Despite the multitude of existing studies of leadership and organizational outcome, there are few empirical studies of these phenomena in Africa. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between Nigerian local government administrative leadership and organizational outcome and between perceived leadership effectiveness and transformational leadership factors, based on Bass's full range leadership theory (FRLT). Data were collected through the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires administered to a randomly selected sample of 240 department heads in 30 local governments in Osun State, Nigeria. Regression result shows a statistically significant correlation between the local public administrators' leadership practices and organizational outcome (p < 0.05), but the model only accounted for 10.5% of variance in organizational outcome, suggesting other influential factors on the local government outcome other than leadership. Regression results also showed a significant relationship between local public administrators' leadership effectiveness and transformational leadership factors (p < 0.05). The model accounted for 28% of the variance in leadership effectiveness, suggesting other factors affecting the public administrators' leadership effectiveness. The implications for positive social change include the opportunity to move the Nigerian local administrators' leadership practices towards more effective and ethical leadership as explained by the spectrum of FRLT, through training and transformational leadership development programs. In turn, transformational leadership and organizational practices may discourage corruption and help build a sustainable local government institution that is responsive and accountable to the Nigerian public.

The ability to sustain small businesses operating in war-torn areas is important not only to the business owners, but also to foreign communities receiving United States contract services for recovery from widespread decimation. While all small businesses address a wide range of issues, businesses operating in war-torn areas also face cultural diversity, local regulations, and potential threats to employee safety. The conceptual framework for this exploratory multiple case study was transformational-transactional leadership theory, guiding the research to discover traits and strategies of successful leaders in the population of small businesses that were profitable beyond 5 years while operating in the war-torn area of Afghanistan. In addition to participant questionnaires and review of the businesses' balance sheets, income statements, and tax returns, data were collected from 3 CEO participants in face-to-face, semistructured interviews. Participants' verbatim comments were analyzed via thematic analysis. The coding system evolved from applying preliminary codes to a small sample of data and reiteratively refining the codes as prominent themes emerged. Participants identified unique challenges of working with a multinational workforce. There were 3 primary findings: successful leaders used elements of both transformational and transactional leadership; the most important strategy was gaining knowledge of regional infrastructure and customs; and successful leaders used management assistance. These findings may contribute to social change by prompting small business leaders to re-examine their perspectives on workforce diversity; they will also enable leaders who provide services overseas to realize profitable business goals while contributing to foreign local economies.

The Nigerian banking industry has recently witnessed a major scandal resulting from financial impropriety of some corporate leaders in the industry. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) invested the sum of N620 billion ($4.1 billion) as part of a direct bailout package to 8 banks, and removed top executives of those banks for gross leadership ineptitude. The leadership ineptitude is an indication of the need to better understand effective leadership practices in the Nigerian banking industry. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore bank leaders' effective leadership practices used to sustain bank growth in Nigeria beyond 5 years. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 5 Nigerian bank CEOs, direct observation, and document reviews. During thematic analysis, 4 themes emerged including establishing a direction, inspiring and motivating employees, raising other leaders, and developing and using leadership competence. The implications for positive social change include the potential for bank leaders to identify sustainable leadership practices, improve profitability, create more job opportunities, and ease unemployment problems in the community.

V dnešní době jsou vícevláknové programy běžné a s nimi i chyby v souběžnosti. Během posledních let bylo vytvořeno mnoho technik pro detekci takovýchto chyb, a i přesto mají vývojáři softwaru problém nalézt správné nástroje pro analýzu svých programů. Důvod je jednoduchý, fungující neznamená vždy praktický. Hodně nástrojů implementujících detekční techniky je obtížně použitelných, přizpůsobených pro konkrétní typy programů nebo synchronizace, nebo špatně škálují, aby zvládly analyzovat rozsáhlý software. Pro některé typy chyb v souběžnosti dokonce ani neexistují nástroje pro jejich detekci, i přesto že vývojáři softwaru na tyto chyby často narážejí ve svých programech. Hlavním cílem této práce je navrhnout nové techniky pro detekci chyb ve vícevláknových programech. Tyto techniky by měly být schopny analyzovat rozsáhlé programy, umožnit detekci méně studovaných typů chyb v souběžnosti, a podporovat širokou škálu programů s ohledem na to, jaké programové konstrukce používají.

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Banks have a vital role in the society-wide green transition. However, the field of green finance is relatively unexplored in academia. Our study aims to extend the knowledge of green corporate loans by investigating what soft and hard information Swedish banks use to overcome the information asymmetry in the lending decision and what role the information plays. Based on fragmented literature, a tentative model is created, and used to form the study. The study adopts a qualitative research strategy and semi-structured interviews were held with respondents from the four largest banks in Sweden. Using the collected data, the tentative model was corroborated and adjusted, resulting in a finalised model. The study found that the following information components are used to evaluate green corporate loans: financial statements, collaterals, credit score, owners, character, micro and macro analysis, ESG approach and green criteria. Although most emphasis is put on hard information, soft information is also necessary for banks to make a lending decision. The study has multiple practical contributions relating to challenges posed by soft information, and the loan assessment. Theoretically, the study contributes with a baseline for future studies investigating the topic of green corporate loans.

This study aims to explore how well literature with a linked pedagogical material from Litteraturbanken skola correlates with pedagogical material that will promote aesthetic reading in accordance with Louise M. Rosenblatt’s transactional theory. To examine the selected pedagogical material, I perform a qualitative close reading and determine if the content in the literature correlates with the kind of content that Rosenblatt argued would promote aesthetic reading. Moreover, the linked pedagogical activities are studied to determine if they support a situational understanding that furthers aesthetic reading. The result shows that the content in the literature correlates well with the suggested content by Rosenblatt but that the main part of the linked pedagogical activities promotes efferent reading. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur väl litteratur med tillhörande kopplat pedagogiskt material från Litteraturbanken skola överensstämmer med ett pedagogiskt material som främjar estetisk läsning enligt med Louise M. Rosenblatts transaktionsteori. För att undersöka det utvalda pedagogiska materialet genomför jag en närläsning av den utvalda litteraturen för att avgöra om innehållet överensstämmer med ett innehåll som Rosenblatt menar främjar estetisk läsning. Vidare granskas det kopplade pedagogiska materialet för att se om det främjar en situationsförståelse som främjar estetisk läsning. Resultatet visar att innehållet i litteraturen stämmer väl överens med den typ av innehåll som Rosenblatt förordar. Men resultatet visar även att merparten av det kopplade pedagogiska materialet främjar efferent läsning.

Exploiting thread-level parallelism has become a part of mainstream programming in recent years. Many approaches to parallelization require threads executing in parallel to also synchronize occassionally (i.e., coordinate concurrent accesses to shared state). Transactional Memory (TM) is a programming abstraction that provides the concept of database transactions in the context of programming languages such as C/C++. This allows programmers to only declare which pieces of a program synchronize without requiring them to actually implement synchronization and tune its performance, which in turn makes TM typically easier to use than other abstractions such as locks. I have investigated and implemented the building blocks that are required for a high-performance, practical, and realistic TM. They host several novel algorithms and optimizations for TM implementations, both for current hardware and future hardware extensions for TM, and are being used in or have influenced commercial TM implementations such as the TM support in GCC.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to advance the literature on leadership by investigating the Full Range Leadership Model (FRLM) Bass and Avolio (1994-1997) in the context of the Colleges of Technology (CoTs) in Oman. Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve the research objective and answer the research questions, a qualitative study was undertaken. The data was obtained by two methods, namely semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The semi-structured interviews were held with College Deans, Heads of Departments (HoDs) and teachers. The focus groups were carried out with seven groups of students from four CoTs. The data was analysed by a thematic approach, following the systematic steps outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006). Findings – Significant relationships were found between the transactional leadership approach and institutional theory (Isomorphism and legitimacy). The findings advance leadership knowledge by exploring the relationship between the components of FRLM, transformational and the transactional leadership approaches in hierarchical levels of leadership in the context of the CoTs in Oman. Both the Deans and the HoDs employed transactional leadership approaches to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Ministry of Manpower. Moreover, the study extended the leadership literature by exploring the interaction between leadership approaches of the Deans and the HoDs on multi-national teachers and Omani students. Originality/value – The originality of this research lies in its exploration of the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership approaches in hierarchical levels of academic leadership and its identification of the characteristics of effective leadership in HEIs from a multicultural perspective. / Ministry of Manpower (MoMP)