No description available.

No description available.

Os modelos de transição de Markov constituem uma ferramenta de grande importância para diversas áreas do conhecimento quando são desenvolvidos estudos com medidas repetidas. Eles caracterizam-se por modelar a variável resposta ao longo do tempo condicionada a uma ou mais respostas anteriores, conhecidas como a história do processo. Além disso, é possível a inclusão de outras covariáveis. No caso das respostas binárias, pode-se construir uma matriz com as probabilidades de transição de um estado para outro. Neste trabalho, quatro abordagens diferentes de modelos de transição foram comparadas para avaliar qual estima melhor o efeito causal de tratamentos em um estudo experimental em que a variável resposta é um vetor binário medido ao longo do tempo. Estudos de simulação foram realizados levando em consideração experimentos balanceados com três tratamentos de natureza categórica. Para avaliar as estimativas foram utilizados o erro padrão, viés e percentual de cobertura dos intervalos de confiança. Os resultados mostraram que os modelos de transição marginalizados são mais indicados na situação em que um experimento é desenvolvido com um reduzido número de medidas repetidas. Como complementação, apresenta-se uma forma alternativa de realizar comparações múltiplas, uma vez que os pressupostos como normalidade, independência e homocedasticidade são violados impossibilitando o uso dos métodos tradicionais. Um experimento com dados reais no qual se registrou a presença de fungos (considerada como sucesso) em cultivos de citros e morango foi analisado por meio do modelo de transição apropriado. Para as comparações múltiplas, intervalos de confiança simultâneos foram construídos para o preditor linear e os resultados foram estendidos para a resposta média que neste caso são as probabilidades de sucesso. / The transition Markov models are a very important tool for several areas of knowledge when studies are developed with repeated measures. They are characterized by modeling the response variable over time conditional to the previous response which is known as the history. In addtion it is possible to include other covariates. In the case of binary responses, can be constructed a matrix of transition probabilities from one state to another. In this work, four different approaches to transition models were compared in order to assess which best estimates of the causal effect of treatments in an experimental studies where the outcome is a vector of binary response measured over time. Simulation study was held taking into account a balanced experiments with three treatments of categorical nature. To assess the best estimates standard error and bias, beyond the percentage of coverage were used. The results showed that the marginalized transition models are more appropriate in situation where an experiment is developed with a reduced number of repeated measurements. As complementation is presented an alternative way to perform multiple comparisons, since the assumptions as normality, independence and homoscedasticity are violated precluding the use of traditional methods. An experiment with real data where we recorded the presence of fungi (deemed successful) in citrus and strawberry crops was analyzed through the appropriate transition model. For multiple comparisons, simultaneous confidence intervals were constructed for the linear predictor and the results have been extended to the mean response in this case are the probabilities of success.

We study here a model for a strand passage in a ring polymer about a randomly chosen location at which two strands of the polymer have been brought gcloseh together. The model is based on ¦-SAPs, which are unknotted self-avoiding polygons in Z^3 that contain a fixed structure ¦ that forces two segments of the polygon to be close together. To study this model, the Composite Markov Chain Monte Carlo (CMCMC) algorithm, referred to as the CMC ¦-BFACF algorithm, that I developed and proved to be ergodic for unknotted ¦-SAPs in my M. Sc. Thesis, is used. Ten simulations (each consisting of 9.6~10^10 time steps) of the CMC ¦-BFACF algorithm are performed and the results from a statistical analysis of the simulated data are presented. To this end, a new maximum likelihood method, based on previous work of Berretti and Sokal, is developed for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the growth constants and critical exponents associated respectively with the numbers of unknotted (2n)-edge ¦-SAPs, unknotted (2n)-edge successful-strand-passage ¦-SAPs, unknotted (2n)-edge failed-strand-passage ¦-SAPs, and (2n)-edge after-strand-passage-knot-type-K unknotted successful-strand-passage ¦-SAPs. The maximum likelihood estimates are consistent with the result (proved here) that the growth constants are all equal, and provide evidence that the associated critical exponents are all equal.<p> We then investigate the question gGiven that a successful local strand passage occurs at a random location in a (2n)-edge knot-type K ¦-SAP, with what probability will the ¦-SAP have knot-type Kf after the strand passage?h. To this end, the CMCMC data is used to obtain estimates for the probability of knotting given a (2n)-edge successful-strand-passage ¦-SAP and the probability of an after-strand-passage polygon having knot-type K given a (2n)-edge successful-strand-passage ¦-SAP. The computed estimates numerically support the unproven conjecture that these probabilities, in the n¨ limit, go to a value lying strictly between 0 and 1. We further prove here that the rate of approach to each of these limits (should the limits exist) is less than exponential.<p> We conclude with a study of whether or not there is a difference in the gsizeh of an unknotted successful-strand-passage ¦-SAP whose after-strand-passage knot-type is K when compared to the gsizeh of a ¦-SAP whose knot-type does not change after strand passage. The two measures of gsizeh used are the expected lengths of, and the expected mean-square radius of gyration of, subsets of ¦-SAPs. How these two measures of gsizeh behave as a function of a polygonfs length and its after-strand-passage knot-type is investigated.

We study here a model for a strand passage in a ring polymer about a randomly chosen location at which two strands of the polymer have been brought gcloseh together. The model is based on ¦-SAPs, which are unknotted self-avoiding polygons in Z^3 that contain a fixed structure ¦ that forces two segments of the polygon to be close together. To study this model, the Composite Markov Chain Monte Carlo (CMCMC) algorithm, referred to as the CMC ¦-BFACF algorithm, that I developed and proved to be ergodic for unknotted ¦-SAPs in my M. Sc. Thesis, is used. Ten simulations (each consisting of 9.6~10^10 time steps) of the CMC ¦-BFACF algorithm are performed and the results from a statistical analysis of the simulated data are presented. To this end, a new maximum likelihood method, based on previous work of Berretti and Sokal, is developed for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the growth constants and critical exponents associated respectively with the numbers of unknotted (2n)-edge ¦-SAPs, unknotted (2n)-edge successful-strand-passage ¦-SAPs, unknotted (2n)-edge failed-strand-passage ¦-SAPs, and (2n)-edge after-strand-passage-knot-type-K unknotted successful-strand-passage ¦-SAPs. The maximum likelihood estimates are consistent with the result (proved here) that the growth constants are all equal, and provide evidence that the associated critical exponents are all equal.<p> We then investigate the question gGiven that a successful local strand passage occurs at a random location in a (2n)-edge knot-type K ¦-SAP, with what probability will the ¦-SAP have knot-type Kf after the strand passage?h. To this end, the CMCMC data is used to obtain estimates for the probability of knotting given a (2n)-edge successful-strand-passage ¦-SAP and the probability of an after-strand-passage polygon having knot-type K given a (2n)-edge successful-strand-passage ¦-SAP. The computed estimates numerically support the unproven conjecture that these probabilities, in the n¨ limit, go to a value lying strictly between 0 and 1. We further prove here that the rate of approach to each of these limits (should the limits exist) is less than exponential.<p> We conclude with a study of whether or not there is a difference in the gsizeh of an unknotted successful-strand-passage ¦-SAP whose after-strand-passage knot-type is K when compared to the gsizeh of a ¦-SAP whose knot-type does not change after strand passage. The two measures of gsizeh used are the expected lengths of, and the expected mean-square radius of gyration of, subsets of ¦-SAPs. How these two measures of gsizeh behave as a function of a polygonfs length and its after-strand-passage knot-type is investigated.

The beam-foil method was used to determine mean-lives of excited atomic states. Initial studies were done on states. Initial studies were done on states of the helium- and hydrogen-like ions B IV and B V, with the mean-lives determined by fitting the decay curves to sums of exponential terms. Since theoretical values of the mean-lives are very precise in these simple atomic systems, our results indicate the accuracy of the experimental method. A series of measurements was made of the low lying 2s 2p⁴ states in nitrogen-like Ne IV, Na V, Mg VI, Al VII, and Si VIII. The experimental results were compared to theoretical calculations of Fawcett and Sinanoglu, and showed excellent agreement with Sinanolu's nonclosed-shell many electron theory. The lifetimes of the 4p ²P₁/₂ and 4p ²P₃/₂ states in copper-like Br VII were determined by measuring decay curves for both the primary and cascade decays and then analyzing the curves jointly. Our resulting mean-life values are considerbly shorter than those of previous experiments which analyzed only the primary decay curve. Comparison with theoretical calculations showed excellent agreement with those which include core polarization effects.

Os modelos de transição de Markov constituem uma ferramenta de grande importância para diversas áreas do conhecimento quando são desenvolvidos estudos com medidas repetidas. Eles caracterizam-se por modelar a variável resposta ao longo do tempo condicionada a uma ou mais respostas anteriores, conhecidas como a história do processo. Além disso, é possível a inclusão de outras covariáveis. No caso das respostas binárias, pode-se construir uma matriz com as probabilidades de transição de um estado para outro. Neste trabalho, quatro abordagens diferentes de modelos de transição foram comparadas para avaliar qual estima melhor o efeito causal de tratamentos em um estudo experimental em que a variável resposta é um vetor binário medido ao longo do tempo. Estudos de simulação foram realizados levando em consideração experimentos balanceados com três tratamentos de natureza categórica. Para avaliar as estimativas foram utilizados o erro padrão, viés e percentual de cobertura dos intervalos de confiança. Os resultados mostraram que os modelos de transição marginalizados são mais indicados na situação em que um experimento é desenvolvido com um reduzido número de medidas repetidas. Como complementação, apresenta-se uma forma alternativa de realizar comparações múltiplas, uma vez que os pressupostos como normalidade, independência e homocedasticidade são violados impossibilitando o uso dos métodos tradicionais. Um experimento com dados reais no qual se registrou a presença de fungos (considerada como sucesso) em cultivos de citros e morango foi analisado por meio do modelo de transição apropriado. Para as comparações múltiplas, intervalos de confiança simultâneos foram construídos para o preditor linear e os resultados foram estendidos para a resposta média que neste caso são as probabilidades de sucesso. / The transition Markov models are a very important tool for several areas of knowledge when studies are developed with repeated measures. They are characterized by modeling the response variable over time conditional to the previous response which is known as the history. In addtion it is possible to include other covariates. In the case of binary responses, can be constructed a matrix of transition probabilities from one state to another. In this work, four different approaches to transition models were compared in order to assess which best estimates of the causal effect of treatments in an experimental studies where the outcome is a vector of binary response measured over time. Simulation study was held taking into account a balanced experiments with three treatments of categorical nature. To assess the best estimates standard error and bias, beyond the percentage of coverage were used. The results showed that the marginalized transition models are more appropriate in situation where an experiment is developed with a reduced number of repeated measurements. As complementation is presented an alternative way to perform multiple comparisons, since the assumptions as normality, independence and homoscedasticity are violated precluding the use of traditional methods. An experiment with real data where we recorded the presence of fungi (deemed successful) in citrus and strawberry crops was analyzed through the appropriate transition model. For multiple comparisons, simultaneous confidence intervals were constructed for the linear predictor and the results have been extended to the mean response in this case are the probabilities of success.

The investigation of isomeric states in neutron-rich nuclei provides useful insights into the underlying nuclear configurations, and understanding their occurrence along an isotopic chain can inform about shell evolution. Recent studies on neutron-rich Si isotopes near the magic number N = 20 and approaching N = 28 have revealed the presence of low-lying states with intruder configurations, resulting from multiple-particle, multiple-hole excitations across closed shell gaps. The characterization of these states involves measuring their half-lives and transition probabilities. In this study, a new low-energy (7/2−1) isomer at 68 keV in 37Si was accessed via beta decay and characterized. To achieve this, radioactive 37Al and 38Al ions were produced through the projectile fragmentation reaction of a 48Ca beam and implanted into a CeBr3 detector, leading to the population of states in 37Si. The 68-keV isomer was directly populated in the beta-delayed one neutron emission decay of implanted 38Al ions. Ancillary detector arrays comprising HPGe and LaBr3(Ce) detectors were employed for the detection of beta-delayed gamma rays. The choice of detectors was driven by their excellent energy and timing resolutions, respectively. The beta-gamma timing method was utilized to measure the half-life of the new isomeric state in 37Si. This dissertation also discusses other timing techniques employed to search for and characterize isomeric states following beta decay of implanted ions. Notably, the half-life of the newly observed (7/2−1) isomeric state in 37Si was measured to be 9.1(7) ns. The half-life of the previously observed closely-lying (3/2−1) state at 156 keV was determined to be 3.20(4) ns, consistent with previously reported values. Reduced ground-state transition probabilities associated with the gamma-ray decay from these excited states were in agreement with results obtained from shell model calculations. In addition to the investigation of isomeric states in 37Si, isomeric 0+ states in 34Si and 32Mg nuclei belonging to the N = 20 “island of inversion” were characterized and searched for, respectively. The isomeric 0+ state in 34Si was populated following the beta decay of implanted 34Mg ions and its 34Al daughter nucleus. Similarly, the 0+ state in 32Mg was searched for via the beta-delayed one neutron emission decay of implanted 33Na ions.

A scheme, analogous to the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), is used to calculate rates of reactions for the fusion of nuclei con¯ned in molecules. As an example, the possibility of nuclear fusion in rotationally excited H2O molecules of angular momentum 1¡ is estimated for the p + p + 16O ! 18Ne¤(4:522; 1¡) nuclear transition. Due to a practically exact agreement of the energy of the Ne resonance and of the p + p + 16O threshold, the possibility of an enhanced transition probability is investigated. / Physics / M.Sc.

Ausgehend von einer kritischen Betrachtung der bekannten Meßverfahren zur Untersuchung von Halbleiteroberflächen wurde der Feldeffekt mit Sperrstrommessungen derart gekoppelt, dass gleichzeitig an dem Teil der Probe, der auf der Rückseite von einem in Sperr-Richtung vorgespannten pn-Übergang bedeckt ist, der Oberflächenleitwert und der Sperrstrom des pn-Übergangs gemessen werden. Der Sinn dieser Kopplung ist es, die Termanalyse gegenüber den bekannten Methoden zu verbessern. Die vorgenommene Erweiterung der Feldeffektuntersuchungen auf den stationären Nichtgleichgewichtzustand ermöglicht die direkte Messung der Aufspaltung des Ferminiveaus und damit die Bestimmung der Oberflächenrekombinationsgeschwindigkeit allein durch Oberflächenleitwertmessungen. Auch mit der Erweiterung der Sperrstromuntersuchungen, durch Messung der Sperrstromänderung bei Belichtung, ist es möglich, die Oberflächenrekombinationsgeschwindigkeit zu messen. Mit der entwickelten Apparatur wurde durch gleichzeitige Messung der Sperrstromänderungen und des Oberflächenleitwertes eine Verbreiterung der Sperrstromkurven verbunden mit einer Verschiebung des Sperrstrommaximums gegen das Leitwertminimum an CP-4-geätzten Germanium-Oberflächen beobachtet. Die Deutung dieser Erscheinung ermöglicht eine eindeutige Bestimmung des Energieniveaus des Rekombinationsterms und weist darauf hin, dass die Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten des Rekombinationsterms keine Daten der Terme allein, sondern Daten der Terme und des Zustands der Oberfläche sind. Für die untersuchten, in CP-4-geätzten Oberflächen wurde die bei den Channeluntersuchungen gemachte Voraussetzung bestätigt, dass für die Terme in der oberen Hälfte der verbotenen Zone Cp/Cn > e2(Et – Ei)/kT gilt. Mit der entwickelten Methode zur Messung des Oberflächenleitwertes mit einem hochfrequenten Wechselstrom werden Verwehungseffekte der Ladungsträger vermieden. Durch die Parallelschaltung des ohmschen und des kapazitiven Leitwertes zwischen Inversionsschicht und Volumen werden weiterhin die Schwierigkeiten der Kontaktierung der Inversionsschicht umgangen. Einen solchen Kontakt herzustellen, ist besonders schwierig bei Halbleitern mit niedriger Intrinsic-Konzentration. Bei Silizium wurde diese Methode mit Erfolg angewendet. / Starting with a critical consideration of the well-established measurement procedures for the investigation of semiconductor surfaces, the field effect and the measurement of the reverse current have were linked in such a manner that the surface conductance and the reverse current could be measured simultaneously at that part of the specimen which was covered on the back side by a biased pn-junction. The use of this link-up is the improvement of the analysis of surface terms in comparison with the known methods. The implemented extension of the field effect measurements to the stationary non-equilibrium state allows the direct measurement of the split up of the Fermi level and in this way the determination of the surface recombination velocity by measurements of the surface conductance solely. Also with an extension of the measurements of the reverse current, by measuring the change in reverse current due to illumination, it is possible to determine the surface recombination velocity. By a simultaneous measurement of the changes in reverse current and the surface conductance with the developed apparatus it could be observed a broadening of the reverse current curve in conjunction with a shift of the reverse current maximum versus the conductance minimum on germanium surfaces etched with CP-4.The interpretation of this effect allows an unique determination of the energy level of the recombination term and points to the fact that the transient probabilities of the recombination term are not data of the term itself but data of the term and the state of the surface. By the investigations of the surfaces etched in CP-4, the requirements have been confirmed which were made in channel investigations that for the terms in the upper half of the forbidden zone it is Cp/Cn >e2(Et – Ei)/kT. With the developed method for the measurement of the surface conductance using a high frequency alternating current sweep out effects of the charge carriers can be avoided. Furthermore, by the shunt circuit of the ohmic and the capacitive conductance between the inversion layer and the bulk the difficulties in contacting the inversion layer will be avoided. The production of such a contact is especially difficult for semiconductors with a low intrinsic concentration. This method has been successfully applied to silicon.