Thesis (M.Ed.) --University of Limpopo, 2009. / Some dictionaries are presented in such a way that their target users could not easily retrieve the required semantic information with special reference to Xitsonga/English Dikixinari/Dictionary (2005). Semantic information in the dictionary is presented unsystematically. In some cases extra-linguistic information in the form of contextual guidance is presented, which is regarded as secondary information in the place of semantic information (which is primary). The study evaluates this dictionary in terms of the primary of semantic comments in Xitsonga/English Dictionary. The study finds that translation equivalents are not arranged systematically in the microstructure. The research concludes that extra-linguistic information in a form of contextual guidance must be systematical used in the microstructure of Xitsonga/English Dikixinary/Dictionary (2005) so that dictionary users could be able to retrieve systematic information that could help them to speak the target language in a communicative functional way. This as a result will lead to communicative success. / Not listed

This diploma thesis deals with diminutives, a special type of words that can express something smaller than usual (i.e. quantitative modification) or the speaker's attitude and feelings (often positive) towards an object or a person (i.e. qualitative modification). In flectional and agglutinant languages (such as Czech and Finnish), diminutives are mostly formed by adding a diminutive suffix to the stem of a base word. This work aims to examine whether Czech diminutives are also translated to Finnish with the use of a diminutive form. If they are not directly translatable, this work is to find out what equivalent does the translator use instead. In the theoretical part, I give a brief description of diminutive suffixes in Czech and Finnish. Most of these suffixes can have more functions than just forming diminutives. Another problem is the process of lexicalisation when a diminutive form acquires a new meaning and becomes a new lexical unit of the language. This means that a selection is needed to be made to exclude words that have a diminutive form but not a diminutive meaning. The practical part is based on an analysis of data from a corpus that contains fifteen Czech books and their translations to Finnish. I selected fifteen frequent diminutives and attempted to find out how they are translated...

This thesis presents a contrastive analysis of the English pragmatic markers now and well and their Czech translation equivalents. The overall material is based on 200+12 occurrences that were excerpted from the electronic parallel corpus InterCorp, with all the instances appearing in fictional dialogues. The contrastive study focuses on the role of translation as a means to understand better the nature of the two pragmatic markers. It analyzes specific marker-collocate sequences and the respective Czech translation equivalents. It demonstrates that certain marker-collocate sequences have a tendency to be translated by specific Czech translation equivalents and that the role of other factors, such as position in discourse structure, prosody, and broader context, play in this respect an important role as well. All this and the finding that both now and well share certain Czech translation equivalents add to the multifunctionality of both now and well and prove that a combination of other factors is needed to comprehend the use of the two pragmatic markers in English. The comparison of the Czech translation equivalents in this thesis to the Czech translation equivalents in the Czech-English dictionary Lingea attempted to provide an example of how a contrastive analysis can be useful in Lexicography.

This dissertation deals with the verbal expressions in Japanese, which respond to infinitive constructions in Czech. Japanese does not have grammatical form corresponding with infinitive. The aim of the dissertation is therefore to find semantic equivalents on the basis of contrastive analysis and to evaluate their typicality from the point of view of frequency of repetition. The theoretical background of dissertation provides systematic description of the infinitive category and description of morphology of the Japanese verbal expressions, which were drawn up on the basis of the accumulated materials from different grammars, Czech and Japanese. The study deals with the analysis of examples as such, corresponding expressions are described in terms of their grammatical function and meaning. In the bachelor work, we came from the Czech texts translated into Japanese, in the dissertation we worked with the Japanese texts translated into the Czech language. The confrontational analysis was carried out in the opposite direction with the intention to find out to which extent the expressions are translated into Czech using the infinitive which the Japanese translators replace with the Czech infinitive.

This MA thesis is first of all concerned with the distribution of different types of reference of the English demonstrative pronoun this. Reference can be divided into exophoric (personal, spatial, temporal, discourse, social, empathetic, and emotional deixis), endophoric (anaphora and cataphora), and non-phoric reference (introductory and recognitional). The second aim of this thesis is to study the way by which the individual occurrences of the pronoun this with different reference are translated into the Czech language. The sample that was studied consisted of 219 occurrences of this collected from three British plays: The Caretaker (1960) by Harold Pinter, The Public Eye (1962) by Peter Shaffer, and The Real Inspector Hound (1968) by Tom Stoppard. The Czech translations of these plays were used for the second part of the research. The analysis of the plays showed that the most frequent type of reference of this is exophoric deictic reference, more precisely its subtype spatial deixis. The outcome of the translational analysis was the finding that this is most frequently translated by the Czech demonstrative pronoun ten. Keywords: demonstrative pronoun this, reference distribution, exophora, deixis, endophora, non-phoric reference, Czech translation equivalents

I uppsatsen undersöks översättningsekvivalenter för de ryska konstruktionerna кто-кто, а och что-что, а i Russian National Corpus (RNC) för att komma åt deras språkspecificitet. Med hjälp av parallellkorpusar (engelsk-ryska, rysk-engelska, svensk-ryska, rysk-svenska) bestäms graden av språkspecificitet hos de ryska konstruktionerna i förhållande till engelska och svenska, med avseende på spridning och nollekvivalens som variabler på språkspecificitet. Resultaten visar att spridningen är stor i sju av åtta språkriktningar i korpusen; samt att nollekvivalens är den mest frekventa översättningsekvivalenten för кто-кто, а och что-что, а i fem (en majoritet) av språkriktningarna. Trots det mycket begränsade materialet har korpusanalysen gjort det möjligt att hitta tendenser för språkspecificitet hos båda konstruktionerna gentemot engelska och svenska, med avseende på spridning och nollekvivalens som variabler på språkspecificitet. Vid en jämförelse mellan språkriktningarna inom samma korpus påvisas även vissa skillnader: översättningar med ryska som målspråk förefaller besitta en högre grad av språkspecificitet än motsatt språkriktning; nollekvivalens är mycket frekventare som översättningsstrategi vid översättning till ryska, vid översättning till engelska och svenska används den knappt, översättaren försöker istället hitta motsvarande konstruktioner på målspråket. / This paper studies translation equivalents for the Russian constructions кто-кто, а and что-что, а in the Russian National Corpus (RNC) in order to access their language specificity. Using parallel corpora (English-Russian, Russian-English, Swedish-Russian, Russian-Swedish), the degree of language specificity of the Russian constructions visavis English and Swedish is determined, by relying on dispersion and zero equivalence as variables of language specificity. The results show that the dispersion is large in seven out of eight language directions in the corpus; and that zero equivalence is the most frequent translation equivalent of кто-кто, а and что-что, а in five (a majority of the) language directions. Despite the very limited material, the corpus analysis has made it possible to find tendencies for language specificity in both constructions towards English and Swedish, with regard to dispersion and zero equivalence as variables of language specificity. In a comparison between the language directions within the same corpus, certain differences can be discerned: translations with Russian as target language seem to possess a higher degree of language specificity than the opposite language direction; zero equivalence is much more frequent a translation strategy when translating into Russian, when translating into English and Swedish it is hardly used, the translator instead tries to find corresponding constructions in the target language.

Verbal Valency in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective Jana Šindlerová Abstract In the thesis, we look upon differences in argument structure of verbs considering the Czech language and the English language. In the first part, we describe the process of building the CzEngVallex lexicon. In the second part, based on the aligned data of the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank, we compare the valencies of verbal translation equivalents and comment of their differences. We classify the differences according to their underlying causes. The causes can be based in the linguistic structure of the languages, they can include translatological reasons, or they can be grounded in the character of the descriptive linguistic theory used.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-04T11:00:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 simonerodriguesperoncorrea.pdf: 4407654 bytes, checksum: 7e9467b55f265d0caaba71e1a7087e99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-05T10:52:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 simonerodriguesperoncorrea.pdf: 4407654 bytes, checksum: 7e9467b55f265d0caaba71e1a7087e99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T10:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 simonerodriguesperoncorrea.pdf: 4407654 bytes, checksum: 7e9467b55f265d0caaba71e1a7087e99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Esta dissertação de mestrado está inserida no projeto COPA 2014 FrameNet Brasil (SALOMÃO ET AL., 2011), que teve como objetivo criar um dicionário eletrônico trilíngue para domínios específicos do Turismo, Futebol e Copa do Mundo em parceria com o projeto FrameCorp (CHISHMAN ET AL., 2008) e o International Computer Science Institute. O dicionário foi estruturado a partir dos postulados da Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1982, 1985) e da metodologia específica da rede semântica FrameNet (RUPPENHOFFER ET AL., 2010). A partir disso, buscou-se implementar a relação de Tradução no banco de dados da FrameNet Brasil, utilizando os frames como representações semânticas interlinguísticas transculturais nos domínios específicos do dicionário Copa 2014 (GAMONAL, 2013). Nessa direção, como contribuição para este projeto, o escopo desta pesquisa se concentrou em verificar se o frame secundário da experiência turística seria o mesmo entre duas das línguas cobertas pelo Copa 2014: o português e o espanhol. Como o domínio do Turismo toma empréstimos lexicais de outras áreas (CALVI, 2010), permeados por projeções metafóricas, recorreu-se ao aporte teórico da Mesclagem (Blending) (FAUCONNIER, 1994,1997), em especial, a integração conceptual de escopo duplo, como instrumento de análise para o mapeamento dos elementos de frame nucleares que compõem os diferentes domínios cognitivos. Parte-se da hipótese de que os frames secundários que fornecem o empréstimo linguístico para o domínio do Turismo nem sempre são os mesmos para as duas línguas. Desse modo, a etapa de análise das anotações lexicográficas, obtidas em corpora paralelos, possibilitou contrastar as valências sintático-semânticas das unidades lexicais que evocam os frames relacionados às três perspectivas do Turismo_de_atração. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, nesse domínio, alguns cognatos não são empregados como correspondentes aos termos do português. Assim, as análises propostas auxiliaram na seleção de equivalentes de tradução que mais se assemelhem ao uso do falante nativo. / This thesis is part of the COPA 2014 FrameNet Brasil project (SALOMÃO ET AL., 2011), whose aim was the creation of a trilingual electronic dictionary covering the domains of Tourism, Soccer and the World Cup. The project was developed in collaboration with the FrameCorp project (CHISHMAN ET AL., 2008) and the International Computer Sciences Institute. The dictionary structure derives from the theoretical foundations of Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1982, 1985) and is based on FrameNet‟s methodology (RUPPENHOFFER ET AL., 2010). A Translation frame-to-frame relation was implemented in the FrameNet Brasil database, relying on frames as cross-cultural interlingual representations for the specific domains of the Copa 2014 dictionary (GAMONAL, 2013). The main contribution of this thesis to the project is that of analyzing whether secondary frames structuring the touristic experience were the same in two of the languages covered by the dictionary: Portuguese and Spanish. Because the language of Tourism uses vocabulary that is metaphorically grounded on other domains (CALVI, 2010), we deploy conceptual integration networks (Blending) (FAUCONNIER, 1994, 1997) as a means of analyzing how the frame elements structuring those domains are mapped to each other. Our hypothesis is that secondary frames involved in the language of Tourism are not always the same for the two languages. Such a hypothesis was confirmed through the analysis of the lexicographic annotations produced for the three perspectives of the Attraction_tourism frame. Those annotations derive from parallel corpora and yield the synctatic and semantic valences of the lexical units evoking the tourism frames. The analysis proposed contributes to the selection of translation equivalents that represent better the way native speakers of the Portuguese and Spanish refer to the touristic experience.

The Diploma thesis analyses the existential construction there is/are and its Czech translation equivalents. The existential construction is used to present a new phenomenon and is thus one of the basic forms of the presentation scale. Even though it is a commonly used construction in English, there is no direct equivalent in Czech. It was, therefore, assumed that the most common means of translating the existential sentences to Czech would be the verb být, the Czech equivalent of the verb be (as in There is a long way ahead of us. = Je před námi dlouhá cesta.), mít, the Czech equivalent of the verb have (as in There is a long way ahead of us = Máme před sebou dlouhou cestu) or other lexical verbs explicitly expressing existence of the given phenomenon, such as existovat (=exist), objevit se (=appear) and others. The theoretical part summarizes literature and previous work on the problematics of the presentation scale, presentation sentences and the construction there is/are. It also provides information about the functional sentence perspective, which is essential to the discussed topic. The final part of the theoretical section briefly discusses the previous work on the Czech translation equivalents of the existential construction. The aim of the empirical part was to gather 200 English...