Much is known about natural attenuation of contaminants in granular aquifers because many contaminant plumes in these aquifers have been intensively monitored with detailed sampling along cross sections positioned across the plumes (i. e. transects). However, little is known about natural attenuation of contaminant plumes in fractured rock. In this thesis study, strong natural attenuation of a persistent co-mingled plume of trichloroethylene (TCE) and an herbicide (metolachlor) in a 100 <em>m</em> thick dolostone aquifer used for municipal water supply in Cambridge, Ontario is shown based on detailed delineation of groundwater contaminant concentrations along a single transect located 150 <em>m</em> downgradient from the area where the metolachlor entered the dolostone and 300 <em>m</em> downgradient from the TCE source area. This delineation was accomplished using depth-discrete, multilevel groundwater monitoring systems in five cored holes and detailed analyses of contaminant concentration in rock cores. The maximum metolachlor concentration on the transect is a factor of 20 below the maximum concentration in the metolachlor source area and the maximum TCE concentration on the transect is lower by a factor of 100 from the TCE source area. <br /><br /> Matrix diffusion and strong temporal variability of the groundwater flow system caused by pumping of nearby municipal wells have likely caused strong natural attenuation of metolachlor and TCE and degradation has likely contributed to even stronger TCE attenuation. The transect shows rock core concentrations much higher than the groundwater concentrations in the multilevel systems at the same locations and in the conventional monitoring wells, which indicates that plume persistence is likely maintained by back diffusion from the rock matrix, which has very low hydraulic conductivity but substantial porosity, into the active groundwater flow in the fractures. <br /><br /> Metolachlor has been observed at very low concentrations and has persisted at these concentrations in the nearest municipal pumping well located approximately 780 <em>m</em> downgradient of the transect, however this well shows no detectable TCE. The relatively low concentrations along the transect and the replenishment of the plume by back diffusion suggests that a substantial increase of metolachlor or TCE in the municipal well is unlikely.

Goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) is an Asian antelope species and it is classified as Vulnerable by IUCN. They have an economic, esthetic and cultural value / therefore, they had been hunted and domesticated for a long time. Additional human disturbance over years nearly led goitered gazelle populations in Turkey to extinction. Today in Turkey, only natural population of goitered gazelle lives in Sanlurfa. In this theses, demographic structure and population parameters of natural population goitered gazelle in Sanliurfa is studied. Line transect and regular surveys are performed to collect data about demographic structure of the population such as sex ratio and group composition. Line transect sampling, which is a distance sampling technique, is used to estimate population size and density of the population. GPS collared goitered gazelles are monitored for fecundity and survival rate. Data is collected for 18 from July 2008 to December 2009 during 32 field surveys. Four main transect samplings have been performed and including transect samplings that are done during regular surveys, 90 line transects are walked. Population sizes and densities were estimated to be (average &plusmn / standard error) 242 &plusmn / 184 and 2.302 &plusmn / 1.590 individual per km2 for July 2008 / 365 &plusmn / 179 and 3.476 &plusmn / 1.707 individual per km2 for January 2009 / 319 &plusmn / 111 and 3.039 &plusmn / 1.059 individual per km2 for June 2009 and lastly, 317 &plusmn / 243 and 3.019 &plusmn / 2.315 for November 2009. Survival rate is estimated to be 0.276, 0.540 and 0.585 for calves, 1 year old and 2+ years olds respectivelty, and fecundity is estimated to be 0.4. This preliminary study shows that according to Population Viability Analysis results, natural goitered gazelle population in Turkey will be extinct in next 10 years if more effective conservation is not performed.

The patch reefs located in Biscayne National Park (BNP) are some of the most northern reefs of the Florida reef system. The focus of my study is seven patch reefs that were first surveyed annually between 1977 and 1981, revealing 8% - 28% cover by scleractinian corals. An assessment of BNP patch reefs completed in 2000 reported that coral cover had decreased to approximately 0.4% - 10%. The once dominant species in the Florida reef tract, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis, have rapidly declined over time and were not found in any transects during the 2000 survey. This study is a re-assessment of the BNP patch reefs surveyed in 1977-1981. In addition, one patch reef from BNP and three in upper keys region of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) have been included (a total of 11 patch reefs, all with historical data available). This study found 2% - 13% coral cover at these 11 reefs using a photographic survey (Point Count) and 4% - 21% coral cover using Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) survey methods. These results are relatively similar to results reported for the same patch reefs in the 1990s and in 2002, indicating that the major changes occurred earlier with the extreme decline in Acropora spp. Montastraea annularis complex cover has also declined substantially at the BNP sites from 5.4% in 1977-81 to 1.3% in 2009. Although the number of species recoded on the seven resurveyed BNP patch reefs was only 23, compared with 28 recorded in the 1977-81 study, all species are still present in the region surveyed, indicating no actual loss of over all species richness.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar e caracterizar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da armazenagem de água no solo, do potencial mátrico, densidade de fluxo e evapotranspiração da água em um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Argissólico cultivado com citros. A parcela experimental constitui-se de duas transeções com 20 pontos de observação espaçados de 4,0 m, cada um deles localizado no centro da distância entre duas plantas ao longo da linha. A cultura de citros foi implantada em março de 1991 com espaçamento de 4,0 m entre plantas e 7,0 m entre linhas. Em cada ponto de observação foram instalados a) um tubo de acesso à uma sonda de nêutrons até a profundidade de 1,20 m, para a quantificação da armazenagem da água no solo, e b) três tensiômetros nas profundidades de 1,00 m, 1,10 m e 1,20 m para a quantificação do potencial mátrico e do gradiente de potencial total da água no solo. As medidas foram feitas ao longo de três anos. As medidas dos potenciais mátricos foram realizadas diariamente e as da armazenagem semanalmente. De cada ponto de observação e profundidade de 0,30 m, 0,50 m, 0,70 m, 0,90 m e 1,10 m foram coletadas amostras de solo com estrutura indeformada para a determinação da condutividade hidráulica saturada, da curva de retenção e a densidade do solo. Por meio da geoestatística, verificou-se uma dependência espacial para a armazenagem de água no solo com um alcance de 17,0 m em média e, para a densidade do solo, potencial mátrico e condutividade hidráulica saturada não se verificou estrutura de dependência espacial. A técnica da estabilidade temporal possibilita identificar no campo o ponto ou os pontos que, subestimam, superestimam ou representam a média de uma determinada variável. Pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre as datas, os valores de armazenagem e de potencial mátrico foram estáveis no tempo; para a armazenagem de água no solo, a correlação foi maior no período de recarga e, para o potencial mátrico, os coeficientes de correlação foram maiores para os períodos de secagem, ou seja, a estabilidade temporal foi maior para o os períodos de secagem. Por meio da diferença relativa foi possível identificar no estudo da estabilidade temporal, os pontos que mais se aproximaram da média que foram: o ponto 29 nos três anos, para a armazenagem de água no solo, pontos 24, 13 e 11 para o potencial mátrico da água no solo nos anos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Por meio do balanço hídrico, verificou-se um consumo da água pela cultura de citros (evapotranspiração real) de 1.340 mm (consumo médio diário de 3,49 mm) e uma perda por drenagem interna que correspondeu a 10 %, em média nos três anos, da precipitação, para o solo e cultura em estudo. / The objective of the present work was to quantify and characterize spatial and temporal variability of water storage, matric potential, water flux density and actual evapotranspiration in an oxisol cropped to citrus. The experimental plot consisted of two transects with 20 observation points in a spacing of four meters. Each observation point was located in the central distance between two plants in the plant line. The citrus crop was installed in March of 1991 in a spacing of 4 x 7 m (four meters among plants in the line and seven meters among lines). In each observation point were installed a) one aluminiun tube to access a neutron probe till the depth of 1.2 m to determine water storage in the 0-1.2 m soil profile and b) three tensiometers at the depths of 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 m to determine soil matric potential and soil water total potential gradient at the depth of 1.1 m then to calculated soil water flux density at the 1.1 m soil depth by means of Darcy-Buckingham equation. Measurements were made during three years, those of matric potential, dayly, and those of soil water content, weekly. In each observation point, undisturbed soil samples were removed from 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 e 1.1 m soil depths to determine saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention curve and soil bulk density. By means of geostatistical techniques, spatial dependence for soil water storage was verified with a range of 17 m in average. It was observed time stability for both soil water storage and matric potential that from the Spearman rank coefficients among dates. For the soil water storage, this coefficient showed higher values during the recharge period, that this, time stability for soil water storage was higher during the recharge period. For the matric potential occurred the inverse: time stability was higher during the drying period. By means of the relative difference from the mean, in the time stability study the following points closer were to the mean: point 29 (for the three years) for soil water storage and points 24, 13 and 11 for soil water matric potential for years 1, 2 and 3, respectively. By means of the soil water storage methodology, it was quantified a water consumption (actual evapotranspiration) for the citrus crop of 1,340 mm (daily average value of 3.49 mm) and a water loss by internal drainage that corresponded to 10 % in average, for the three years of experiment.

The thesis presents data from butterfly transects monitoring, carried out for 7 years on 36 transects established both within nature reserves and unprotected landscapes throughout the Czech Republic and walked three times a month between April and September. Only seven transects were monitored for the whole monitoring period. There were 192 771 individual butterfly records on 127 species of butterflies and burnet moths, i.e. 76.5% of the Czech fauna of the targeted groups). Data on their abundances are for the first time available for the Czech Republic. The distribution of individual species abundances approximated a lognormal model. The abundant species were generalists of non-wooded habitats, which prosper in the intensively managed landscapes of the Czech Republic. Trends of abundance, determined by the TRIM program, were estimable for 92 species. Over the monitored period, the relative abundance of nine species significantly decreased, while those of of seven species significantly increases. The remaining 76 did not display unequivocal trends, but still, 17 are likely increasing and 29 likely decreasing. Comparing the trends with the life history and bioclimatic traits of the butterflies showed that species whose abundance did not change possess traits typical for generalist butterflies (mobile species, overwintering in later life stages, longer flight period etc.), while decreases were more common among thermophilic species. Splitting the analyses for data originating from reserve vs. unprotected areas suggested that mesophilic species and species of more advanced successional stages prosper outside of reserves, whereas thermophilic species tend to decline there, and that an opposite pattern applies to reserves. I discuss recommendations for future of the monitoring Czech butterfly monitoring scheme.

Submitted by Carlos Augusto Rolim da Silva Junior (carlos_jrolim@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-20T13:55:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2692675 bytes, checksum: 1cdeb4057db1b7d492f42ba9fba9475a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-20T13:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2692675 bytes, checksum: 1cdeb4057db1b7d492f42ba9fba9475a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Estimators of species richness are alternatives to characterize the local biodiversity, facing the limitations of complete fauna inventories. Due to continuous urbanization and deforestation of the Atlantic Forest, studies on local biodiversity are important as records of fauna and as a way to subsidize conservation measures. It was evaluated the effectiveness of five nonparametric estimators of species richness, from the calculation bias, precision and accuracy of termites of Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (FNRC), and the Área de Preservação Permanente Mata do Buraquinho (APPMB). It was utilized a standardized sampling protocol of termites, which consists of five 5 x 2m plots distributed along six transects of 65 x 2m. Five protocols were applied in FNRC and 12 in APPMB totaling a sampling effort of 5100m² and x 510h per person, and with uniques and duplicates absent in the data. Forty-five termite morphospecies were found, belonging to at least 26 genera and three families, exceeding any records ever published throughout the biome of Atlantic Forest. It was found that the Jackknife1 and Jackknife2 should only be used for databases with a number of uniques over 25% of the richness, and it was observed that the use of the Bootstrap estimates and Chao2 are indicated in the remaining cases, when the number of rare species is lower than this. It is suggested the need of further evaluation of ICE performance before indicating it to studies on the diversity of termites under any conditions. It was sampled around 65-70% of the real richness of the areas with the application of a protocol and there was a robust representation of the taxonomic composition and trophic proportions, stressing the efficiency of this method to determine the termites diversity in two areas of Atlantic Forest investigated. / Estimadores de riqueza de espécies são alternativas na caracterização da biodiversidade local, diante das limitações de inventários faunísticos completos. Devido à contínua destruição e urbanização da Floresta Atlântica, estudos abordando a biodiversidade local são importantes como registros de fauna e como meio para subsidiar medidas conservacionistas. Avaliou-se a eficiência de cinco estimadores não paramétricos de riqueza de espécies, a partir do cálculo do enviesamento (bias), precisão e acurácia, para a taxocenose de térmitas da Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (FNRC) e da Área de Preservação Permanente Mata do Buraquinho (APPMB). Foi utilizado um protocolo de amostragem padronizado de térmitas, o qual consiste em cinco parcelas de 5 x 2m distribuídas ao longo de seis transectos de 65 x 2m. Foram aplicados cinco protocolos na FNRC e 12 na APPMB, totalizando esforço amostral de 5100m² e 510h x pessoa, e com uniques e duplicates ausentes nos dados. Quarenta e cinco morfoespécies de térmitas foram encontradas, pertencentes à pelo menos 26 gêneros e três famílias, ultrapassando todos os registros já publicados ao longo do Domínio da Floresta Atlântica. Foi constatado que o Jackknife1 e Jackknife2 devem ser utilizados para bancos de dados com um número de uniques superior a 25% da riqueza observada e que a utilização das estimativas do Bootstrap e do Chao2 são indicadas para os demais casos, quando o número de espécies raras for inferior a este. Sugere-se a necessidade de mais avaliações do desempenho do ICE antes de indicá-lo para estudos de diversidade de térmitas sob quaisquer condições. Foram amostradas de 65 a 70% da riqueza real das áreas com a aplicação de um protocolo e houve uma fiel reprodução das proporções da composição taxonômica e trófica, demonstrando a eficiência do método para determinar a diversidade de térmitas nas duas áreas de Floresta Atlântica investigadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoMP_DISSERT.pdf: 5043225 bytes, checksum: 466790818b8e78fed04763a84b2aeda0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Since 2005, geophysical surveys have been carried out in the Precambri-an Borborema Province, along two transects with 800 km long each one. A pool of Brazilian public universities and institutions has been acquired deep refrac-tion seismic, gravity and magnetotelluric, with the purpose to model the conti-nental lithosphere of the region. This paper present the gravity survey of the second transect, that crosses the Borborema Province from SW to NE, passing through the S?o Francisco Craton, Transversal and Meridional zones and Rio Grande do Norte Domain, in the Setentrional Zone. In this way, it cuts some important geologic structures, like the limit of the S?o Francis Craton and the Borborema Province, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basins of Tucano, Jatob? and Potiguar and the extensive Pernambuco and Patos shear zones. Recognition techniques gravity sources in the subsurface, such as spectral analysis and Euler Deconvolution, were applied to the Bouguer anomalies, as well as their regional and residual components. These techniques provided in-formation on possible anomalous bodies, which correlated with pre-existing geological and geophysical data, subsidized a 2.5 D gravity modeling of the lithosphere beneath the Borborema Province and its southern limit with the S?o Francisco Craton. / Desde 2005, est?o sendo efetuados estudos geof?sicos nos terrenos Pr?-Cambrianos da Prov?ncia Borborema, ao longo de duas transectas com cerca de 800 km cada. Algumas universidades e institui??es p?blicas t?m realizado em conjunto levantamentos s?smicos, gravim?tricos e magnetotel?ricos, com o objetivo de modelar a litosfera continental da regi?o. Esse trabalho apresenta o levantamento gravim?trico da segunda transecta, que secciona a Prov?ncia Borborema de SW para NE, passando pelo Cr?ton S?o Francisco, pelas zonas Tranversal e Meriodional e pelo Dom?nio Rio Grande do Norte, na Zona Seten-trional. A Transecta Ang?era Macau corta algumas importantes estruturas geol?gicas, como o limite entre o Cr?ton S?o Francisco e a Prov?ncia Borbore-ma, as bacias Mesoz?icas e Cenoz?icas de Tucano, Jatob? e Potiguar, e as extensas zonas de cisalhamento Brasilianas de Pernambuco e Patos. T?cnicas de reconhecimento de fontes gravim?tricas na sub-superf?cie, como An?lise Espectral e Deconvolu??o de Euler, foram aplicadas ?s anomalias Bouguer, bem como suas componentes regional e residual. Essas t?cnicas forneceram informa??es sobre poss?veis corpos an?malos, que, correlacionados a dados geol?gicos e geof?sicos pr?-existentes, subsidiaram uma modelagem gravim?-trica 2,5D da litosfera da Prov?ncia Borborema e seu contanto sul com o Cr?ton S?o Francisco.

abstract: The lack of substantive, multi-dimensional perspectives on civic space planning and design has undermined the potential role of these valuable social and ecological amenities in advancing urban sustainability goals. Responding to these deficiencies, this dissertation utilized mixed quantitative and qualitative methods and synthesized multiple social and natural science perspectives to inform the development of progressive civic space planning and design, theory, and public policy aimed at improving the social, economic, and environmental health of cities. Using Phoenix, Arizona as a case study, the analysis was tailored to arid cities, yet the products and findings are flexible enough to be geographically customized to the social, environmental, built, and public policy goals of other urbanized regions. Organized into three articles, the first paper applies geospatial and statistical methods to analyze and classify urban parks in Phoenix based on multiple social, ecological, and built criteria, including landuse-land cover, `greenness,' and site amenities, as well as the socio- economic and built characteristics of park neighborhoods. The second article uses spatial empirical analysis to rezone the City of Phoenix following transect form-based code. The current park system was then assessed within this framework and recommendations are presented to inform the planning and design of civic spaces sensitive to their social and built context. The final paper culminates in the development of a planning tool and site design guidelines for civic space planning and design across the urban-to-natural gradient augmented with multiple ecosystem service considerations and tailored to desert cities. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2013

A avaliação da interação reservatórios-atmosfera mostra-se limitada a estudos de grandes reservatórios, que visam analisar eventuais alterações na temperatura e umidade; identifica-se, portanto, a necessidade de estender estudos desta natureza a reservatórios menores. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa buscou avaliar, por meio de um transecto, o gradiente da temperatura e umidade absoluta na margem da Represa do Lobo, localizada em Itirapina-SP, de modo a determinar se a existência da represa altera os valores medidos na estação meteorológica do Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia Aplicada CRHEA, instalado nas proximidades. O transecto foi montado na área do CRHEA; ao longo dele, foram instalados sensores termopares tipo T para o registro das temperaturas de bulbo seco (Tbs) e bulbo úmido (Tbu), além de quatro dataloggers, para o armazenamento dos dados. A campanha de coleta foi realizada entre os meses de junho e setembro, período com o menor índice pluviométrico no ano, de modo a evitar alterações nos valores da umidade absoluta; os dados. No estudo, foi empregado o conceito de dias típicos experimentais, por apresentarem características semelhantes aos das Normais Climatológicas para a região e época do ano. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste estatístico de Mann Whitney e gráficos Boxplot. A comparação estatística entre os psicrômetros revelou que a temperatura se manteve constante, com exceção de um gradiente de 1,5°C a 2°C verificado no 3° quartil dos Boxplot entre a Tbs1 e Tbs3. O mesmo ocorreu com a umidade absoluta, que apresentou variação de apenas 0,5 g/m³ entre dois dos psicrômetros. Conclui-se, portanto, que a metodologia utilizada não apontou evidências de que a presença da Represa do Lobo altere os valores da temperatura e umidade absoluta medidos na estação climatológica do CRHEA. Como recomendação para estudos posteriores cita-se a análise das movimentações das massas de ar, mais especificamente das plumas de umidade. / The assessment of the reservoir-atmosphere interaction seems to be limited to case studies of big reservoirs, that seek to analyze occasional alterations on temperature and humidity; one identifies, therefore, the need of extending such studies to smaller water bodies. The goal of this research is to evaluate, by means of a transect, the temperature gradient and absolute humidity at the Represa do Lobo, located between the cities of Itirapina and São Carlos, SP, in order to determine whether the presence of the reservoir exerts influence on the measurements performed at the meteorological station of the Center for Water Resources and Applied Ecology-CRHEA, installed nearby. The transect was installed in the CRHEA area. T-type thermocouple sensors were placed along its length, in order to record dry bulb (Tbs) and wet bulb (Tbu) temperatures; these data were stored in dataloggers. Data collection was conducted between June and September, period with the lowest rainfall in the year, so as to avoid changes in the values of absolute humidity. For data analysis, the concept of typical experimental days was used, because they have similar characteristics to the Normal Climatological for the region and time of the year. Data evaluation was performed using the Mann-Whitney test statistic and Boxplot graphs. The statistical comparison between psychrometers showed that temperature kept constant, except for a temperature gradient of 1.5°C to 2°C in the 3rd quartile of the Boxplot between Tbs1 and Tbs3. The same behavior was observed for absolute humidity: only a slight variation of 0.5 g/m³ was perceived between two psychrometers. It is therefore concluded that the adopted methodology did not point out evidence that the Represa do Lobo alters the values of temperature and absolute humidity measured at the CRHEA meteorological station. Suggestions for future studies include the assessment of air masses, more specifically the humidity plumes.

Muitas vezes, é necessária uma melhor compreensão a respeito da distribuição espacial do fluxo radiativo em ondas longas. Este fluxo é em geral representado pelos estudos em climatologia urbana. Alternativamente, é representado como um estudo interdisciplinar. Novos procedimentos são considerados, porque a superfície urbana é composta de uma variedade muito ampla de elementos. Incluindo um conjunto amostral baseado em observações de transetos móveis automáticos através de várias travessias na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, além de estimativas paramétricas e considerações de análise escalar. Olhando os objetivos da tese, é fornecida uma contribuição ao desenvolvimento metodológico nos trabalhos de campo, em particular aos climatologistas e planejadores urbanos. Os resultados obtidos implementam a discussão a respeito dos ambientes modificados pelo homem. É apresentada a natureza do fenômeno estudado e o método aplicado é focalizado. São analisados os aspectos essenciais que contribuem para a distribuição do fluxo radiativo nos canyons urbanos. Como a expressão do balanço de energia é uma importante ferramenta para a compreensão do clima urbano, estimativas dos fluxos turbulentos também são considerados. / Many times, it is necessary a better comprehension about the spatial distribution of the longwave radiative flux. This flux is represented just as much by the studies on urban climatology. Alternatively, it is represented as an interdisciplinary study. New procedures are considered, because the urban surface is made up of widely varying elements. Including a sampled dataset based on automatic mobile transects observations through several traverses in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, besides parametric estimates and scalar analysis considerations. Regarding the thesis objectives, it is given a contribution to the method development in the fieldworks, in particular to the urban climatologists and urban planners. The obtained results improve the discussion on the manmodified environments. It is explained the nature of the studied phenomena and the applied method it is focused. It is analyzed the essential aspects that contibute to the radiative flux distribution in the urban canyons. As the energy balance expresion is an important framework to the comprehension of the urban climate, estimates of the turbulent fluxes are also considered.