Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In lexicography different types of equivalent relations can be identified regarding bilingual dictionaries namely full equivalence, partial equivalence and zero equivalence. Zero equivalence prevails where the target language has no item to be co-coordinated as a translation equivalent with a lemma representing a source language item. Lexical gaps occur where a language lacks a word for a given concept. Dagut (1981) identifies different types of semantic gaps in the transfer of a text from one language to another. He distinguishes between gaps due to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. These two categories are called linguistic and referential gaps respectively. A solution for the above mentioned lexicographic problem is given in the present theory of zero equivalence namely surrogate equivalents. The present theory of zero equivalence is expanded in this thesis by making specific reference to its occurrence in Pharos (2005). Different factors that lead to zero-equivalence are discussed and these factors are used to identify different types of zero equivalence. These types of zero equivalence are the following: zero equivalence caused by linguistic and referential gaps as well as grammatical zero equivalence and partial zero equivalence. In a multilingual society like South Africa where many different culture groups exist and people are encouraged to learn an additional language many different types of bilingual dictionaries are needed. When two languages are compared with each other during the compilation of a bilingual dictionary the lexicographer will always be confronted with zero equivalence, especially when the users of the two languages have vastly different cultures. Thus it is necessary to expand on the present theory of zero equivalence within the South African context. In the last section of the thesis the different options at the lexicographer‟s disposal in dealing with the different types of zero equivalence are discussed. Another aspect that gets attention throughout this thesis is the dictionary users of certain dictionaries, among others Pharos (2005), and their specific needs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die leksikografie word daar tussen verskillende ekwivalentverhoudinge wat in tweetalige woordeboeke voorkom, onderskei, naamlik absolute ekwivalensie, gedeeltelike ekwivalensie en zero-ekwivalensie. Zero-ekwivalensie ontstaan wanneer die doeltaal nie ‟n item het wat as ‟n vertaalekwivalent gekoördineer kan word met ‟n lemma van die brontaal nie. Leksikale gapings kom voor wanneer ‟n taal nie ‟n woord vir ‟n spesifieke konsep het nie. Dagut (1981) identifiseer verskillende semantiese gapings na aanleiding van linguistiese en ekstra-linguistiese faktore. Hierdie twee kategorieë staan afsonderlik as linguistiese en referensiële gapings bekend. ‟n Oplossing vir dié leksikografiese probleem is surrogaatekwivalente, wat in die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie aanbeveel word. Hierdie tesis brei uit op die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie in die leksikografie deur onder andere spesifiek na die hantering daarvan in Pharos (2005) te verwys. Daar word aandag geskenk aan die verskillende faktore wat aanleiding tot die verskynsel van zero-ekwivalensie gee. Op grond van hierdie faktore word verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie geïdentifiseer; naamlik zero-ekwivalensie wat as gevolg van linguistiese of referensiële gapings ontstaan asook grammatiese zero-ekwivalensie en gedeeltelike zero-ekwivalensie. In ‟n meertalige gemeenskap soos Suid-Afrika waar daar verskeie kultuurgroepe voorkom en mense aangemoedig word om ‟n addisionele taal aan te leer, word verskeie soorte tweetalige woordeboeke benodig. Wanneer enige twee tale vergelyk word, word die leksikograaf met zero-ekwivalensie gekonfronteer veral wanneer die taalpaar wat in die tweetalige woordeboek aan bod kom wat kultuur betref uitermate van mekaar verskil. Dit is dus nodig om binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks die teorie van zero-ekwivalensie uit te brei. Daar word in die laaste afdeling van hierdie tesis aandag geskenk aan die verskillende opsies wat die leksikograaf tot sy beskikking het om die verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie te hanteer. Nog ‟n aspek wat deurgaans aandag geniet, is die gebruikers van spesifieke woordeboeke, byvoorbeeld Pharos (2005), en die behoeftes van dié gebruikers.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to produce an English translation of the first part of Karel Schoeman's novel Hierdie lewe, translated as This Life. The thought processes of the translator are illustrated by means of descriptive annotations. The choice of source text is motivated and the specifications of the target text are formulated. The problem is stated that relatively few of Schoeman's fictional works have been translated into English or other languages and it is suggested that this might be because Schoeman's work is difficult to translate, or even untranslatable. A possible reason for this may be Schoeman's distinctive style: rhythmic, lyrical and rich in imagery. The source culture may also be too specific and the cultural gap too wide. A hypothesis is formulated that translation is possible if the translational problems are identified. Certain strategies are devised and solutions suggested. A hermeneutic interpretation of the source text and an overall strategy of resistancy are advocated, resulting in a target text with a marked source-text inscription. However, a measure of domestication is unavoidable in the light of the final goal to create an equivalent text which is still readable and will not alienate its addressees. A discussion of relevant concepts from translation studies theory substantiates and motivates the choice of translation strategies and solutions. A thorough reading analysis of the source text supplies the context for an interpretation. Descriptive annotations focus on the translator's methodology. Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of the chosen strategies and suggestions are made for further study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is die produksie van 'n vertaling in Engels van die eerste deel van Karel Schoeman se roman Hierdie lewe, vertaal as This Life. Daarby word deur middel van beskrywende annotasies verslag gedoen oor die denkprosesse van die vertaler tydens die vertaalproses. Die keuse van bronteks word gemotiveer en die vereistes vir die doelteks word geformuleer. Die probleem word gestel dat relatief min van Schoeman se fiksie reeds in Engels en ander tale vertaal is, moontlik as gevolg van 'n persepsie dat Schoeman se werk moeilik vertaalbaar, of selfs onvertaalbaar is. Een rede hiervoor is 'n besondere beeldryke, liriese, ritmiese skryfwyse, kenmerkend van Schoeman. Dat die bronkultuur te spesifiek en die kulturele gaping te groot is, kan ook 'n rol speel. 'n Hipotese word gestel dat vertaling wel moontlik is mits die vertaalprobleme geïdentifiseer word en strategieë om die probleme op te los, bedink word. 'n Hermeneutiese interpretasie van die bronteks word aanbeveel en 'n oorhoofse weerstandstrategie word voorgestel, met die bronteksinskripsie duidelik in die doelteks waarneembaar. Sekere toegewings aan die brontekskultuur (domestication) is egter onvermydelik in die lig van die einddoelom 'n ekwivalente teks te skep wat tog ook leesbaar is en nie die teikenlesers sal vervreem nie. 'n Bespreking van relevante konsepte uit die vertaalteorie ondersteun en motiveer die keuse van vertaalstrategieë en -oplossings. 'n Deeglike analise van die bronteks verskaf die konteks vir 'n interpretasie. Beskrywende annotasies bevat inligting oor die werkwyse van die vertaler en afleidings word gemaak oor die doeltreffendheid van die gekose strategieë. Die moontlikheid van verdere studie word aangedui.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is no new news that the use of a bilingual dictionary forms part of the day-to-day process of communication within a multilingual society like the one we live in. Whether it is a student, expert, language practitioner or a translator consulting a specific dictionary for meaning, spelling, pronunciation or grammatical information, it is of the utmost importance that that dictionary (regarding its macro as well as micro structure) is compiled in a such a way that the user is at all times capable of optimal retrieval of information. Bilingual dictionaries, whether general or specialised, are probably one of the most important sources of information that a translator has to his/her disposal. The most common problem that so often arises in this case, is the fact that these dictionaries are never really compiled with the translator, as possible user thereof, in mind. Because lexicographers in general do not bare in mind that the average translator (who, in the field of specialised language, is actually no more than a layman) may approach the specific dictionary for help, the vast majority of translators often experience great difficulty with the effectiveness of bilingual dictionaries with regard to a) the type of data that is brought about as well as b) the way in which this data is treated and presented in these dictionaries. The way in which aspects such as the correct way of indicating among other things equivalent relations and the use of, for example, context and cotext guidance, are supposed to be applied in order to ensure optimal information retrieval and, subsequently, that the user (which, in this case, is the translator) benefits from this,. should be studied thoroughly beforehand. The importance of other aspects such as lexicographical functions, specific user needs and the influence of cultural gaps on the data found in dictionaries, may also not be ignored when planning the structure and compilation of a bilingual dictionary. All these aspects are supposed to be treated as a lexicographical duty. And this goes for any bilingual dictionary. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is nie nuwe nuus dat die gebruik van 'n vertalende woordeboek deel vorm van die daaglikse proses van kommunikasie binne 'n multitalige samelewing soos ons eie nie. Hetsy dit 'n student, vakkundige, taalpraktisyn of vertaler is wat 'n betrokke tweetalige woordeboek raadpleeg ter wille van betekenis, spelling, uitspraak of grammatikale inligting, is dit van die uiterste belang dat daardie woordeboek (wat die spesifieke gebruiker met 'n doel gekies het) op so 'n wyse saamgestel is (wat mikrosowel as makrostrukturele aspekte betref) dat die gebruiker te alle tye tot optimale inligtingsonttrekking in staat is. Vertalende woordeboeke, hetsyalgemene of vakwoordeboeke, is waarskynlik een van die heel belangrikste inligtingsbronne wat 'n vertaler tot sy/haar beskikking het. Die algemeenste probleem wat so dikwels hier ter sprake kom, is die feit dat sulke woordeboeke as't ware nooit saamgestel word met die oog op die vertaler as moontlike gebruiker daarvan nie. Omdat leksikograwe oor die algemeen nie III gedagte hou dat vertalers (wat veralop die gebied van vaktaal basies niks anders as leke is nie) dalk die betrokke woordeboek sal nader vir hulp nie, ondervind die oorgrote meerderheid vertalers meestal probleme met die doeltreffendheid van vertalende woordeboeke ten opsigte van a) die tipe data wat daargestel word asook b) die manier waarop hierdie data bewerk word en aangebied word. Die mamer waarop aspekte soos die korrekte aanduiding van onder andere ekwivalentverhoudinge en die gebruik van byvoorbeeld konteks- en koteksleiding toegepas moet word ten einde optimale inligtingsonttrekking te verseker en, vervolgens, tot voordeel van die gebruiker (in hierdie geval die vertaler) te kan lei, moet vooraf deeglik bestudeer word. Die belangrikheid van ander kwessies soos leksikografiese funksies, spesifieke gebruikersbehoeftes en die invloed van kulturele gapings op die data wat in woordeboeke aangetref word, kan ook nie buite rekening gelaat word wanneer die struktuur en samestelling van 'n vertalende woordeboek beplan word nie. Al hierdie aspekte behoort as 'n leksikografiese plig behandel te word. En dit geld vir enige vertalende woordeboek.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dictionaries are important translation tools, but cause a lot of frustration when they either fail to provide the help required or offer very little guidance. This study examines the reasons that bilingual dictionaries in particular do not always provide satisfactory support to professional translators. Translation theory and different approaches to both the process and the product of translation are investigated. Specific attention is paid to linguistic, text-linguistic and functionalist approaches to translation. The study traces the development of lexicographic theory and practice, and highlights the linguistic genealogy of lexicography. Lexicography and translation studies share this genealogy. The concept of equivalence as it relates to both these academic disciplines - translation studies and lexicography - is investigated. Professional translation entails more than translating individual words or choosing the correct translation equivalent from a bilingual dictionary, and professional translators therefore tend to regard most existing bilingual dictionaries as unsatisfactory, insufficient and inadequate. The terms "bilingual dictionary", "translating/translatory dictionary", and "translation dictionary" are discussed. Requirements for a translation dictionary are identified based on research findings concerning the translation process, translation strategies, typical translation problems, and the requisite skills of professional translators. A translation dictionary should be designed so as to assist professional translators in solving problems related to the reception, translation, and production of texts. It should be based on a representative corpus of real language use. Finally, a lexicographic model of an English-Afrikaans translation dictionary is constructed, based on the genuine purpose and the lexicographic functions of a dictionary aimed at the needs of professional translators. A process of simultaneous feedback is recommended when new dictionaries are compiled. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Woordeboeke is 'n belangrike hulpmiddel vir vertalers, maar is dikwels ook 'n bron van frustrasie wanneer hulle óf geen hulp nie óf gebrekkige leiding verskaf Hierdie studie ondersoek redes waarom spesifiek tweetalige woordeboeke nie 'n voldoende hulpmiddel vir professionele vertalers is nie. In die proses word teorieë oor en benaderings tot vertaling as produk en proses belig. Daar word veral klem gelê op linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese werkswyses in vertaling. Die ontwikkeling van leksikografie en die leksikografiese beskouing ten opsigte van tweetalige woordeboeke word daarna aangesny. Soos vertaalkunde, het leksikografie uit die linguistiek as studiegebied ontwikkel. Dit het op die vormingsjare van die twee jonger studierigtings - vertaalstudie en leksikografie - 'n soortgelyke invloed uitgeoefen. Die problematiek om ekwivalensie in sowel vertaalteorie as tweetalige woordeboeke word uitgelig. Professionele vertaling behels meer as die vertaal van woorde of die korrekte keuse van vertaalekwivalente. Tweetalige woordeboeke is nie 'n voldoende hulpmiddel vir vertalers nie, omdat hulle nie 'n bevredigende, genoegsame of toereikende hulpmiddel is nie. Die gebruik van die terme "tweetalige woordeboek", "vertalende woordeboek" en "vertaalwoordeboek" word bespreek. Vereistes waaraan 'n vertaalwoordeboek behoort te voldoen, word ondersoek, onder meer aan die hand van insigte uit navorsing oor die vertaalproses, vertaalstrategieë, tipiese vertaalprobleme en die vaardighede waaroor professionele vertalers (moet) beskik. 'n Vertaalwoordeboek moet aan professionele vertalers hulp verleen met probleme wat hulle ondervind met die resepsie, oordrag en produksie van tekste. Verteenwoordigende korpusse van werklike taalgebruik moet die grondslag vorm vir die saamstel van sodanige woordeboek. Op grond van die werklike doel van 'n vertaalwoordeboek en die funksies wat dit moet verrig, word 'n model voorgestel VIr 'n vertaalwoordeboek vir vertalers uit Engels III Afrikaans. Bewerkingsvoorstelle vir enkele voorbeeldlemmas word aan die hand gedoen. 'n Proses van gelyktydige terugvoer behoort by die saamstel van nuwe woordeboeke gevolg te word.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Little scholarly reflection has been published on the subject of medical research and translation. The aim of this study is to contribute to such literature by investigating the quality of original and retranslated medical questionnaires. The various steps medical researchers follow when translating their questionnaires are considered and discussed. Particular attention is given to questionnaires on AIDS-related topics in South Africa, as well as to the role of translation in ensuring the collection of valid data in medical research. Different translation approaches, which are followed when translating medical texts, and the impact they have on the quality of the research, are discussed. These approaches are the linguistic, text-linguistic and functional approaches. Attention is given to translators as communicators and mediators, as well as to the more general role of the translator. This study hypothesises that the quality of translations of medical research questions is largely inadequate in communicating effectively with the target culture for which they are intended. The retranslation hypothesis stating that retranslations are closer to the source text (ST) than original translations is supported. Afrikaans- and Xhosa-speaking adolescents from two secondary schools in the Cape Peninsula participated in a before-after study. These learners received self-administered medical questions on the two occasions. The first set comprised original translations, while the second set contained retranslations of the ST questions. Evaluation questions were included to assess the quality of these translations. The design, translation approach and quality of the original translations are explained, as is the development of the retranslation and evaluation questionnaires. Translations that do not consider their target audience lead to communication gaps, which have an adverse effect on the validity of data derived from questionnaires that are used in medical research. The results of most of these questions are compared for the two target cultures and are analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The data are further explored to establish whether and how the translational quality of medical questionnaires can be improved. These aspects and the suggested translation process are discussed while bearing in mind the limitations of a study of this kind. Recommendations are made for possible improvement to the quality of translations of medical questionnaires. Projections for further studies in this direction complete this empirical investigation into translation and medical research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Relatief min akademiese nadenke is gepubliseer oor die onderwerp mediese navorsing en vertaling. Hierdie studie wil 'n bydrae maak tot sodanige literatuur deur 'n ondersoek na die kwaliteit van oorspronklik vertaalde en hervertaalde mediese vraelyste. Die onderskeie stappe wat mediese navorsers ten opsigte van die vertaling van hulle vraelyste volg, word bespreek. Aandag word spesifiek gerig op vraelyste oor vigsverwante temas in Suid-Afrika, asook op die rol van vertaling in die versekering dat geldige data in mediese navorsing ingesamel word. Verskeie benaderings wat gevolg word in die vertaling van mediese tekste en die impak wat hulle het op die kwaliteit van die navorsing word bespreek. Hierdie benaderings is die linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese benaderings. Aandag word geskenk aan vertalers as kommunikeerders en tussengangers, asook die meer algemene rol van die vertaler. Hierdie studie veronderstel dat die kwaliteit van vertalings van mediese navorsingsvraelyste grootliks onvoldoende is om effektief met die betrokke teikengehoor te kommunikeer. Die hervertalingshipotese wat sê dat hervertalings nader aan die brontaal (Bn as oorspronklike vertalings is, word ondersteun. Afrikaans- en Xhosa-sprekende adolessente van twee sekondêre skole in die Skiereiland het deelgeneem aan 'n voor- en agtemastudie. Hierdie leerders het op beide geleenthede die vraelyste self voltooi. Die eerste stel het oorspronklike vertalings bevat terwyl die tweede stel hervertalings van die BT bevat het. Evalueringsvrae is ingesluit om die kwaliteit van hierdie vertalings te help bepaal. Die ontwerp, vertalingsbenadering en kwaliteit van die oorspronklike vertalings word verduidelik, so ook die ontwikkeling van die hervertaling- en evalueringsvraelyste. Vertalings wat nie die teikengehoor in ag neem nie, lei tot kommunikasiegapings wat die geldigheid van data afkomstig van vraelyste in mediese navorsing nadelig kan raak. Die resultate van die meeste van hierdie vrae word vir die twee teikenkulture vergelyk, en dit word kwalitatief en kwantitatief ontleed. Die data word verder ondersoek om vas te stelof en hoe die kwaliteit van die vertaling van mediese vraelyste verbeter sou kon word. Bogenoemde aspekte en die voorgestelde vertalingsproses word bespreek met inagneming van die beperkings van 'n studie van hierdie aard. Voorstelle word gemaak vir die moontlike verbetering van die vertaling van mediese vraelyste. Vooruitskattings vir verdere studie in hierdie rigting voltooi hierdie empiriese ondersoek na vertaling en mediese navorsing. Ek dra hierdie tesis op aan Mattheus vir sy liefde, geduld en al die tee-aandraery, asook aan Ettienne en Jeanelle wat met minder ondersteuning van my as andersins hulle skoolloopbane moes voltooi het.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As can be seen from the very different language backgrounds of their students, tertiary institutions in South Africa have become increasingly diverse in the past few years. Consequently, their campuses are now multilingual in character and there is increasing pressure on these institutions to use more than one language of instruction. As part of the solution to this issue, the North-West University (NWU) has introduced classroom interpreting. At present, it is the only South African university that uses full-scale classroom interpreting. Other universities who use classroom interpreting (among them the University of the Free State) are currently doing so only in pilot projects. This study investigates the possibility of using interpreting at Stellenbosch University, and more specifically in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. It focuses on the receptiveness to and the potential of such a practice as well as on its logistic implications. In addition, the study explores the successes in using interpreting during lectures as well as the hindrances in doing so. It also explores the links between the language policy of the University and classroom interpreting and whether this practice is at all attainable in the faculty in question. The empirical part of the study involved an experiment in the first half of the first semester in 2010 in the Department of Social Work in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences to determine whether it would be feasible to use interpreting during lectures. An interpreting service was used to interpret lectures on various occasions in a second year as well as a third year class. The type of interpreting used was whisper interpreting with Sennheiser equipment. The study found that it would indeed be possible to have an interpreting service during lectures. Although a few problems were highlighted, they were shown to be surmountable. The majority of students who took part in the trial expressed a need for an interpreting service, even though they were happy with the University’s language policy. One of the conclusions reached is that close cooperation between the interpreter and the lecturer is of cardinal importance because it creates a relationship of trust, which in turn helps to ensure that the interpreting service is successfully implemented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tersiêre instellings in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope paar jaar toenemend meer divers geraak soos blyk uit studente se uiteenlopende taalagtergronde. Dit het daartoe gelei dat kampusse tans gekenmerk word deur meertaligheid en dat daar toenemende druk op hierdie instellings is om onderrig in meer as een taal aan te bied. As deel van die oplossing vir hierdie kwessie het die Noordwes-Universiteit (NWU) klaskamertolking geïmplementeer. Gevolglik is die NWU tans die enigste Suid-Afrikaanse universiteit wat volskaals van klaskamertolking gebruik maak. Ander universiteite (waaronder die Universiteit van die Vrystaat) gebruik ook klaskamertolking, maar tans slegs as ’n loodsprojek. Hierdie studie stel ondersoek in na die moontlikheid van tolking aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch, en meer spesifiek in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe. Die studie fokus op die ontvanklikheid vir en potensiaal van sodanige praktyk sowel as die logistiese implikasies daarvan. Buiten laasgenoemde fokus die studie ook daarop om die suksesse van asook struikelblokke in die toepassing van tolking tydens lesings vas te stel. Daar word gekyk na hoe die taalbeleid van die Universiteit met klaskamertolking skakel en of sodanige praktyk hoegenaamd haalbaar is in die betrokke fakulteit. Die empiriese gedeelte van die studie behels dat daar gedurende die eerste helfte van die eerste semester van 2010 ’n proef gedoen is in die Departement Maatskaplike Werk in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe ten einde die haalbaarheid van tolkpraktyk tydens lesings vas te stel. Daar is van ’n tolkdiens gebruik gemaak en daar is tydens verskillende geleenthede oor ’n bepaalde tydperk in ’n tweedejaars- sowel as ’n derdejaarsklas getolk. Die tipe tolking wat plaasgevind het, was fluistertolking met behulp van Sennheisertolktoerusting. Die studie bevind dat ’n tolkdiens tydens lesings wel moontlik is. Enkele oorkombare probleme is ook uitgelig. Die meerderheid studente wat aan die proef deelgeneem het, het ’n behoefte aan ’n tolkdiens, selfs al is hulle tevrede met die Universiteit se taalbeleid. Een van die gevolgtrekkings waartoe gekom word, is dat noue samewerking tussen die tolk en die dosent van kardinale belang is aangesien dit ’n vertrouensverhouding skep wat op sy beurt die suksesvolle toepassing van die tolkdiens help verseker.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the manner in which Marita van der Vyver’s semi-autobiographic novel Die hart van ons huis – ’n skrywer in Provence has been translated. The question that arises is who the reader of Marita van der Vyver’s translated works is – the local South African or the international English reader? If the text was translated for the local English reader, will the text be translated as if it was written by a local English speaker and if the text was translated for an international reader, are the Afrikaans cultural elements in the novel neutralised, adapted or omitted in such a way that the text would be fluent and understandable for the international English reader? In the first chapter, Van der Vyver’s background as an author is discussed and the source text used in this study is contextualised. The problem statement, research questions, methodology, and course of this study are also discussed. The next chapter provides the theoretical background used as background of this study, namely the descriptive and functionalist translation theories where translation is generally viewed as a cultural activity. The translation approaches used are domestication and foreignisation. Chapters 3 and 4 both contain the empirical analysis of the source text. This analysis is done by using an adapted model of Lambert and Van Gorp on both macro- and micro-levels: larger aspects of the target text are explored on macro-level, such as the genre, title, overall translation approach and paratext while analysis on the micro-level deals with pragmatic, intercultural and text-specific translation problems. The techniques the translator applies to adequately deal with these translation problems are also investigated. It is concluded that the translator generally transfers the culturally specific French and Afrikaans terms from the source text and makes use of a generally foreignising approach in the target text. The translator stays loyal to the author of the source text but also shows loyalty towards the reader by domesticating the target text on a linguistic level and generally making the target text more understandable for the English speaker. It is shown throughout the text that it isn’t only the target text that is foreignising to targer readers, but that the source text would also be foreignising for an Afrikaans reader because of the French cultural elements that are strongly featured throughout the text / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die wyse waarop Marita van der Vyver se deels outobiografiese roman Die hart van ons huis – ’n skrywer in Provence vertaal is. Die vraag wat ontstaan, is wie die spesifieke Engelse leser van Van der Vyver se vertaalde werke is – is dit die plaaslike Suid-Afrikaanse, of die internasionale Engelse leser? Indien die teks vir ’n plaaslike Suid-Afrikaanse leser vertaal word, word die teks so vertaal asof dit deur ’n plaaslike Engelssprekende geskryf is en indien dit vir ’n internasionale leser vertaal word, word die Afrikaanse kulturele gegewens geneutraliseer, aangepas of weggelaat sodat die teks vlot en verstaanbaar vir die internasionale leser sal lees? In die eerste hoofstuk word Van der Vyver se agtergrond as skrywer bespreek en die bronteks wat in die studie aan bod kom, gekontekstualiseer. Die probleemstelling, navorsingsvrae, metodologie en verloop van die studie word ook bespreek. Die volgende hoofstuk verskaf die teoretiese agtergrond waarteen die studie geplaas word, naamlik die deskriptiewe en funksionalistiese vertaalteorieë waarbinne vertaling hoofsaaklik as ’n kulturele handeling beskou word. Die vertaalbenaderings wat hanteer word, is domestikering en vervreemding. Hoofstuk 3 en 4 bevat die empiriese ontleding van die doelteks – dit geskied aan die hand van ’n aangepaste Lambert en Van Gorp-model op sowel makro- as mikrovlak; op die makrovlak word groter aspekte van die teks soos die genre, titel, oorkoepelende vertaalbenadering en parateks ondersoek terwyl ontleding op mikrovlak die fyner aspekte van die doelteks onder die loep neem – hier word gekyk na pragmatiese, interkulturele en teksspesifieke vertaalprobleme en die wyse waarop die vertaler daarmee in die doelteks omgaan. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die vertaler die spesifieke Franse en Afrikaanse verwysings in die doelteks behou en van ’n hoofsaaklik vervreemdende vertaalstrategie gebruik maak deur eg Afrikaanse en Franse kulturele aspekte in die doelteks te behou. Die vertaler bly deurlopend lojaal aan die outeur van die bronteks, maar toon ook lojaliteit teenoor die doelteksleser deurdat sy linguisties domestikeer en die teks sodoende meer verstaanbaar vir die doelteksleser maak. Daar word ook deurgaans aangetoon dat nie net die doelteks vervreemdend is vir die doeltekslesers nie, maar dat die bronteks reeds vervreemdend is ook vir die brontekslesers deur die Franse kultuur wat so sterk aan bod kom.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the feasibility of translating the Arabic Qur’an into isiXhosa. The Qur’an has not yet been translated into isiXhosa and Xhosa-speaking Muslims who are unable to read and understand Arabic are facing a void in practising their faith. Xhosa-speaking Muslims also pray in a language that they do not understand and this robs them of close contact with the Almighty and as a result, the number of Muslims who speak isiXhosa does not increase. Through literature reviews and interviews it has been found that there is a great need for Muslims, who are target language speakers, to be able to communicate with Allah in their mother tongue, isiXhosa. Furthermore the study indicated that isiXhosa-speaking Muslims who, years ago, have converted to Islam are still struggling with the Arabic language. This study also investigates the view that the Arabic Qur’an cannot be translated into other languages because the Qur’an is the word of God delivered in Arabic to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This view is not based upon the assumption that an Arabic Qur’an is untranslatable, but rather on the views of some Arabic scholars. There are also fears that meaning will be lost when the Qur’an is translated. However, the study showed that when translating the Qur’an, one is not seeking to translate only the meaning but also the message of the Qur’an. A conclusion was reached that all human beings, thus all nations and languages, are created by Allah. Therefore, it is acceptable for human beings to communicate and listen to Allah’s message in their own language. This study suggests that culture and language are inseparable and that both must be taken into consideration when translating. The Qur’an has already been translated into other languages and the translations are used without any problems, for example into English and KiSwahili. The Qur’an is available in other African languages as well. Therefore, this study suggests that the Qur’an can be translated into isiXhosa. The linguistic challenges can be addressed in the target language by a body consisting of translators of laypersons, translation experts and linguists specialising in both Xhosa and Arabic. However, the study shows that the title of the Xhosa Qur’an should indicate that the Qur’an is a translated text. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek die vertaling van die Arabiese Koran na Xhosa. Die Koran is nie tans in Xhosa beskikbaar nie en Xhosa-sprekende Moslems wat nie Arabies magtig is nie, ervaar dit as ’n struikelblok in die beoefening van hul geloof. Xhosa-sprekende Moslems bid ook in Arabies, selfs al verstaan hulle nie die taal nie. Dit beroof hulle van noue kontak met die Almagtige en veroorsaak dat die Moslem-geloof nie by Xhosa-sprekers in townships inslag vind nie. Aan die hand van ’n literatuurstudie en onderhoude is bevind dat daar ’n groot behoefte onder Xhosa-sprekende Moslems is om in hul moedertaal met Allah te kommunikeer. Die studie het ook getoon dat Xhosa-sprekende Moslems wat hulle reeds jare gelede tot die Islam bekeer het, steeds met die Arabiese taal worstel. Die studie ondersoek ook die siening dat die Koran nie vertaal mag word nie, omdat die Woord van God in Arabies aan die profeet Mohammed (mag vrede oor hom heers) geopenbaar is. Dié siening berus nie op die aanname dat die Koran onvertaalbaar is nie, maar eerder op die uitsprake van Arabiese geleerdes. Daar word ook gevrees dat die Koran se betekenis verlore sal gaan tydens die vertaalproses. Die studie toon egter dat die vertaling van die Koran sal fokus op die oordrag van die boodskap en nie net die betekenis van woorde nie. Die gevolgtrekking van die ondersoek is dat alle mense, en dus alle volke en tale, deur Allah geskep is. Dit is dus aanvaarbaar vir mense om Allah se boodskap in hul eie taal te kommunikeer en aan te hoor. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat taal en kultuur onskeidbaar is en dat albei in ag geneem moet word tydens die vertaalproses. Die Koran is reeds in ander tale vertaal en word sonder enige probleme gebruik, byvoorbeeld in Engels en Swahili. Die Koran is ook in ander Afrika-tale beskikbaar. Die studie bevind dus dat die Koran ook in Xhosa vertaal kan word. Die taalkundige uitdagings kan in die doeltaal hanteer word deur ’n vertaalspan wat bestaan uit leke, opgeleide vertalers en taalkundiges wat spesialiseer in Xhosa en Arabies. Die studie toon egter dat die titel van die Xhosa Koran moet aandui dat dit ’n vertaalde teks is. / I-ABSTRAKTHI: Olu phando luphande ukuba nako kokuguqulelwa esiXhoseni kweKurani yesi-Arabhu. Uphando lubangelwe kukuba kungekho Kurani iguqulelwe esiXhoseni okwangoku kwaye kuqwalaseleke ukuba aMaslamsi athetha isiXhosa, angayiqondiyo nangaluvayo ulwimi lwesi-Arabhu, nokuba afundile okanye awafundanga, ajongene nomngeni wokuba nokungoneliseki kwinkolo yabo. Inyaniso yokuba kufuneka athandaze ngolwimi angaluqondiyo, ibenza bangakwazi ukufikelela kuQamata kwaye ngenxa yoko, inani laMaslamsi alandi kwiilokishi apho aMaslamsi athetha isiXhosa. Uphando, ngokuphonononga iincwadi nangokubamba udliwano-ndlebe, lufumanise ukuba kukhona isikhalo esikhulu esisuka kuMaslamsi athetha ulwimi okujoliswe kulo ukuze akwazi ukunxibelelana noQamata ngolwimi aluqonda ngcono, olusisiXhosa. Uphando lubonise ukuba aMaslamsi athetha isiXhosa awaguqukelanga kwinkolo ye-Islamu kutsha nje kwaye umzabalazo wolwimi kudala uqhubeka. Uphando luxoxe ngoluvo lokuba iKurani yolwimi lwesi-Arabhu ayinakuze iguqulelwe kwezinye iilwimi njengoko iKurani ililizwi likaQamata eladluliswa ngolwimi lwesi-Arabhu kuMprofeti uMuhammada (uxolo malube naye). Uphando lungqine ukuba uluvo lokuba iKurani yolwimi lwesi-Arabhu ayinakuguqulelwa kwezinye iilwimi alusekelwanga ekungaguqulweni kombhalo kodwa kwizimvo zezifundiswa zama-Arabhu. Uphando kananjalo luxoxe ngomba wokuba uloyiko lokuguqulela iKurani yolwimi lwesi-Arabhu kwezinye iilwimi lubangelwa yinyaniso yokuba xa kuguqulelwa, kuye kubekho ukulahleka nokulahlekwa kwentsingiselo pha naphaya. Uphando slubonise ukuba xa kuguqulelwa iKurani, ubani akasobe efuna ukuguqulela intsingiselo kodwa umyalezo weKurani. Uphando lufikelele kwisigqibo sokuba abantu bazizidalwa zikaQamata kwaye badalwe bazizizwe ngezizwe nokuba bathethe iilwimi ngeelwimi. Ngoko ke, kwamkelekile ukuba abantu banxibelelane ze bamamele umyalelo kaQamata kulwimi olulolwabo. Uphando lufikelela esigqibeni sokuba inkcubeko nolwimi azohlukani kwaye ngexesha lokuguqulela, zombini (inkcubeko nolwimi) kufuneka zibe ziyaqwalaselwa. Uphando lubonise ukuba iKurani yaguqulelwa kwezinye iilwimi kwaye iinguqulelo zisetyenziswa ngaphandle kwengxaki. Imizekelo yeenguqulelo ziiKurani kwisiNgesi nakwisiSwahili. Uphando lubonise kananjalo ukuba zikhona ezinye iinguqulelo zeKurani kwiilwimi zase-Afrika. Ngoko ke, uphando lufikelele kwisigqibo sokuba iKurani ingaguqulelwa kulwmi lwesiXhosa kwaye nayiphina imingeni yenzululwazi yolwimi engathi ivele ingasonjululwa kulwimi ekujoliswe kulo luphando, ukuba kunokuthi umntu ongathi aguqulele ingabi nguye nawuphi na umntu ontetho isisiXhosa owazi ulwimi lwesi-Arabhu kwaye eliSlamsi, koko ibe yibhodi yokuguqulela eya kuthi ibe nabantu abohlukeneyo ngokwamanqanaba abo, ukusuka kulowo ungafundanga, iincutshe zokuguqulela, iingcali zolwimi kwiilwimi zombini. Nangona kunjalo, kuphando kuye kwaqwalaselwa ukuba iKurani eguqulelweyo ayinakubizwa ngokuba yiKurani kodwa mayibizwe ngegama elibonisa nelicebisa ukuba umbhalo lowo yinguqulelo.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Communication in a global context is seriously hampered by language barriers. These barriers pose special challenges to service delivery, particularly in the healthcare sector. Onsite interpreting is considered most conducive to enable effective communication. In South Africa, however, it is not practical and financially viable to employ onsite interpreters for all the possible language combinations. Telephone interpreting is proposed as an alternative to onsite interpreting and Folio Online’s InterTel service offers telephone interpreting in the Western Cape healthcare sector. This study gauges whether the InterTel service has the potential to contribute in any way to effective communication in the Western Cape healthcare sector. In South Africa, language barriers do not only exist in communication with tourists or immigrants, but also among the country’s own inhabitants. Furthermore, effective communication in the healthcare sector is particularly crucial. Miscommunication may lead to misdiagnosis and/or incorrect usage of medication, which in turn may result in death. The possible loss of life renders the issue of overcoming language barriers in the healthcare sector an important one. The aim of the study is to argue descriptively about InterTel telephone interpreting service as a viable solution to the communication difficulties between healthcare practitioners and patients in the Western Cape healthcare sector. The research had to be narrowed down and instead the study descriptively argues whether InterTel service contributes to communication in the Western Cape healthcare sector. The researcher conducted an interview with the Folio InterTel project manager and sent out questionnaires to the Folio telephone interpreters. Five transcribed recordings of conversations between healthcare practitioners, patients and Folio telephone interpreters were analysed. The findings of this study echo the findings of related studies reported in literature on telephone interpreting. The conclusion is that the Folio InterTel service makes a valuable contribution to more effective communication in Western Cape healthcare facilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommunikasie in ’n globale konteks word ernstig gekortwiek deur taalverskille. Hierdie verskille bied groot uitdagings vir die diensleweringsektor; meer spesifiek die gesondheidsorgsektor. Ter-plaatse tolking word beskou as mees bevorderlik vir betekenisvolle kommunikasie. In Suid Afrika is dit egter nie prakties en bekostigbaar om ter-plaatse tolke in diens te stel vir die groot verskeidenheid taalkombinasies nie en telefoontolking word as alternatief oorweeg. Folio Online bied die InterTel-telefoontolkingsdiens aan in die Weskaapse Gesondheidsektor. Hierdie ondersoek sal bepaal of die InterTel-diens die potensiaal het om effektiewe kommunikasie binne die Wes-Kaapse Gesondheidsektor te bevorder. Taalgapings in Suid Afrika kom nie soseer voor in kommunikasie met toeriste of immigrante nie, maar eerder tussen die land se inwoners. Voldoende kommunikasie in die gesondheidsektor is van kardinale belang. Misverstande kan tot verkeerde diagnoses en/of die verkeerde gebruik van medisyne lei, wat in uiterste gevalle aanleiding mag gee tot die dood van ’n pasiënt. Hierdie moontlike noodlottige gevolge plaas taalgapings in die gesondheidsektor onder die soeklig. Hierdie studie is ’n beskrywende argument wat ten doel het om te bepaal of Folio Online se InterTel-diens ’n lewensvatbare oplossing bied vir die kommunikasie-probleme tussen gesondheidspraktisyns en pasiënte in die Wes-Kaapse gesondheidsektor. Die navorsingsondersoek is gebaseer op ’n onderhoud met die Folio InterTel-projekbestuurder en vraelyste aan die onderskeie telefoontolke. Analises van vyf getranskribeerde opnames van gesprekke tussen gesondheidspraktisyns, pasiënte en Folio InterTel-telefoontolke vorm ook deel van die ondersoek. Die bevindings van hierdie studie toon ooreenkomste met die bevindings van ander relevante studies soos opgeteken in die literatuur oor telefoontolking. Daar is bevind dat die InterTel-diens, soos gelewer aan die Wes-Kaapse Gesondheidsektor, wel ’n waardevolle bydra maak tot die bevordering van kommunikasie.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2016 / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is ’n studie van Anne Carson se boek Nox wat die vorm, voorkoms, prosesse en samestelling van die teks ondersoek en analiseer. Dit probeer tot ’n begrip kom van presies hoe Carson “a brilliantly curated heap of scraps” verwerk tot ’n outonome kunswerk, “a thing that carries itself.” In die eerste gedeelte van die tesis word Nox as voorbeeld van ’n kunsboek (“artists’ book”) beskou. Nox se inhoud en voorkoms word gemeet aan die definisie en kenmerke van kunsboeke en binne die konteks van die geskiedenis van boekkuns as praktyk geplaas. Daar word veral gefokus op die visuele aard van Nox, die maniere waarop die boek verskil van meer konvensionele tekste, die selfbewustheid en selfrefleksie wat in die teks manifesteer en die eenheid van vorm en inhoud wat die outeur/kunstenaar bewerkstellig. Die tweede gedeelte ondersoek hoe vertaling op verskillende vlakke as proses in die skep van Nox funksioneer. Die fragmente en brokstukke waaruit die teks bestaan word deur middel van vertaling tot ’n eenheid gebind. Die proses van lewensbeskrywing word op metaforiese vlak as ’n soort vertaling gesien, wat parallel staan teenoor die letterlike vertaling van Catullus se “Gedig 101” wat op die bladsye van Nox plaasvind. Terselfdertyd verteenwoordig die wyse waarop ’n private objek (Carson se notaboek waarin sy die oorspronklike brokke byeengebring het) verwerk word tot ’n publieke kunswerk (die kunsboek Nox) ’n volgende vlak van vertaling wat die ander twee vlakke omarm en bevat. Deur middel van ’n proses van intersemiotiese vertaling skep Carson in die kunsboek Nox ’n weergawe van “Gedig 101”. Die manier waarop die gedig betekenis skep word in ander tekensisteme in die kunsboek nageboots. In die laaste afdeling word semiotiek aangewend as teoretiese raamwerk waarbinne ’n teks wat uit verskillende media saamgestel is, ondersoek kan word. In dié gedeelte word ’n stiplees van Nox onderneem om te demonstreer presies hoe Carson die fragmente en brokstukke verwerk om ’n samehangende eenheid te skep. Daar word aangedui dat die teks gelees kan word as ’n vertraagde, verskerpte en ontplofte vertaalhandeling wat uitdrukking en vorm gee aan menslike smart. Die bundel Afskrif bestaan uit gedigte wat die moontlikheid van oorspronklikheid ondersoek en op verskillende maniere kyk na replikas, afskrifte, kopieë en herskrywings. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a study of Anne Carson’s book Nox. It investigates the form, aesthetic, process and composition of the text, and attempts to come to an understanding of the way in which Carson transforms a “brilliantly curated heap of scraps” into an autonomous artwork, “a thing that carries itself.” The first section of the thesis discusses Nox as an example of an artist’s book. The content and appearance of the book are measured against the definition and characteristics of artist’s books, before it is placed within the context of the history of bookwork as an artistic practice. The visual nature of the book, the ways in which it challenges conventions of bookmaking, its self-consciousness and self-reflexivity, as well as the author/artist’s means of creating unity between form and content are emphasised. The second section of the thesis investigates how translation is used at different levels in the process of creating the work. Translation is used as a way of drawing together the fragments and scraps from which Nox is essentially made. At a metaphoric level, the process of life writing is seen as a form of translation, which also runs parallel to the literal translation of Catullus’ “Poem 101” contained in the pages of Nox. At the same time, the transformation of a private object (Carson’s personal notebook in which she collected the original scraps) into an artwork for public consumption (the artist’s book Nox) represents a third level of translation, which embraces and contains the other two. Through a process of intersemiotic translation, Carson creates a version of “Poem 101” in her artists’ book that mimics the way in which the poem creates meaning. In the last section of the thesis, semiotics is applied as a theoretical framework to facilitate the reading of a text in which various media is present. A close reading of Nox is undertaken to demonstrate exactly how Carson goes about processing the fragments and scraps into a coherent unity. The close reading reveals that Nox can be read as a slow, intensified and exploded exercise in translation that gives expression to grief. The collection of poems entitled Afskrif consists of poems which question the possibility of originality and investigates replicas, photocopies, copies and rewritings in different ways.