Då trafficking för sexuella ändamål är ett brott mot mänskligheten som pågår i outtröttlig styrka vill den här uppsatsen belysa hur Sverige som stat arbetar för att motarbeta trafficking både internationellt och nationellt. För att kunna göra en så bred bedömning som möjligt av svenska statens arbete har teorin varit en rättsociologisk då den tar upp både lagliga, samhälleliga, etiska och sociala aspekter. Och då det är en stats arbete som granskas har metoden som använts varit utvärderande då uppsatsen velat lyfta fram hur lämpligheten men även effektiviteten av Sveriges arbete är. Som en del av detta har mycket av empirins fokus lagts på de bakomliggande mekanismerna så som vilka grupper som livnär sig på att sälja andra personers kroppar, hur den svenska sexköpslagen är utformad och hur de svenska myndigheterna arbetar med problematiken. / Considering that trafficking for sexual purpose is a highly active and increasing crime is the purpose of this essay to enlighten how Sweden as a state is working both nationally and internationally to prevent further trafficking. To be able to do as broad evaluation as possible of the Swedish government’s work has the theory been sociology of law, because this theory is combined of legal, social, ethical and society aspects. And since it is a state’s work that is reviewed has the method been evaluating because the purpose of the essay has been to review the adequacy and efficiency of Sweden’s work. As a part of this has a lot of the empirical focus been laid upon the mechanisms behind trafficking, such as what kind of groups that are making a living on selling another person’s body, how the Swedish prostitution law is drawn and how the Swedish authorities are approaching the problem.

The sex trafficking industry is not only a social justice issue, but also an architectural issue. In the same urban fabric where people live, work, and socialize, victims of commercial sex trafficking live in the shadows, work in obscure environments, and isolate themselves from others. National and local resources in mental care, job training, and legal support fail to provide a holistic place of refuge for these displaced individuals. Current shelters that specifically serve sexually exploited victims also face limitations in their presence in urban neighborhoods, long-term availability, and types of living arrangements. With a specific socioeconomic climate and disparity in San Francisco, Bayview presents itself as an opportune place to provide refuge for both survivors of sexual exploitation and the low-income community. Even as a distressed neighborhood, its ethnic diversity and existing infrastructure would create a foundation for survivors to heal and reintegrate into a resilient community. At an urban scale, ecological infrastructures provide environmental revitalization from rising sea levels and economic restoration of industries significant to the neighborhood's historical identity. The architectural intervention focuses specifically on female survivors of sexual exploitation, ranging from youth to mothers with children, and how they would heal together and reintegrate into the community. Hand stitching is an integral part of this project's design process. It is a drawing medium that reflects the physical engagement through a meditative activity. It is also a visual language used to formulate spatial sequences, patterns, and movement. The mixed-use urban infill weaves in sanctuaries to heal as an individual, as a camaraderie, and along with the greater community. Residents dwell in the permanently supported community housing, where they mend bodies, hearts, and relationships in the home. Other survivors are welcomed into the drop-in facility, which provides initial resources like hygienic care and counseling. Retail spaces along the main corridor are programmed to create a synergetic seam between residents and their opportunities to participate in the neighborhood. Interior and exterior thresholds throughout the building interlace the duality of veiled and transparent spaces. This cohesive spatial journey would bind wounds, foster resiliency into the urban ecosystem, and ultimately be reconciled to a dignified home, workplace, to social environment. / Master of Architecture / Sex trafficking is a form of modern slavery. This inhumane industry is exacerbated in cities as more people move into the urban environment. In the same cities people live, work, and socialize, victims of commercial sex trafficking live in the shadows, work in obscure environments, and isolate themselves from others. Many sexually exploited victims receive limited care to recover from their physical, mental, and emotional wounds. Unfortunately, they are often grouped together with other displaced groups. This thesis calls out a specific group in need of healing, female survivors of sex trafficking, and considers a specific place where she can restore her sense of home, workplace, and community. The female survivor is given the name Jane Doe, and her unique narrative drives the types of spaces she needs to feel safe, loved, and cared for. The design proposal is sited in Bayview, an industrial urban neighborhood in southeastern San Francisco. The neighborhood at large is first reimagined to set a foundation for welcoming Jane Doe. Then, the proposed building integrates three types of spaces: a community housing, a drop-in center, and retail spaces with workshops. It is nestled amongst warehouses, houses, and other local shops. This thesis ultimately expresses the possibility architecture has in doing more than providing an inhabitable space. The architecture for Jane Doe is a sanctuary that plays a definitive role in healing her body, heart, and mind, as her sense of belonging is restored.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a key destination and transit country for human trafficking. Human trafficking is a complex international criminal enterprise that supplies humans for many different forms of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. It has devastating effects on its victims. Theories suggest that human trafficking is strongly linked to migration, which would explain why it has become an urgent issue for the UAE, since its massive influx of migrants seeking a better life and economic circumstances, are habitually lured to the UAE and subjected to exploitation by traffickers. It is a situation that in recent years has tarnished the UAE's reputation to the international community and its wealthy investors. It is for all of these reasons that this thesis is concerned with human trafficking in the UAE, with a special focus on the trafficking of women, as well as the legal mechanisms and initiatives created to combat this scourge. At the heart of this investigation is Federal Law No. 51 which marked a pivotal moment for the UAE, as it was a law specifically designed to address trafficking on its territory. However, as with laws drafted by the international community, there exist difficulties with how trafficking should be construed, and with how traffickers and trafficked victims should be treated in order to effectively eliminate this crime. Ultimately, the research highlights the importance and benefits of a victim-centred human rights based approach, as opposed to the pervasive crime control one, which includes ensuring that victims are genuinely protected and fully rehabilitated to re-enter society. In addition, the research provides crucial insights from Islamic law and principles that raise significant implications for understanding how the trafficking in women should be conceptualised and dealt with in modern-day Muslim societies such as the UAE.

Human trafficking exists domestically and internationally, and each year thousands of men, women, and children are trafficked into lives of involuntary servitude. Law enforcement efforts to investigate human trafficking across the United States are similar in nature; yet, prior research had not investigated the possible causes of these similarities. Utilizing institutional theory, this research investigated whether institutional isomorphic pressures have any impact on the formalization of human trafficking investigations. Data were collected from 26 municipal police organizations in a mid-Atlantic state on departmental human trafficking policies and practices via Farrell's understanding law enforcement responses to human trafficking survey instrument. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict the probability of human trafficking investigations occurring when institutional coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphic pressures are introduced. The results indicated no significant relationship between institutional isomorphic pressures and the formalization of human trafficking investigations for the 26 municipal police departments in a mid-Atlantic state. Nonetheless, this study provides an understanding of municipal police department responses to human trafficking and investigatory practices. Accordingly, the social change implications of the study may encourage municipal policing institutions to develop and implement responses based upon human capital and interagency collaboration.

Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is a social problem affecting children between the ages of 12 and 17 years old. The issues related to DMST present challenges for social work practitioners because they often lack knowledge regarding how to identify and provide specialized services to this population. The purpose of the qualitative study was to collect and analyze data to develop an understanding of how social workers in the northeastern region of the United States identified challenges and thereby improved their practice skills when intervening with this vulnerable population. An epistemological paradigm, with a constructivist perspective employing Nguyen's systems theory, was used to understand the phenomena. The practice-focused research question posed to 5 clinically licensed social workers (LCSW) asked about the perceived barriers hindering social work practice when identifying victims of DMST. In addition, upon recognition of DMST victims, participants described existing community services that addressed their social work practice needs. The LCSWs attended 3 hour-long audio-recorded focus groups, offering their knowledge and experiences related to DMST in the designated region. Constant comparison was used to analyze the data provided by the participants during the focus groups. The key findings indicated a lack of proper identification tools and specialized services for this community. Findings can be used to recommend social change efforts, which included increasing communication about the victims between jurisdictions and communications with policy makers and service providers regarding the need to develop and implement training on various related topics.

Human Trafficking in Florida is a growing issue that affects individuals and communities on a micro, mezzo, and macro level. Although legislative efforts and changes in agency policies have raised awareness about this problem, limited awareness and research examines awareness of labor trafficking as one form of human trafficking. This exploratory-descriptive study used a convenience sampling technique to explore the perceptions of 45 Bachelors (BSW) and Masters (MSW) level social work students on the prevalence and nature of labor trafficking. The findings from the research show students have a general idea of labor trafficking and believe in equal access to human rights for victims. However, majority of students were unaware of current legislation to aid victims in Florida, and the prevalence of men as victims. Implications from this study show a need for further education within social work policies that aid labor trafficking victims, and a need for additional research to identify specific ways students can learn about human trafficking.

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Governments and leaders across the globe almost universally agree that human trafficking is a modern atrocity that has harshly negative effects for individuals, communities, entire states and the international community. Nevertheless, they are not in agreement on how best to investigate cases and provide aid to victims. Many states lack the resources to effectively create and implement policies. Governments must act to protect their citizens and people within their borders. Policies are necessary to correctly identify victims, investigate accusations, bring cases to trial and prevent vulnerable populations from becoming victimized through awareness. This thesis asserts that there is a link between the development level of a state and its ability to limit the grotesque crimes of trafficking that occur within its borders. Using the United Nation's annual report which details the development ranking of individual states, it is possible to comparatively analyze the ability of these states to comply with international standards established by the United States of America in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Special attention is paid to the challenges that societies face when there are drastic changes to states' economic activity or political stability and how these affect the frequency of trafficking occurrences and a government’s ability to respond.

Human trafficking, the cruel and inhumane crime that it is, exploits the lives of millions of people around the world. My study explores the common vulnerabilities that exist for victims of cross-national human trafficking. First, I analyze literature discussing individual and country- level victim demographics to identify characteristics that predict recruitment or abduction into human trafficking. Using the 2017 Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative, I demonstrate the applicability of Cohen and Felson's 1979 Routine Activity Theory (RAT) to explain the vulnerabilities to victimization further. More specifically, I use VIVA to assess the methods of control and types of exploitation utilized by domestic and international traffickers. A sociological study that combines the work of RAT and VIVA in relation to human trafficking victimization is yet to exist, therefore I am seeking to fill this research gap. The overarching goal of this study is to form a victim profile through cluster analysis and logistic regression in order to locate the unique patterns of victimization. My findings demonstrate that there is a significant relationship between the three clusters formed, the methods of control used by the perpetrator (physical, psychological, and economic abuse), and the types of exploitation suffered by the victim (sexual and labor exploitation). / Master of Science / Human trafficking is the abduction and exploitation of individuals, in which victims are manipulated into sex or labor trafficking in unfamiliar environments without compensation. Trafficking occurs beyond national borders, therefore I look at victims originating from all over the globe. The literature I utilize looks at individual-level demographics and national-level characteristics. I then use a database to link certain social and theoretical elements of these demographics and characteristics to the methods of control and types of exploitation traffickers enforce upon their victims. Overall, this study forms a victim profile and locates the unique patterns of trafficking victimization through multiple data applications. My thesis concludes with findings on clusters that combine age, gender, recruiter relations, literacy rates, and trafficking laws and regressions that link these clusters to physical, psychological, and economic control as well as sexual and labor exploitation.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis argues that the building of the democratic institutions in new democracies was and still is a painstaking task. It shows that the new institutions are fragile and at times unable to cope with powerful organized criminal syndicates, rampant corruption, illegalism, elite bureaucratic cartels, and weak judicial systems still in the process of post communist reconstruction. This thesis proceeds from the premise that organized crime constitutes a threat to democracy, in particular a serious threat to new democracies and subsequently to the national security of the country. The first section defines organized crime as phenomena corroding the democratic institutions. It deals in particular with the fragility of the new democratic institutions focusing mainly on the organized crime activities that threaten the national security. It tackles problems of corruption in government and law enforcing agencies. Secondly, it considers issues of merging of crime and legal business and their impact on the institutions and society at large. Thirdly and most importantly it focuses on the fact that organized crime merges with the State machinery, thus undermining the very existence of democratic institutions. Fourthly, it looks into some forms of criminal activities such as drug business, weapons trade, money laundering, and white-slave trade. Finally it provides some policy recommendations for tackling the organized crime in Albania. / MP, Parliament of the Republic of Albania