This thesis examines how the Amazigh diaspora, networked in France's Amazigh cultural associations, village committees and political movements, constructs an imaginative geography of North Africa, which they call Tamazgha, and the implications this has for this emergent and diverse group. It sets out to theorise and understand the political geographies of this diasporic social movement in the contemporary moment. It does so by approaching the Amazigh diaspora as its primary object of research within a relational, multiscalar analysis of its geopolitics. This thesis contributes to the subdiscipline of political geography as well as Amazigh studies. Drawing on ethnographic and documentary methods, including an experimental methodology for the digital sphere, it outlines the major themes of the diasporic Amazigh movement's relationship to space and place; making the diaspora, articulating indigeneity, negotiating citizenship and accommodating nativism. It analyses facets of Amazigh diaspora politics at times as a nation, at others as a social movement, finding a productive interaction between these two concepts. It is both an imagined community of people who claim to share a common language and culture and a political movement entraining activists, members and political parties in the pursuit of political change. As an Indigenous people, it is both a transnational social movement calling on the states where they live to uphold the rights of their Amazigh populations, and also a nation with a flag, asserting its claim to sovereignty, however limited. The diaspora associations frame themselves as a social movement championing diverse citizenship and integration in French society, whilst homeland-oriented citizenship is mostly expressed in nationalistic terms. This thesis charts how the politics of this diasporic Amazigh movement contest and produce spatial imaginations in the contemporary context of Mediterranean integration, new nationalisms and populisms, and the fear of Islamist terrorism in French society. With its focus on the political and imaginative geographies of the diasporic Amazigh movement, the thesis is organised topically, elaborating on different facets of political subjectivities in four substantive chapters that focus on the core themes of diaspora, indigeneity, citizenship and nativism. Chapter 2 provides an historical and sociological context for the study, and Chapter 3 details its methodology. Chapter 4 examines diaspora as a geopolitical concept, understood on the one hand as like a social movement and on the other as like a nation. It presents an understanding of diaspora 'as process' or 'assemblage' that constantly reworks the boundaries of nation, state, community and identity, within an imaginative geography of 'home'. Chapter 5 picks up from here to focus on how indigeneity is articulated as a political positioning in the diasporic Amazigh movement. Drawing on Stuart Hall's terminology to theorise the politics of indigeneity in relation to place, it outlines several Indigenous articulations made in the discourse and practices of the leaders and members of diasporic Amazigh associations. Chapter 6 focuses on the discourses and practices of citizenship, which in the diaspora intersect, overlap and produce transnational spaces. Drawing out an empirical distinction between 'diaspora-oriented' and 'homeland-oriented' citizenships, the chapter details how citizenship practices in relation to French state and society can be understood as 'ordinary' whilst those in relation to North African state(s) and society are characterised more as performative 'Acts'. Finally, chapter 7 homes in on Amazigh politics in the current context of increasingly influential nativist-populism in France and across Europe.

Since the end of the Cold War, the international system has become more cosmopolitan, communicative, and connected. These changes have taken place against a backdrop of intensifying processes of globalization, the unevenness of which has helped redefine possible fields of political action. This dissertation offers an interpretation of how we might go about understanding and representing the intercultural dynamics and forms of politics that constitute the transnational Tibet Movement.

Based on multi-sited ethnographic research conducted in South Korea and the United States from May 2014 to August 2016, this dissertation examines elite reproduction of Korean families who sent their children to the United States for their education. Despite recent debates and active discussion on transnationalism and immigration populations, international student communities in American universities, especially those from the upper class of Asian countries, have not gained much attention. By focusing on a specific subgroup of Korean elite educational migrants, or yuhaksaeng, in the United States, my study attempts to begin filling this void and to add further value to anthropological studies. To explore how elite reproduction occurs, I examined the narratives of Korean elite families—250 yuhaksaeng who received higher education from top-ranked American universities and forty of their parents. In addition, I engaged in participant observation of various social gatherings in the Gangnam area of Seoul, Korea; New York City; and other major US cities in the Northeast. Drawing on the ethnographic data, my dissertation demonstrates that elite reproduction is an on-going venture fraught with numerous obstacles requiring continuous and deliberate effort and practice to overcome. It explores how yuhaksaeng and their parents attempt to navigate the arduous process of maintaining and reproducing the privileges across generations. Furthermore, it examines each step and educative practice that the participants collectively figure out within their exclusive transnational elite networks.

Wu, Liang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-179). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / CONTENTS --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER I: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.3 / RESEARCH METHODS --- p.12 / THESIS STRUCTURE --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER II: --- ON BOARD THE CONTAINER SHIP IN THE SEA OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE --- p.18 / THE NEW ECONOMIC SEA --- p.19 / NEOLIBERALISM AND FLEXIBLE ACCUMULATION --- p.22 / FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE --- p.25 / MIXED NATIONALITY CREWING --- p.30 / THE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL SEA --- p.32 / SHIPBOARD STRUCTURES --- p.35 / A DAY AT SEA --- p.42 / CHAPTER SUMMARY --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER III: --- THE CONTEMPORARY MEANINGS OF SEAMANSHIP --- p.49 / THE SAILOR： ROMANTICIZATION AND DISENCHANTMENT --- p.50 / MAKING A LIVING FOR HOME： THE FILIPINO EXAMPLE --- p.56 / THE VARIETY OF MEANINGS OF SEAMANSHIP --- p.63 / PROMOTION AND DROPPING OUT --- p.66 / FEMALE SEAFARERS AND THEIR SEAFARING STORIES --- p.71 / CHAPTER SUMMARY --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER IV: --- THE CONTAINERIZATION OF SEAFARERS --- p.76 / TRANSFORMATION OF THE SEASCAPE AND PORTSCAPE --- p.77 / PORTS AWAY FROM THE SHORE --- p.82 / FROM DAYS TO BUSY HOURS --- p.87 / "THE GUARDS, THE VICTIMS AND THE TERRORISTS" --- p.93 / TO MAKE A PHONE CALL --- p.98 / TELECOMMUNICATIONS AT SEA --- p.100 / SOCIAL COSTS FOR FAMILIES --- p.103 / CONTROLS ON WORKING BODIES --- p.105 / OUT THERE ON O N E ' S OWN --- p.110 / A PRISON WITH NICE FACILITIES --- p.113 / CHAPTER SUMMARY --- p.119 / Chapter CHAPTER V: --- ALL IN THE SAME SEA --- p.121 / REPRESENTATION AND WAGE DIFFERENTIATION BY NATIONALITY --- p.122 / ENGLISH AS THE COMMON INDUSTRIAL LANGUAGE --- p.128 / "HIERARCHY, PUNISHMENT AND OBEDIENCE" --- p.131 / "ETHNIC STEREOTYPES, DIVISION AND UNITY" --- p.137 / THE FAMILIAR STRANGERS --- p.143 / DINING AND OTHER SCARCE OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTIONS --- p.147 / END OF CONTRACTUAL FRIENDSHIPS --- p.154 / CHAPTER SUMMARY --- p.156 / Chapter CHAPTER VI: --- CONCLUSION --- p.159 / THE CONTAINER SHIP AND SEAFARERS --- p.159 / SAILING FORWARD --- p.166 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.172 / APPENDIX --- p.180 / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.182 / GLOSSARY --- p.184

This thesis explores how migration for care work shapes Indian nurses' multigenerational relationships of familial care over time. Using qualitative research methods, it interrogates the intertwining of economic and non-economic factors underpinning the entry and continued participation of this group of women and men in the nursing field and international nursing labour markets. The thesis is broadly informed by a relational approach to care. More specifically, the thesis draws on feminist theories on care as a lens for analysing the migration of nurses from poorer regions to wealthier regions, as well as a transnational care framework to analyse the care relations that nurses maintain and sustain in the context of their migration. In paying attention to changes over the life course and participants' constructions of their future, a focus on the temporal adds to existing frameworks for theorising. Through an analysis of the nurses' personal accounts, this project examines the connections between undertaking the care of patients in British hospitals and nursing homes at the same time as caring for their own families, both in India and the UK. Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews with 25 Indian women and men working as nurses and carers in the UK, the thesis demonstrates how nurse migration is underpinned by 1) the structural and gendered inequalities that drive migration and caregiving, as well as 2) the moral values that sustain multigenerational care between family members that 3) change over time. Firstly, the thesis highlights how the socioeconomic conditions in India, the structural demands for nurses in the British health care system, gender and racial hierarchies within the nursing field, and the colonial relationship between India and the UK create the conditions that have enabled Indian nurses to enter the British labour market. This reveals how a complex array of intersecting policy contexts on labour, migration and healthcare shape the practices of reciprocal care in the nurses' resident and transnational families. The transnational care practices that emerge out of these contexts are entangled with the nurses' insertion into the global labour market. Secondly, the thesis reveals how multidirectional and asymmetrical reciprocal care relationships between nurses and their families also underpin this form of migration. The analysis finds that culturally informed values regarding care for family is a central factor in stimulating and reproducing nurse migration. The nurses' consistently present accounts of decision-making regarding past and imagined future migrations and work in terms of caregiving and care-receiving, with familial care duties and obligations frequently mapping onto the migration opportunities engendered by nursing. This care in turn circulates between different family members, in different locations, to differing degrees, over the life course. Lastly, by drawing attention to the changes that occur over personal, migration and family life courses, temporality is identified as a central dimension of nurse migration and transnational family life. Aspirations and hopes reveal the importance of imagined futures for reproducing nurse migration and transnational family care. Focusing on this complex intersection through the personal accounts of the nurses, I argue in this thesis that migration for care work both shapes and is shaped by multigenerational relationships of familial care over time. In doing so, the analysis draws attention to the mediating factors that impact upon the ways in which this care has been exchanged over time, paying special attention to (re)negotiations of childcare and eldercare over time. By focusing on the creative and innovative ways in which the nurses navigate the obstacles to caring for family in the context of migration, the thesis contributes to the growing body of literature that questions representations of victimhood often imposed on migrant women from the global south. Examining the family care dimension of nurse migration and its changes over the life course is essential for better understanding the broader dynamics of the overseas nursing workforce and the factors influencing their arrival, settlement or departure from the UK, as well as how family relationships shape and are shaped by international migration for care work. Overall, the thesis contributes to the empirical basis for a revaluing of care that takes place within and across borders.

This dissertation study investigated how immigrant youth attending two different high schools for late-arrival immigrants in New York City constructed civic belonging by attending to their everyday enactments of citizenship across the contexts of school, neighborhood and home. Civic belonging refers to the embodied social practices by which immigrant youth cultivate social trust and construct an emotional connection to particular communities and places. In conducting this research, I utilized a critical visual research methodology, as well as interviews and focus groups. Data was collected from 10 immigrant youth from Guinea, the Gambia, Senegal, Yemen, Bangladesh and the Dominican Republic. My findings were that participants constructed civic belonging in school by creating social trust that bridged cultural, religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences. In their neighborhoods, their civic belonging was restricted by a politics of belonging that created distrust and misrecognition of their cultural and religious identities. Finally, my participants constructed civic belonging in relation to their understandings of home. Family relationships mediated their civic belonging by reinforcing home country ties. This study has implications for how public schools can better educate immigrant youth as citizens who build solidarity with diverse others and work towards a common good. This is critical in today’s world that is more connected through the movement of people, and yet, where many nation-states seek to limit the rights of immigrants to belong within their borders.

Cette thèse porte sur le processus et les modalités d’intégration des immigrés. Elle tente àmontrer la pluralité des manières de s’insérer et de participer des immigrés à leur sociétéd’accueil, en fonction des origines socio-économiques, géographiques, des relationshistoriques entre les pays d’origine et d’accueil et en fonction des projets migratoires desindividus. Les récits de vie des immigrés originaires de Maroc, de Portugal et de Turquienous ont révélés deux principaux modes d’action : individuel quand le capital humain estélevé et communautaire lorsque la manque de capital humain est compensé par le capitalsocial ethnique. Ce dernier cas de figure est très présent chez la population turquerencontrée. En s’appuyant sur cette vague migratoire, la thèse consiste à soutenir lapossibilité d’une intégration par voie collective dont le ciment est l’appartenance ethnique. Depart le mode d’intégration communautaire très présent, le cas des immigrés turcs del’agglomération bordelaise nous donne l’opportunité de discuter la pertinence, et l’exclusivitédu modèle d’intégration français ainsi que les attentes relatives à l’intégration de l’autre. Lemode d’intégration par les dynamiques communautaires que nous avons observé chez cettepopulation donne le ton d’un mode cosmopolite. L’intégration structurelle rendue possible parun fonctionnement communautaire rend possible un double processus d’insertion et departicipation qui s’effectue de manière transnationale. Cette situation alimente la création desponts économiques, sociaux, associatives et politiques entre les deux pays, désormaisd’appartenances. / This study concentrates on immigrants’ integration processes and methods through thesocio-spatial trajectories. It reveals the plurality of the manners of the migrants participationto the society within the context of their immigration projects, socio-economic andgeographical origins and the historical relations between their origin countries and France.The analysis of the residential courses of the immigrants from Morocco, Portugal and Turkeyand owners of their residents within the agglomeration in Bordeaux, indicates two principalintegration models: individual, when human capital is elevated and collective, when theinsufficient human capital is balancing through the social community capital. This lastsituation is common in Turkish population met during this study. Based on the case ofTurkish migration, this thesis supports the possibility of the collective integration of which thebinding factor is ethnic networks. The economic integration based on ethnical networks andsocial participation developed by the community dynamics, enable a two-way integration.This double local and transnational integration creates economic, social and even politicalconnections between two countries.

Den bosniska diasporan i Sverige är en etablerad grupp av individer som deltar både i samhället i Sverige och samhället i Bosnien och Hercegovina. Studien baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer som har gjorts på bosnier i Sverige och inom dessa intervjuer så identifieras och analyseras olika relevanta teman och mönster. I denna studie ifrågasätter jag genom vilka gränsöverskridande aktiviteter den bosniska diasporan etablerar sin närvaro i båda samhällena. Studien belyser de politiska, ekonomiska och sociokulturella aktiviteter som den bosniska diasporan i Sverige upprätthåller genom transnationella nätverk som binder samman Sverige och Bosnien och Hercegovina. Jag undersöker även hur den bosniska diasporan bildades i Sverige samt vad det innebär att vara en gränsöverskridande medborgare för den grupp av individer som den bosniska diasporan i Sverige består av. Den bosniska diasporan i Sverige etablerar sin närvaro genom en rad olika gränsöverskridande aktiviteter som består av politiskt, ekonomiskt och sociokulturellt engagemang till hemlandet, Bosnien och Hercegovina.

This dissertation explores two inter-related questions: a) how US born Muslim Americans (converts, second generation and African American individuals) negotiate national and transnational belonging in the post- 9/11 context and b) how competing discursive practices around the concept of umma (transnational Muslim community) influence the way in which American Muslims negotiate an American-Muslim identity. The research presented in the dissertation is based on in-depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork conducted in six ethno-racially and socio-economically diverse American Muslim communities in Boston and San Francisco Bay Area, including mosque communities, educational institutions and third-space organizations. By contrast to work focused on organized political movements, the interviews in this research focused on the way in which ordinary American Muslims give meaning to their identity as Muslims through everyday discursive practices and quotidian understandings of community, belonging, and identity. The 22 months-long data collection reveals that rather than primarily through saliently foreign policy related or “ideological” considerations, American Muslims negotiate transnational and national belonging through i) simultaneous considerations of inclusion and exclusion in the wider American religious landscape, ii) citizenship practices that respond to voices that seek to marginalize American Muslims, and iii) through the medium of cultural belonging and identity. The discourse analysis and ethnographic fieldwork suggests that American Muslims primarily utilize cultural notions of belonging an identity rather than political considerations relating to national or international developments in giving meaning to their dual identity. The dissertation also notes some differences across and within research sites in Boston, San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles. American Muslims imagine themselves a particular micro-community with particular needs, priorities, and cultural outlook that is different from other Muslim populations, in both Muslim majority and minority contexts. On the other hand a hybrid set of factors, not simple political considerations, shape American Muslims’ understanding of transnational Muslim identity. This is also reflected in their internal debates about questions of inclusion and exclusion (gender- based or racial), and whether unity requires uniformity regarding contentious domestic and international developments. / 2018-02-01T00:00:00Z

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