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Thesis by publication. / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Department of Linguistics. / Includes bibliographical references. / Introduction -- Translation error analysis: a systemic functional grammar approach -- Systemic functional approach to the issues of Korean theme study -- A corpus based study on the system of THEME in Korean -- Using systemic functional text analysis for translator education: an illustration with a foucus on the textual meaning -- Readability analysis of community translation: a systemic functional approach -- Conclusion. / Most linguistic communities have textual resources for organizing experiences into coherent text. The way that the resources are used may not be the same but vary from one language to another. This variation can be a source of translation difficulty in rendering a natural-reading translation. This thesis investigates the question of how the choices of Theme, which is one of the main textual resources, have an impact on textual meaning in translation between English and Korean. -- The premise underlying the study is that a translation that is not inaccurate in lexical choices may still read as unnatural to the target readers if a careful consideration is not given to Theme choices at the clause level and Thematic development at the text level in the source and target texts. This assumption is derived from systemic functional linguistic (SFL) theory, which postulates that Theme at the clause level plays a critical role in constructing a text into a coherent linear whole at the text level. This brings in another equally important question of the study: how Theme works in Korean. No research has been done to investigate the system of THEME in Korean from a systemic functional point of view or on the basis of extensive discourse analysis across a range of registers. Therefore, this study investigates the THEME system in Korean using a corpus consisting of a number of authentic Korean texts in three different text types. -- These two coherent questions are investigated in five self-contained journal articles included in the thesis. Two of them have been published (Chapters 2 and 5), one has been submitted for publication (Chapter 6) and the other two will be submitted (Chapters 3 and 4). The journal article format for thesis has recently been introduced at Macquarie University as an approved alternative to the traditional thesis structure. / Chapter 1 introduces a number of preliminary issues for, and information relevant to, the study such as research questions and background, the corpus, the underlying theoretical assumption and anticipated contributions to this area of research. Chapter 2 is a report of a pilot-project that motivated the current study. It discusses how to use text analysis based on systemic functional grammar to analyze translation errors/issues and provides systematic explanations relating to such issues. Chapter 3 reviews issues that have been raised by Korean linguists in relation to the study of Theme in Korean and provides suggestions on how to resolve these issues drawing on systemic functional theory. Chapter 4 describes the features of Korean THEME system based on the analysis of clausal Themes and thematic development of 17 texts of the corpus. Chapter 5 is a discussion about the pedagogical efficiency of using systemic functional text analysis for translator education with a particular emphasis on the textual meaning in translation. Chapter 6 attempts to analyze the readability issue of community translations in Australian context. Chapter 7 concludes the thesis with a number of suggestions for further study. --As the research investigates the question of textual meaning in translation, which has not been rigorously studied, and the question of Theme in Korean, which has never been studied on the basis of a corpus and of discourse analysis, it is anticipated that this work will make considerable theoretical and practical contributions in both fields. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xiv, 329 leaves ill. (some col.)

The study focused on the translation and interpretation of cultural concepts from Xitsonga into English. The main aim of the study was to formulate strategies and methods as well as techniques of translating cultural concepts from Xitsonga into English with the view towards bridging the gap between the two cultures. The study used a mixed method approach combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. It examined the research problem by selecting respondents who deal with translation issues on a day-to-day basis and also observed how cultural concepts are presented in the bilingual dictionaries. This was done by comparing three languages i.e. Xitsonga, Northern-Sotho and Tshivenda. The researcher had to identify the afore-mentioned cultural concepts and to find if they were properly described or translated into English. The observation focused on the translation of both Xitsonga, Northern-Sotho and Tshivenda cultural fixed expressions which were given to translation studies students to translate into English. The aim was to find if they are able to give proper explanations or translation to the given expressions. Quantitatively, 24 out of the 30 questionnaires that were sent out to respondents, were returned to the researcher for presentation, analysis and interpretation. The study found that translating cultural concepts is very challenging. These challenges are presented by lack of equivalence and not recognising the cultural concepts in the source text. The study however found that employing the right strategies, methods and techniques can assist in bridging the gap between the languages and cultures. The translator also needs to have an in-depth knowledge of the two cultures: Xitsonga and English. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

In disseminating information about health issues, government health departments and NGOs use, inter alia, written health texts. In a country like South Africa, these texts are generally written by medical experts and thereafter translated into the languages of the people. One of these languages is Zulu, which is spoken by the majority of South Africans. A large percentage of Zulu speakers are illiterate or semi-literate, especially in the rural areas. For this reason, Zulu translators have to use ‘simple’ language that these readers would understand when translating English texts into Zulu. Translators are expected to use strategies that can deal with non-lexicalized, problematic or other related terms that appear in health texts, as well as geographical and cultural constraints. This study focuses on the strategies used by Zulu translators in an attempt to make translated Zulu health texts accessible to the target readership. The investigation includes the use of self-administered questionnaires for respondents from two of South Africa’s nine provinces, where Zulu speakers are found (Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal), to determine whether the health texts do reach the target readership. Focus groups, semi-structured interviews and other complementary techniques were used to collect data from the selected respondents. Furthermore, a parallel concordance called ParaConc was used to extract and analyse data from the corpus as compiled for the present study, in an attempt to investigate the strategies used to make the translated health texts easier to read. The study uncovers various strategies which are used when translating English health texts into Zulu. These strategies include the use of loan words, paraphrasing, cultural terms and so on. In future, the use of ParaConc can be broadened to investigate newly discovered translation strategies, with the aim of making health texts more accessible to the target readers. Furthermore, this software programme can also be used to study translation strategies as used in other types of texts, for example journalistic texts. / Linguistics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics (Translation Studies))

In disseminating information about health issues, government health departments and NGOs use, inter alia, written health texts. In a country like South Africa, these texts are generally written by medical experts and thereafter translated into the languages of the people. One of these languages is Zulu, which is spoken by the majority of South Africans. A large percentage of Zulu speakers are illiterate or semi-literate, especially in the rural areas. For this reason, Zulu translators have to use ‘simple’ language that these readers would understand when translating English texts into Zulu. Translators are expected to use strategies that can deal with non-lexicalized, problematic or other related terms that appear in health texts, as well as geographical and cultural constraints. This study focuses on the strategies used by Zulu translators in an attempt to make translated Zulu health texts accessible to the target readership. The investigation includes the use of self-administered questionnaires for respondents from two of South Africa’s nine provinces, where Zulu speakers are found (Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal), to determine whether the health texts do reach the target readership. Focus groups, semi-structured interviews and other complementary techniques were used to collect data from the selected respondents. Furthermore, a parallel concordance called ParaConc was used to extract and analyse data from the corpus as compiled for the present study, in an attempt to investigate the strategies used to make the translated health texts easier to read. The study uncovers various strategies which are used when translating English health texts into Zulu. These strategies include the use of loan words, paraphrasing, cultural terms and so on. In future, the use of ParaConc can be broadened to investigate newly discovered translation strategies, with the aim of making health texts more accessible to the target readers. Furthermore, this software programme can also be used to study translation strategies as used in other types of texts, for example journalistic texts. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics (Translation Studies))

本文以《红楼梦》回目翻译为例，描述中西方小说叙事传统下回目功能对于作者和译者都同样存在的作用力。梳理前人研究《红楼梦》及其翻译的成果，提出《红楼梦》回目翻译研究的意义；在对原文回目特点略作整理的基础上，共收集十种译本，以其中八种英译本和一种德译本为重点展开讨论，举例比较；主要以文本分析为方法，综合参考翻译、语言学、文化研究、叙事学等方面的理论。首先介绍译本以及原著版本的选择问题；概述原著回目和英文译本研究现状以及二者的相对意义；再进行原文回目研究，从章回小说起源与回目的发展谈起，归纳《红楼梦》回目的特点，描述在西方文学传统中难以再现之处；论及章回回目与西方章节标题的差异。在此基础上，论文还从不同角度对原文与译文回目进行比较研究，主要包括内容、形式、语言、叙述功能、艺术效果等方面；之后描述原文回目、原文章回内容、译文回目、译文章回内容之间的错综关系；并研究读者反应；再从文化视角进行论证。最后在结论中归纳回目的创作与再创作过程中对作者和译者同时起作用的因素，并总结翻译难度与译文得失。 / This thesis studies English translations of the chapter titles of the classical Chinese Zhanghui xiaoshuo (chapter-novel) Hong lou meng, also known as Dream of the Red Chamber or The Story of the Stone in the English-speaking world. It describes the changes made and effects achieved in different versions by different translators. The aim is to try to explain how the narrative and aesthetic functions of chapter titles influence both the processes of the author(s)’ writing and the translators’ rewriting, within the traditions of Chinese and Western fiction. The research covers nine versions in English and one version in German. The approach is eclectic: theories or concepts in translation, narratology, linguistic, etc. will be utilized whenever. Firstly, an introduction relevant to the selection of versions of the original and its translations will be given. Following the introduction is a review of previous studies on Hong lou meng, on its chapter titles, and the English translations of both the work itself and the chapter titles. The thesis will then study the origins and development of chapter titles in classical Chinese novels and in Western literature, find out the differences, and see if they share similar features or functions. Then it will go on to make comparison between the original chapter titles and their translations on the micro level, and discuss the narrative functions and aesthetic effects achieved by the translations, by studying changes made in the contents, form, and language of the chapter titles. In the thesis, the intricate relationships between chapter titles and chapter contents, both in the original work and in the translation will be described. After that, the thesis will focus on reader response. The translations of chapter titles will also be analyzed from cultural perspectives by examining culturally-loaded words in the original chapter titles and identifying Western culture embodied in their versions. Finally, the difficulties of translating the chapter titles and the merits and demerits of the translations will be summed up. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 黄小谊. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 213-237). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Huang Xiaoyi. / 摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 目录 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 一． --- 论文范围与研究意义 --- p.1 / Chapter 二． --- 论述结构与研究方法 --- p.2 / Chapter 三. --- 原文版本与参考文本 --- p.4 / Chapter 四． --- 译本简介 --- p.6 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文献综述 --- p.11 / Chapter 一． --- 《红楼梦》原著及回目研究 --- p.11 / Chapter 1． --- “红学与《红楼梦》研究 --- p.11 / Chapter 2． --- 《红楼梦》回目研究 --- p.13 / Chapter 二. --- 《红楼梦》及回目英译研究 --- p.17 / Chapter 1． --- 《红楼梦》翻译及英译研究 --- p.17 / Chapter 2． --- 《红楼梦》回目英译研究 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三章 --- 原文回目研究 --- p.40 / Chapter 一． --- 章回小说与章回回目 --- p.40 / Chapter 1． --- 章回小说的概念 --- p.40 / Chapter 2． --- 章回小说及其回目的发展 --- p.44 / Chapter 二． --- 《红楼梦》回目的功能与效果 --- p.49 / Chapter 1． --- 形式与内容 --- p.49 / Chapter 2． --- 用字组词特点及作用 --- p.50 / Chapter 3． --- 叙述功能 --- p.53 / Chapter 4. --- 审美效果 --- p.55 / Chapter 第四章 --- 章回回目与章节标题 --- p.58 / Chapter 一． --- 西方小说章节标题的起源和发展 --- p.58 / Chapter 二． --- 章回回目与章节标题的差异在翻译中的体现 --- p.70 / Chapter 第五章 --- 原文与译文回目的比较 --- p.74 / Chapter 一． --- 总目的编排与回目形式特征的展示 --- p.74 / Chapter 二． --- 回目译文形式与内容 --- p.77 / Chapter 1． --- 删节内容，简化形式 --- p.77 / Chapter 2． --- 更改内容，保留形式 --- p.81 / Chapter 3． --- 筛选内容，重组形式 --- p.84 / Chapter 4． --- 保留内容，破坏形式 --- p.86 / Chapter 5． --- 内容出发，兼顾形式 --- p.87 / Chapter 三． --- 回目内容与叙述功能 --- p.89 / Chapter 1． --- 提纲挈领--纲领简化 --- p.90 / Chapter 2． --- 综括全章 --- p.91 / Chapter 3． --- 点补情节--重心偏移 --- p.92 / Chapter 4． --- 刻画人物 --- p.93 / Chapter 5． --- 暗示情节--过度预叙 --- p.95 / Chapter 四． --- 译文语言与艺术效果 --- p.98 / Chapter 1． --- 修辞手法 --- p.98 / Chapter 2． --- 常用字词 --- p.103 / Chapter 第六章 --- 回目与章回内容之间的错综关系 --- p.110 / Chapter 一． --- 何谓“错综关系 --- p.110 / Chapter 二． --- 原文回目与章回内容的错综关系 --- p.111 / Chapter 1． --- 回目功能与回目-章回内容关系 --- p.112 / Chapter 2． --- 回目上下句与章回内容的错综关系 --- p.113 / Chapter 3． --- 回目上句与下句之间的关系 --- p.115 / Chapter 4． --- 回目与章回内容的交错关系 --- p.116 / Chapter 5． --- 回目局部与其他章回内容的遥相对应 --- p.117 / Chapter 6． --- 回目局部与章回内容的偏离关系 --- p.118 / Chapter 三． --- 译文回目、原文回目、章回内容之间的错综关系 --- p.119 / Chapter 1． --- 路径一，从原文回目到译文回目 --- p.119 / Chapter 2． --- 路径二，从章回内容到译文回目 --- p.120 / Chapter 3． --- 路径三，从原文章回内容（包括不同章回）到译文章回内容，再由译文章回内容到译文回目 --- p.121 / Chapter 4． --- 路径四，从原文回目到译文回目上句，从章回内容到译文回目下句（或反之） --- p.123 / Chapter 四． --- 双重错综的效果：译文的“纠错功能 --- p.125 / Chapter 五． --- 关系错综的内因 --- p.128 / Chapter 第七章 --- 读者反应研究 --- p.129 / Chapter 一． --- 作者与读者：作者的读者意识 --- p.129 / Chapter 二． --- 读者与回目：读者意识的载体 --- p.131 / Chapter 三． --- 读者与译者：译者的读者意识 --- p.133 / Chapter 四． --- 接受的接力：译者的双重身份 --- p.138 / Chapter 五. --- 原著读者与译著读者 --- p.141 / Chapter 1． --- 回目功能与读者预期 --- p.143 / Chapter 2． --- 审美效果与读者感受 --- p.151 / Chapter 第八章 --- 文化视角下的回目翻译研究 --- p.154 / Chapter 一． --- 翻译研究与文化研究的契合点及本章的重点 --- p.154 / Chapter 二． --- 译者的社会文化背景 --- p.155 / Chapter 三． --- 译者的双语言、双文化能力 --- p.162 / Chapter 四． --- 回目中文化负载词的翻译 --- p.164 / Chapter 1． --- 第一类，具体的文化词语 --- p.166 / Chapter 2． --- 第二类，抽象的文化词语 --- p.180 / Chapter 五． --- 文化的缺失、交融与不可译性 --- p.193 / Chapter 第九章 --- 结论 --- p.198 / Chapter 一． --- 回目翻译的困难 --- p.198 / Chapter 1． --- 回目翻译似易实难 --- p.198 / Chapter 2． --- 章回回目的自身难度 --- p.199 / Chapter 3． --- 中西差异导致的难度 --- p.203 / Chapter 二． --- 叙述功能制约下的创作与再创作 --- p.206 / Chapter 1． --- 叙述功能 --- p.206 / Chapter 2． --- 审美效果 --- p.207 / Chapter 3． --- 读者反应 --- p.208 / Chapter 三． --- 本文的不足之处 --- p.209 / Chapter 四． --- 话题的拓展延伸 --- p.210 / Chapter 1． --- 译文回目研究辅助原著回目研究 --- p.211 / Chapter 2． --- 西方章节标题与中国章回回目的全面比较 --- p.212 / 参考书目 --- p.213

Child-oriented Chinese indigenous children's literature was created with the translation of western children's works and theories on children's literature. The study on translated children's literature in China is significant not only to the research on Chinese children's literature, but also to Chinese translation history. At present the study on translated children's literature both at home and abroad occupies a marginalized position. Particularly in China, the limited research that has been done on the subject is of poor quality. / Key words. Translation Studies; translated children's literature; poetics; patronage; linguistic elements; personality; influence study; reception. / This dissertation combines the methods taken from Descriptive Translation Studies, children's literature research and Comparative Literature to describe and analyze the production, reception and influence of translated children's literature in China during the period of 1898-1949. Based on two catalogues compiled by the author of this dissertation, namely, A Catalogue of Translated Children's Literature During 1898-1919 and A Catalogue of Translated Children's Books During 1911-1949, the dissertation describes a picture of translated children's literature in China during the period of 1898-1949. The production of translated children's work is analyzed from four perspectives: poetics, patronage, linguistic elements and personality of translators. The reception part, based on the reception models by Yves Chevrel, takes Curoe translated by XIA Mianzun, The Watch translated by LU Xun, and "Translated Russian Children's Literature in China" as three case studies to examine the reception of translated children's literature in the Chinese context. The influence part adopts the methodology of chronology and doxologie to prove and conduct the detailed aspects of the influence of translated children's literature upon indigenous Chinese children's literature from three aspects: techniques, content and image. The dissertation ends with an outlook for future research on translated children's literature in China. / 李麗. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 222-238). / Adviser: Chee Fun Fong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0562. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 222-238). / Li Li.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

The field of guided projectile research has continually grown over the past several decades. Guided projectiles, typically encompassing bullets, mortars, and artillery shells, incorporate some sort of guidance and control mechanism to generate trajectory alterations. This serves to increase accuracy and decrease collateral damage. Control mechanisms for smart weapons must be able to withstand extreme acceleration loads at launch while remain simple for cost and reliability reasons. One type of control mechanism utilizes controllable internal translating masses (ITM's) that oscillate within the projectile to generate control forces. Several techniques for using internal translating masses for smart weapon flight control purposes are explored here. Specifically, the use of ITM's as direct control mechanisms, as a means to increase control authority, and as a means to protect the smart weapons sensor suite are examined. It is first shown that oscillating a mass orthogonal to the projectile axis of symmetry generates reasonable control force in statically-stable rounds. Trade studies examine the impact of mass size, mass offset from the center of gravity, and reductions in static stability on control authority. Then, the topic of static margin control through mass center modification is explored. This is accomplished by translating a mass in flight along the projectile axis of symmetry. Results show that this system allows for greater control authority and reduced throw-off error at launch. Another study, aimed at examining shock reduction potential at launch rather than static margin alteration, also considers ITM movement along the projectile centerline. In these studies, the ITM is comprised of sensitive electronic sensors, and is configured as a first-order damper during launch. Trade study results show that although the mechanism cannot substantially reduce the magnitude of launch loads, it is successful at dampening harmful structural vibrations typically experienced after muzzle exit. Finally, an active control system is developed for the ITM control mechanism using sliding mode methodology. Example cases and Monte Carlo simulations incorporating model uncertainties and sensor errors show that ITM control of projectiles can substantially reduce dispersion error. Furthermore, the novel sliding mode control law is shown to be highly robust to feedback disturbances. In a final study, combined ITM-canard control of projectiles is explored, concluding that ITM mechanisms can serve as a useful supplement in increasing the efficiency of currently-deployed control mechanisms.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / English / Master / Master of Philosophy