Developing a traffic-flow simulation is one of the first steps to gain understanding of how traffic congestion occurs. This simulation will run the Intelligent-Driver-Model with an added simple lane-change model, settled in an on-ramp bottleneck environment. It aims at pointing out different styles of driver behaviour that can lead to traffic disturbances and jams. Besides analysing various traffic situations the JavaScript source code will partially be displayed and discussed.

För att kunna kommunicera idéer relaterat till urbana projekt så behövs verktyg för att kunna framföra detta i en visuell miljö på ett sätt som människor från många olika fält kan förstå. Digitala 3D-miljöer är därmed något som efterfrågas allt mer. För att bygga ett sådant verktyg så finns licensierade teknologier, men dessa verktyg kommer med en ekonomisk implikation. Rapporten undersöker om det är möjligt att bygga en applikation för att kunna representera stadstrafik i en 3D-visualiseringsmiljö från grunden, utan att använda externa licenser eller bibliotek i den mån som är möjligt. En applikation som håller en prestanda som gör det möjligt att interagera med i realtid och som har möjlighet att representera en stad från verkligheten. Detta utforskas genom att endast använda Direct3D tillsammans med C++. Analys av 3D-visualisering ställs mot ett tidigare forskningsarbete av Carnegie Mellon University. Mjukvaruarkitektur och prestanda är delar som också har analyserats under utvecklingen. En stor del av projektet vilar på implementationsdelen, där en arkitektur som innefattar grafikrendering, simulering och en allmän programstruktur har utvecklats. Arbetet resulterade i en applikation som kan visualisera en stadsmiljö i 3D, med en trafiksimulering som kan representera över 100 000 fordon, med en prestanda som gör det möjligt att interagera med i realtid. Det konstaterades att applikationen fungerar som en grund att utveckla vidare på, baserat på de parametrar som sattes upp för projektet. För att öka förståelsen kan det finnas en fördel med att ha en 3D-visualisering med en representation som inte helt avspeglar verkligheten, men som ändå har en tillräcklig koppling för att kunna vara ett användbart verktyg för kommunikation av idéer. / To communicate ideas related to urban projects, tools are needed, to be able to convey this in a visual environment. This must also be done in a way that people from many different fields can understand. Digital 3D environments are thus something that is increasingly in demand. To build such a tool there are licensed technologies, but these tools also come with a financial implication. The report investigates whether it is possible to build an 3D visualized application to represent a city with simulated traffic from scratch, without using external licenses or libraries to the extent possible. An application that keeps a performance level that allows it to be interactable in real time and that can represent a city from the real world. This is explored by using only Direct3D with C++. Analysis of the 3D visualization is compared to a previous research work by Carnegie Mellon University. Software architecture and performance are parts that have also been analysed during development. A large part of the project rests on the implementation part, where an architecture that includes graphics rendering, simulation and a general program structure has been developed. The work resulted in an application that can visualize an urban environment in 3D, with a traffic simulation that can represent over 100,000 vehicles simultaneously, with a performance that makes interaction in real time possible. It was found that the application can serve as a basis for further development, based on the parameters set for this project. To increase the understanding there may be an advantage of having a 3D visualization with a representation that does not fully reflect the real world, but which still has a sufficient connection to be a useful tool for communication of ideas.

The purpose of this master thesis was to study the dynamic response of the bridge Västerbron. The bridge is situated in Stockholm and is considered being of critical significance for the infrastructure. The thesis consists of both field measurements and analyses of a finite element model. A stochastic load model was created that is intended to simulate different realistic traffic situations based on parameters as velocity, vehicle type and amount of traffic. The traffic load model was implemented in a finite element model to study if the response was similar to the measurements. With comparisons of the dynamic properties the validity of the model can be assessed. Parameters as stiffness, mass and boundary conditions also often needs to be updated to describe the real behaviour of the bridge. With these updates a model can be created that could better predict problematic behaviour as fatigue. The field measurements were made with accelerometers and analysed in Matlab. The stochastic load model is also scripted in this environment. The FE-model was created using Python scripts that were implemented in BRIGADE/Plus. No conclusive results regarding the mode shapes of Västerbron could be found, however possible eigenfrequencies were identified and presented. The load model was implemented in the FE-model and the influence of different parameters were discussed. The results were consistent with structural dynamics theory and in the same order of magnitude as the measurements. This implies that the traffic load model can be used for further studies regarding dynamic analyses.

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Congestion charging has drawn considerable attention of transport analysts and policymakers as a mean of relieving urban traffic congestion. Proper prediction of the impacts of charging is necessary for policy makers to take right decisions. A European project named SILVERPOLIS have been introduced in this connection to describe state-of-practice in modelling effects of congestion charging and to identify features of transport models that are crucial for reliable forecasting of effects of congestion charging. This master thesis is a part of the SILVERPOLIS project, where Stockholm congestion charging scheme has been analysed using two different types of dynamic simulators: METROPOLIS and SILVESTER. The simulations are based on traffic data collected before and after the Stockholm congestion charging trial performed in spring 2006. The result of simulation suggests that METROPOLIS, which has been used for predicting effects of congestion charging in Ile-de-France, manages well to forecast the consequences of congestion charging for Stockholm. Comparison with SILVESTER model disclosed that, although calibration results of the two models differs in some respect, both models give similar results regarding impacts of congestion charging. The different modelling features and assumptions have been described for the two models. Despite the fact that the two models vary a lot in their assumptions and modelling style, both of them has proved to be good at describing the effect of congestion charging.

Vehicles that today are searching for a place to stop impacts other vehicles in cities. It can also be seen that the number of vehicles that desire to conduct a pick-up or drop-off increases with an increased number of ride-hailing services. New technology routing advises for such vehicles could improve the overall performance of a traffic network. This thesis analyses therefore how a routing strategy, that incorporates curbside availability information, can impact the performance. To analyse the effects of how curbside availability information can impact a network, a microscopic traffic simulation model was constructed in PTV Vissim and two different routing strategies were developed and implemented in the model. One strategy that represents the scenario of today where vehicles searches the traffic network while attempting to make a stop at a pick-up and drop-off slot. The second strategy routes vehicles to a slot based on curbside availability information. This strategy directs vehicles to an available slot and therefore reduces the time a vehicle is cruising before a stop has been made. A simulation experiment was set-up to compare the strategies that were developed with different penetration rates of vehicles that desired to stop. The results shows that the average travel time can be reduced with up to 25.2\% when vehicles have information compared to the scenario with no information. Similar findings is identified for average delay per vehicle which is reduced with up to 49.0\% and average traveled distance decreased with up to 15.5\%. The results of this thesis needs however to be studied in a wider context in order to draw reliable conclusions. The thesis propose further investigations whether a strategy that incorporates availability information can be implemented in a real world scenario and further investigations whether an implementation of a strategy like this would be socioeconomic beneficial.

This document is intended to give an overview of the human subject study in a driving simulator that was conducted by the Chair of Traffic and Transportation Psychology (Verkehrspsychologie – VPSY) of the Technische Universität Dresden (TUD) to provide the Chair of Automotive Engineering (Lehrstuhl Kraftfahrzeugtechnik – LKT) of TUD with the necessary input for the validation of a stochastic traffic simulation, especially for the parameterization, consolidation, and validation of driver behaviour models. VPSY planned, conducted, and analysed a driving simulator study. The main purpose of the study was to analyse driving behaviour and gaze data at intersections in urban areas. Based on relevant literature, a simulated driving environment was created, in which a sample of drivers passed a variety of intersections. Considering different driver states, driving tasks, and traffic situations, the collected data provide detailed information about human gaze and driving behaviour when approaching and crossing intersections. The collected data was transferred to LKT for the development of the stochastic traffic simulation.

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