diversidade beta pode ser definida como a mudança na composição de espécies entre locais em uma determinada área geográfica. Quantificar a contribuição relativa dos diferentes fatores que a afetam é essencial para entender como é mantida a diversidade das comunidades. Nosso estudo tem foco na vegetação lenhosa da região do Alto Camaquã, sul do Brasil (ca.30-31° S, 52-54° W), que está inserida no bioma Pampa e é caracterizada por ampla heterogeneidade ambiental com mosaicos de floresta e campo naturais. Com o objetivo de responder quais fatores tem mais influência na estruturação da comunidade de plantas lenhosas dessa região, distribuímos sistematicamente 60 unidades amostrais onde foram levantadas todas as espécies de plantas lenhosas. Primeiramente particionamos a diversidade beta através de RDA parcial e verificamos que as variáveis ambientais – que incluem variáveis climáticas, topográficas e edáficas – explicaram 28,4% da variação na composição de espécies, a distância geográfica explicou 16,6%, 14,7% foi compartilhado entre os dois componentes e 40,3% permaneceu não explicado. Com isso ficou claro que fatores determinísticos são mais importantes na estruturação das comunidades lenhosas. Em uma posterior análise de árvore de regressão multivariada, as variáveis climáticas foram selecionadas como as mais influentes. Além disso, a região de estudo é uma das mais bem conservadas do Estado. Portanto, em um segundo momento, investigamos a influência de fatores adicionais na diversidade beta das comunidades lenhosas, considerando o histórico de 300 anos de presença de manejo com pecuária familiar do Alto Camaquã. A partir de dados de um zoneamento agroecológico, exploramos a influência das diferentes tipologias de pecuária sobre dois estratos das comunidades de plantas lenhosas, plântulas e adultos, controlando o efeito da variação climática através de correlações matriciais. Encontramos que o manejo não está relacionado com o turnover de espécies de plântulas, contudo explica 12% da variação da diversidade beta de arbóreas. Concluímos, portanto, que a heterogeneidade climática da região gera heterogeneidade ambiental, sendo esta a principal determinante da diversidade das comunidades, apesar de processos neutros também influenciarem, em menor proporção. A presença do manejo não afeta de forma equitativa a comunidade de plantas lenhosas, contribuindo para a heterogeneidade florística da região. / Beta diversity can be defined as the shift in species composition among sites in a geographical area of interest. Quantifying the relative contributions of different processes that affect beta diversity is essential for understanding how diversity is maintained in communities. Our study focuses on the woody vegetation of the Alto Camaquã region, southernmost Brazil (c. 30-31° S, 52-54° W), which is within the domain of the Pampa biome and presents wide environmental heterogeneity showing natural forest-grassland patches. Aiming to answer which factors are most influential in the structuring of the woody plant communities, we systematically placed 60 sampling plots throughout the study area for vegetation survey. We partitioned beta diversity through partial RDA and verified that the environmental variables - which include climatic, topographic and edaphic variables - explained 28.4% of the variation in species composition, geographic distance accounted for 16.6%, 14.7% was shared between the two components and 40.3% of the variation remained unexplained. The deterministic processes are clearly the most important in structuring the woody communities. Further analysis using multivariate regression tree selected the climatic variables as the most influential. The study region shows a well conserved physiognomy, regardless of its 300-years history of land use for family cattleraising; hence in a second moment we investigated additional factors affecting diversity patterns of the plant communities surveyed, starting from available agroecological zoning data for land management. We explored the effect of the different typologies of family cattle-raising over two strata of the woody vegetation community, seedling and adult plants, controlling the effect of climate heterogeneity using matrix correlations (partial Mantel tests). We found that land management is not correlated with the species turnover of seedlings, yet explains 12% of the variation in the adult plants beta diversity. We concluded, hence, that climatic heterogeneity creates habitat heterogeneity, being the main determinant of community diversity, although neutral processes are also influent. Land management does not affect the woody plant community evenly, thus contributing to the floristic heterogeneity of the region.

A diversidade beta pode ser definida como a mudança na composição de espécies entre locais em uma determinada área geográfica. Quantificar a contribuição relativa dos diferentes fatores que a afetam é essencial para entender como é mantida a diversidade das comunidades. Nosso estudo tem foco na vegetação lenhosa da região do Alto Camaquã, sul do Brasil (ca.30-31° S, 52-54° W), que está inserida no bioma Pampa e é caracterizada por ampla heterogeneidade ambiental com mosaicos de floresta e campo naturais. Com o objetivo de responder quais fatores tem mais influência na estruturação da comunidade de plantas lenhosas dessa região, distribuímos sistematicamente 60 unidades amostrais onde foram levantadas todas as espécies de plantas lenhosas. Primeiramente particionamos a diversidade beta através de RDA parcial e verificamos que as variáveis ambientais – que incluem variáveis climáticas, topográficas e edáficas – explicaram 28,4% da variação na composição de espécies, a distância geográfica explicou 16,6%, 14,7% foi compartilhado entre os dois componentes e 40,3% permaneceu não explicado. Com isso ficou claro que fatores determinísticos são mais importantes na estruturação das comunidades lenhosas. Em uma posterior análise de árvore de regressão multivariada, as variáveis climáticas foram selecionadas como as mais influentes. Além disso, a região de estudo é uma das mais bem conservadas do Estado. Portanto, em um segundo momento, investigamos a influência de fatores adicionais na diversidade beta das comunidades lenhosas, considerando o histórico de 300 anos de presença de manejo com pecuária familiar do Alto Camaquã. A partir de dados de um zoneamento agroecológico, exploramos a influência das diferentes tipologias de pecuária sobre dois estratos das comunidades de plantas lenhosas, plântulas e adultos, controlando o efeito da variação climática através de correlações matriciais. Encontramos que o manejo não está relacionado com o turnover de espécies de plântulas, contudo explica 12% da variação da diversidade beta de arbóreas. Concluímos, portanto, que a heterogeneidade climática da região gera heterogeneidade ambiental, sendo esta a principal determinante da diversidade das comunidades, apesar de processos neutros também influenciarem, em menor proporção. A presença do manejo não afeta de forma equitativa a comunidade de plantas lenhosas, contribuindo para a heterogeneidade florística da região. / Beta diversity can be defined as the shift in species composition among sites in a geographical area of interest. Quantifying the relative contributions of different processes that affect beta diversity is essential for understanding how diversity is maintained in communities. Our study focuses on the woody vegetation of the Alto Camaquã region, southernmost Brazil (c. 30-31° S, 52-54° W), which is within the domain of the Pampa biome and presents wide environmental heterogeneity showing natural forest-grassland patches. Aiming to answer which factors are most influential in the structuring of the woody plant communities, we systematically placed 60 sampling plots throughout the study area for vegetation survey. We partitioned beta diversity through partial RDA and verified that the environmental variables - which include climatic, topographic and edaphic variables - explained 28.4% of the variation in species composition, geographic distance accounted for 16.6%, 14.7% was shared between the two components and 40.3% of the variation remained unexplained. The deterministic processes are clearly the most important in structuring the woody communities. Further analysis using multivariate regression tree selected the climatic variables as the most influential. The study region shows a well conserved physiognomy, regardless of its 300-years history of land use for family cattleraising; hence in a second moment we investigated additional factors affecting diversity patterns of the plant communities surveyed, starting from available agroecological zoning data for land management. We explored the effect of the different typologies of family cattle-raising over two strata of the woody vegetation community, seedling and adult plants, controlling the effect of climate heterogeneity using matrix correlations (partial Mantel tests). We found that land management is not correlated with the species turnover of seedlings, yet explains 12% of the variation in the adult plants beta diversity. We concluded, hence, that climatic heterogeneity creates habitat heterogeneity, being the main determinant of community diversity, although neutral processes are also influent. Land management does not affect the woody plant community evenly, thus contributing to the floristic heterogeneity of the region.

Reindeer can have strong effects on the plant species composition and functioning of tundra ecosystems, and often promote a transition towards a graminoid-dominated vegetation type. As a result, they influence many ecological processes, such as nutrient dynamics, soil biotic composition and functioning, and carbon storage. Several studies suggest that the effect of reindeer on vegetation may follow predictable patterns and could induce an alternative stable vegetation state. However, little empirical data on the long-term stability of reindeer effects on vegetation exist, as it is inherently challenging to study these ecological processes experimentally on a sufficiently long timescale. The main objective of this thesis was therefore to gain a better understanding of the long-term ecological processes following reindeer-induced vegetation shifts. In order to gain a more mechanistic insight in what initially drives this transition, I used a field-based grazing simulation experiment in which I separated defoliation, trampling, moss removal and the addition of feces. This allowed me to test the relative contribution of reindeer-related activities to initiating the shift from moss and heath- dominated tundra towards a graminoid-dominated vegetation state. Additionally, I studied the long-term ecological stability following such a vegetation shift. I did this by addressing historical milking grounds (HMGs): sites where high reindeer concentrations associated with historical traditional reindeer herding practices induced a vegetation transition from shrubs towards graminoids several centuries earlier, but which were abandoned a century ago. Studying HMGs allowed me to address: 1. The potential stability of reindeer-induced vegetation shifts; 2. The ecological mechanisms contributing to the long-term stability of these vegetation shifts; and 3. How such long-lasting vegetation changes influence soil carbon- and nutrient cycling. I found that trampling by reindeer is an important mechanism by which reindeer cause vegetation change. Addressing HMGs further revealed that this vegetation change can be hightly persistent, as the studied HMGs showed only a low encroachment at the surrounding borders in the last 50 years. The vegetation in the core areas of all studied HMGs had remained strikingly stable, and were hardly invaded by surrounding shrubs. Interestingly, soil nutrient concentrations and microbial activities were still different from the surrounding area as well, and even comparable to actively grazed areas. Even after many centuries of changed vegetation composition and soil processes, there was no difference in total carbon sequestration. This suggests that the environmental conditions for microbial decomposition were more important than vegetation composition for the soil carbon stocks, in our study site. After studying the contemporary habitat use of HMGs by reindeer and other herbivores, investigating the potential plant-soil feedbacks mechanisms and detailed soil analyses, I concluded that several ecological mechanisms contribute to the long-term stability of HMGs: first, the altered soil biotic and abiotic conditions appear to have a stronger advantage for HMG vegetation than for the surrounding tundra vegetation. Furthermore, I found a clear browsing preference of small rodents on single shrubs proliferating in HMGs, causing a strong limitation on shrub expansion. Moreover, the dense established sward of graminoids likely poses a strong direct competition for space and nutrients, hindering seedling establishment. Finally, I conclude that HMGs are highly stable on relevant ecological timescales, and propose how the concepts of historical contingency and ASS can be applied to understand stability of these reindeer-induced vegetation transitions.

Wir befinden uns inmitten einer globalen Biodiversitätskrise mit steigender Aussterberate, die die natürliche Hintergrundrate bereits jetzt um das Tausendfache überschreitet. In terrestri-schen Lebensräumen geht vom Landnutzungswandel die größte Gefahr für die Biodiversität aus. Besonders die ursprünglich hohe Vielfalt im mitteleuropäischen Grünland ist seit der In-dustrialisierung durch Nutzungsintensivierung und -aufgabe stark zurück gegangen. Traditionell genutztes, beweidetes Grünland ist in Mitteleuropa selten geworden. Dennoch deuten einige aktuelle Studien auf seine große Bedeutung für den Erhalt der Biodiversität in der Agrarland-schaft hin. Allerdings fehlen umfassende, systematische Untersuchungen für viele traditionelle Grünlandsysteme. Um diese Wissenslücke zu verringern, untersuchte ich in meiner Dissertation die Relevanz voralpiner, traditionell bewirtschafteter Allmendweiden als Refugium für bedrohte Zielarten (Baumpieper [Anthus trivialis], Blaukernauge [Minois dryas]) sowie für arten- und individuenreiche Zoozönosen (Heuschrecken [Orthoptera]) der mitteleuropäischen Agrarlandschaft. Gepaarte Vergleiche von Allmendweiden und angrenzenden Flächen mit identischen Standortbedingun-gen (Referenzflächen) ermöglichten den Vergleich der Arten bzw. -gruppe anhand von Umwelt-parametern in den Vegetationstypen Grünland auf Mineralboden und offenen Mooren. Der Un-tersuchungsraum in Südbayern stellt den Verbreitungsschwerpunkt für Allmendweiden und intakte bis naturnahe Moorökosysteme in Deutschland dar. Meine Analysen zeigen, dass sich der Landnutzungswandel drastisch auf die Referenzflä-chen, die früher überwiegend Teil der Allmendweiden waren, auswirkte: Im Vergleich zu den Weiden weisen sie (i) homogene Strukturen auf Landschafts- und Habitatebene, (ii) geringe Anteile nährstoffarmer Habitate und (iii) eine geringe Besiedlung von Vögeln und Insekten auf. Somit sind sie weitgehend ungeeignet für den Erhalt der Biodiversität. Die einzige Ausnahme innerhalb der Referenzflächen bilden traditionell genutzte Heu- und Streuwiesen. In den Allmendweiden sorgt die traditionelle Beweidung (0.5–2.0 Großvieheinheiten/ha von Mai–Oktober) für eine hohe strukturelle Vielfalt mit nährstoffarmen Habitaten und fließende Übergänge zwischen Wald und Offenland. So können saisonal bzw. innerhalb des Lebenszyklus wechselnde Ansprüche vieler typischer Agrarlandschaftsarten im eng verzahnten Mosaik wert-voller Habitate erfüllt werden. Der Erhalt der Allmendweiden ist für das Überleben von Agrar-landschaftsarten im Untersuchungsgebiet essenziell. Eine Ausdehnung der Allmendweiden-Nutzung auf angrenzende Flächen ist unbedingt zu empfehlen.